Making Cities and Urban Spaces Safe for Women and Girls Safety Audit Participatory Toolkit

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3 Making Cities and Urban Spaces Safe for Women and Girs Safety Audit Participatory Tookit Deveoped by Socia Deveopment Direct (SDD) on behaf of ActionAid Internationa January 2013 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 1

4 Making Cities and Urban Spaces Safe for Women and Girs Safety Audit Participatory Tookit Designed by 139 Richmond Road Bangaore Karnataka. India Phone: Teefax: e-mai: Acknowedgements Aice Kerr-Wison Sue Phiips Copyeft : This pubication may be used in any form. Pease fee free to quote, transate, distribute and transmit. Kindy acknowedge the source. 2 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

5 Contents Acronyms 4 Introduction 5 Section A: Guidance on Safety Audit Process 6 1. Guiding Principes 8 2. Overview of Safety Audit Process 9 3. Panning and Design 9 a) Steering Group 9 b) Loca Women Expert Task Group 9 c) Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop Impementation 10 a) Rapid Situationa Anaysis 10 b) Key Informant Interviews 12 c) Focus Group Discussions 13 d) Safety Wak Anaysis and Report Writing Monitoring and Evauation Tracking and Measuring Change 18 Section B: Safety Audit Tookit 19 Toos Identification of Key Issues Stakehoder Anaysis Identifying Different Interest Groups Ranking Safety and Security Issues Behaviour Change: How Does the Threat of Vioence Affect Women and Girs? Trust Mapping Key Informant Interviews Sampe Questions Focus Group Discussions Sampe Questions/ Format Where Are the Probems? Safety Wak Checkist Safety Wak Report Card Safety Wak Tips Safety Journey Checkist Safety Journey Map Photos and Videos Diaries Street Survey 45 Workshops 50 Workshop 1 : Safety Audit Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop 50 Key Questions to Consider 53 Workshop 2 : Audit Materias Checkist 55 Key Questions to Consider 56 Annexe 58 A : Additiona Resources 58 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 3

6 Acronyms AA CBO FGD KII : ActionAid : Community Based Organisation : Focus Group Discussion : Key Informant Interview METRAC : Metropoitan Toronto Action Committee on Vioence Against Women and Chidren NGO NGO RSA SABI SAT SIDA WICI WSA : Non Governmenta Organisation : Non Governmenta Organisation : Rapid Situationa Anaysis : Sexua Autonomy & Bodiy Integrity : Safety Audit Tookit : Swedish Internationa Deveopment Agency : Women in Cities Internation : Women s Safety Audit 4 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

7 Introduction Background to ActionAid Programme As part of its Sexua Autonomy & Bodiy Integrity (SABI) Initiative, the Internationa Women s Rights team at ActionAid Internationa pioted work in on guaranteeing women s safety in cities and other urban spaces in five foca countries: Brazi, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Nepa and Liberia. The goa of the work is to guarantee women s safety and mobiity in their continuous movement between pubic and private spaces. As part of this piot, each country has seected a particuar focus area (e.g. safety issues concerning women factory workers and market traders at their pace of work or when using pubic transport to trave between home and work). During the piot, country offices and their partners carried out a participatory safety audit to understand women s key safety concerns in particuar urban spaces and steps that can be taken to improve their safety in these areas. ActionAid Internationa commissioned Socia Deveopment Direct to work with country offices and partners in the five countries to deveop this Safety Audit Tookit. Background to women s safety audits The origina women s safety audit (WSA) was deveoped in Canada in 1989 by the Metropoitan Toronto Action Committee on Vioence Against Women and Chidren (METRAC) and since then has been used widey both nationay and internationay (WICI, UN Habitat, SIDA 2008). METRAC defines the WSA as a method to evauate the environment from the standpoint of those who fee vunerabe and to make changes that reduce opportunities for assaut. This Safety Audit Tookit draws upon previous work conducted by METRAC, Cowichan Vaey Women Against Vioence Society, Jagori, UN Habitat, Women in Cities Internationa (WICI) and the Huariou Commission, as we as SDDirect s own work on vioence against women and participatory research and evauation, drawing particuary on participatory research on urban socia capita in South Africa and Sri Lanka and urban safety in the UK 1. The foowing are widey recognised as the benefits of safety audits (WICI, UN Habitat, SIDA, 2008): They can hep to bring about improvements to physica environments such as improving ighting, ceaning up an area, removing hazards and adding security; They can aso identify programmes, poicies and practices needed to enhance safety; They can increase awareness and understanding of peope s concerns and provide important information for panners and eected officias; They are an exceent too for incuding peope in community decision making processes. They may aso prompt other groups to act on the concerns identified. About the Tookit The Safety Audit Tookit (SAT) is designed to hep ActionAid Internationa and ActionAid country offices to carry out piot safety audits in five piot countries: Nepa, Cambodia, Liberia, Ethiopia and Brazi. The experience of using the Safety Audit Tookit wi be evauated and refined for roing out to ActionAid country offices gobay. 1 A number of usefu safety audit toos aready exist. Some of these we have adapted for the ActionAid tookit and these have been referenced. However, we found that some of these toos are either too focused on the goba north for this purpose or do not reate to the very specific ocations and issues that ActionAid country offices want to focus on (e.g. factories, bus journeys, university campuses). This has meant that we have aso needed to deveop a number of new toos for the Tookit. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 5

8 The Safety Audit Tookit (SAT) is aid out in two sections. Section A provides guidance on the safety audit process, taking users through guiding principes and the four stages: 1. Panning and design; 2. Impementation; 3. Anaysis and report writing; and 4. Monitoring and Evauation Section B provides a seection of toos that can be used in carrying out the safety audit. The toos are drawn from experience esewhere and adapted for the Safe Cities Initiative. The toos provided can be further adapted to match oca needs and conditions. Terminoogy Throughout the Safety Audit Tookit we have referred to the broad range of vioence that women and girs experience in urban pubic spaces as sexua vioence and harassment. This is intended to cover everything from verba abuse (e.g. teasing) to physica and sexua vioence (e.g. groping, rape, murder). We incuded harassment as this seemed to be the term best understood by staff from ActionAid country offices and partner organisations to cover verba abuse and other ess physica acts of vioence against women and girs. Aso whist some organisations refer to the safety wak as the safety audit, we have separated out the two so that the safety audit refers to the whoe audit and the safety wak is just one of its components. 6 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

9 Section A Guidance on Safety Audit Process 1. Guiding Principes Genera Principes According to Women s Safety Audits, What Works and Where? (UN Habitat, WICI, SIDA, 2008) the key practices that work and ead to successfu safety audits incude: Focusing on the oca eve Engaging government support Invoving professionas and key decision-makers Researching women s security Creating a coaborative community structure Representing the community, especiay the most vunerabe Estabishing a dedicated team and carifying responsibiities Confidence-buiding and education Setting reaistic goas Timing for change change may take a ong whie and need patience Making foow-up meaningfu Participation Aongside the principes above, the participation of oca women and girs is very important. A particuar characteristic of this SAT is the strong emphasis that is paced on women s participation. This approach is grounded in ActionAid s commitment to participation, empowerment and human rights. The approach that foows incudes the foowing recommendations for faciitating a strong participatory approach: The process outined and toos are for guidance purposes ony and are designed for ActionAid country offices, their partners and oca women experts to revise and use as they fee appropriate to oca needs and context; Formation of Task Group of oca women experts to ead the design and impementation of the safety audit together with ActionAid staff and oca partners; Capacity buiding for the Task Group; Vauing the knowedge and expertise of women and girs through adoption of the terminoogy oca women experts and incusion of methods and toos to maximise their voices; Incusion of a set of participatory toos. The participatory toos in Section B have been incuded to provide a seection of toos that can be used to support focus group discussions and the safety wak. These toos are designed to faciitate interactive discussion and to draw out insights from participants that more traditiona interview methods may not. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 7

10 However, whist encouraging the participation of oca women and girs as much as possibe, there shoud aso be an emphasis upon choice. If they are unabe or unwiing to participate, or ony on a part-time basis, then ActionAid and partners shoud do their best to accommodate this. Issues such as women s time management incuding their other famiy and community responsibiities and their comfort eves around participating in the safety audit shoud be taken into account. 2. Overview of Safety Audit Process The diagram that foows provides an overview of the proposed Safety Audit process. It aso shows the recommended toos for using at each stage. Steps 4, 5 and 6 (interviews, focus groups and the safety wak) are shown as a circuar process as the order in which they take pace may vary. They may for exampe take pace simutaneousy, one after the other, or some occur both before and after each other (e.g. a few interviews before the focus groups and some afterwards). Steps for Safety Audit Step 1: Panning AA and partners estabish: Steering Group (to provide guidance and oversight throughout safety audit) Task Group incuding oca women experts, ActionAid and partners (to impement the safety audit) Step 2: Rapid Situationa Anaysis AA and partners conduct RSA on Key issues Stakehoders Too 1: RSA Key Issues Tempate Too 2: RSA Key Stakehoders Tempate Step 3: Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop AA and partners conduct workshop with Task Group to: Inform them about the purpose and process of the safety audit Piot toos with them Agree which toos most appropriate to use during the audit Discuss competed RSA tempates and adapt as required Too 3: Identifying different interest groups Too 4: Ranking safety and security issues Too 5: Behaviour Change Too 6: Trust Mapping Workshop 1: Safety Audit Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop Workshop 1: Key Questions to Consider Step 4: Key Informant Interviews Duty Bearers Aies Too 7: Key Informant Interviews n Sampe Questions Step 6: Safety Wak To observe dimensions of safety and different forms of harassment faced by women and girs in urban pubic spaces Too 10: Safety Wak Checkist Too 11: Safety Wak Report Card Too 12: Safety Wak Tips Too 13: Safety Journey Checkist Too 14: Safety Journey Map Too 15: Photos and Videos Too 16 : Diaries Too 17: Street Survey Step 5: Focus Group Discussions Specific groups of women Groups of key duty bearers Perpetrators Aies Too 8: Focus Group Discussions - Sampe questions/ format Too 9: Where are the Probems? 8 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

11 Step 7: Anaysis, and report writing Task Group agree indictors for what constitutes change Workshop 2: Audit Materias Checkist Workshop 2: Key Questions to Consider Step 8: Monitoring and Evauation Tracking and measuring change A few months or a year after the audit has taken pace the Task Group anayses what changes have occurred Repeat Toos used earier e.g.: Too 1: Identification of Key Issues Too 7: Key Informant Interviews Too 8: Focus Group Discussions Too 9: What are the probems? Too 10 17: Safety Wak toos 3. Panning and Design a) Steering Group Action: Expore potentia for estabishing a Steering Group for the safety audit. This coud incude representatives from ActionAid, partner organisations, as we as duty bearers and aies. Whist a Steering Group may be usefu for some contexts, but if it is not feasibe then this is aso fine. Purpose: To provide strategic guidance and oversight of the safety audit and to start to buid a coaition of duty bearers and aies engaged in tacking urban safety issues for women and girs. Who to invove: Key staff from ActionAid country offices and partner organisations, duty bearers (e.g. oca government officias and university staff) and aies (e.g. media, women s organisations) engaged in the issues that the ActionAid programme wi focus on. How to do it: Set up the Steering Group at the start of the audit process. Their specific roes and responsibiities, as we as eve of engagement can be agreed at the start. Experiences from ActionAid Liberia which has set up a Steering Group for its safety audit can be shared. For exampe, ActionAid Liberia deiberatey decided to incude media as part of its Steering Group to ensure greater visibiity of entire process, issues and resuts. b) Loca Women Expert 2 Task Group Action: ActionAid country offices and partners can bring together a group of around five or six oca women. Together with key staff from ActionAid and partner organisations they can ead the design and impementation of the safety audit. Purpose: To ensure participation of oca women from the start of the safety audit and during its impementation, so that the safety audit design benefits from their knowedge and experience and oca women fee responsibe for its ownership and outcomes. Who to invove: The women shoud be chosen from amongst the group of women rights hoders that country offices and partners intend to target during this piot programme. They may be women who aready hod positions of eadership within their communities and ideay shoud represent the different types of women that wi be incuded in the safety audit (e.g. from different areas/ different ages/ professions etc). If a arger group of women has aready been engaged in the safety audit process, then they coud be asked to seect a smaer group of representatives for this purpose. How to do it: Partner organisations who work cosey with oca women and women s groups may be abe to identify specific women who woud form a vauabe part of the Task Group. These coud be women who aready have eadership roes in the community or women who represent specific groups of women (e.g. younger/ oder women, women from specific ethnic groups). Ideay the Task Group shoud incude women with different backgrounds/ characteristics (e.g. of different ages/ ethnic groups/professions/ocations/ 2 The phrase Loca Women Experts is taken from UN Habitat, WICI, SIDA, 2008, Women s Safety Audits: What Works and Where? Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 9

12 disabiity/ sexua orientation). The Task Group shoud meet eary on in the safety audit process. A specific workshop (outined in the next section) can be hed to design the safety audit and buid the capacity of oca women experts. c) Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop Action: The design of the safety audit shoud be carried out at a Task Group workshop. The workshop wi doube as training and capacity buiding for a Task group members as we as giving a participants a voice in the design and stake in the audit. Guidance on how this workshop might be conducted is given in Section B Workshop 1: Safety Audit Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop. Purpose: The aim of this workshop is to hep the Safety Audit Task Group design their safety audit. The workshop covers: the practica aspects of doing the audit provides some ideas for deveoping indicators to track and measure change seection of toos to be used. Who to invove: The workshop is primariy for the Task Group incuding oca women experts, ActionAid and partner organisations. You wi need someone to faciitate this session who is abe to keep the group focused on the task, but who wi aso abe put forward their ideas and views. The faciitator is most ikey to be the ActionAid Foca Point. How to do it? There are three key steps to the workshop outined beow. More detais on how to conduct the workshop are avaiabe in Section B (Workshop 1: How to Conduct a Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop): Step1 : Brainstorming on safety and security issues for women and girs Step 2 : Designing the safety audit (i) Who do we need to tak to? (ii) What methods are we going to use? (iii) When are we going to do it? (iv) How are we going to anayse and write up our information? (v) Who is going to do what? Step 3 : Trying out the Toos (this may be done on a separate day) 4. Impementation a) Rapid Situationa Anaysis (RSA) Action: Conduct a rapid situationa anaysis (RSA) of the key issues and stakehoders invoved in the pubic urban areas that ActionAid country offices want to focus on for this piot programme. Purpose: The purpose of the RSA is for country offices and partners to map the key safety issues in their focus areas, incuding who is affected and why, and where and when any sexua vioence and harassment might happen. This wi provide a baseine highighting what is aready known, what evidence is currenty avaiabe on these issues and where there are any gaps in knowedge that shoud be expored further in the safety audit. This shoud bebased on ActionAid and partners existing knowedge before consuting with others. Thefindings of the RSA, incuding any gaps in knowedge, wi ead directy into the deveopment of the safety audit. Who to invove: Staff from ActionAid country offices and partner organisations. How to do it: Key staff from ActionAid country offices (usuay women s rights officer or coordinator) shoud introduce the concept of the RSA to partner organisations and then conduct a brain storm with them to 10 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

13 identify the key issues and stakehoders. Use Too 1: Identification of Key Issues and Too 2: Stakehoder Anaysis for tempates for the brainstorming session. As part of the process of deveoping the SAT for ActionAid Internationa, SDDirect worked with the five piot countries to conduct the RSA and to compete the tempates. Lessons earned from this process incude: Discuss issues before competing the tempate: It was usefu to have a conversation with ActionAid country staff first before asking them to compete tempates. This ed to a better understanding on what was expected and what their focus areas were. When ActionAid Internationa scaes up this work it may be worth hoding a workshop where they go through the tempates and Safety Audit toos, as we as discuss country focus areas identified in concept notes. Invove partners from the start: Partners are knowedge centres. For the most part, partner organisations had much more information, based on anecdota evidence from women themseves, on the focus issues than ActionAid. It is therefore crucia that partners are consuted at the start of any safety audit process. It is aso important for ActionAid country offices to go through tempates with partners rather than eaving them to compete them aone. Be cear about focus areas: It was much easier to compete the RSA tempates with country offices who had a very cear idea about which group of women they wanted to focus on (e.g. women vendors, university students) and in which ocation (e.g. pubic transport, university, garment factory). Where these had not ceary been identified the RSA took onger. ActionAid country offices shoud try to be cear about their focus areas in their concept notes and avoid these being too broad in scope. Identifying Key Issues: It woud be usefu to start with the brainstorming session to get partners to identify key issues before spending time searching for iterature that might not exist or be directy reevant. As part of this, ActionAid Internationa and its country programmes shoud ask partners to identify any specific documents that provide information on the issues and stakehoders identified. Link oca issues with the broader poicy context: ActionAid country offices and partners were abe to identify key safety issues, incuding who was affected, the impact it had on them and underying causes. The issues were often deveoped with input from us. They found it harder to make inks between these issues and the broader egisative and poicy framework. ActionAid Internationa might want to work with country offices to understand how oca eve issues are affected by the broader egisative and poicy environment. This wi be important in future when deveoping campaigning and obbying strategies. Tempates provide a baseine on current understanding of women s safety issues: We found that both tempates are hepfu in identifying the information currenty avaiabe, as we as where there are gaps. It shoud be emphasised that it is fine to eave gaps in the tempates, as ong as these are cear gaps where information is not avaiabe rather than where ActionAid/ partners have omitted to fi something in. Disaggregation between groups of women: Most country offices found it difficut to disaggregate between groups of women rights hoders. It might be hepfu to use Too 3: Identifying Different Interest Groups to hep with this. Government bodies duty bearers or aies? There was some overap where government officias were identified as duty bearers as we as aies. Cear guidance needs to be provided to make it cear that government bodies are first and foremost duty bearers and shoud be categorised as such. Onine research: When we conducted a rapid onine search for information for the specific issues in each country we were not abe to find much more information. This was argey because of the very specific country/ urban/ specific issue focus and because, on the whoe, itte research, programming or advocacy work has been done specificay in these areas. The UN SG database on vioence against women is usefu for providing information on government egisation, poicies and institutions working on vioence against women which heped with understanding the wider egisative and poicy context. The OECD/ DAC Socia Institutions and Gender Index was aso usefu for this purpose. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 11

14 b) Key Informant Interviews Action: Decide which individuas it woud be usefu to meet and interview and who is best paced to undertake the interview. The RSA and Design and Capacity Buiding Workshop shoud hep identify individuas. The interviews wi argey be one-to-one and conducted by an ActionAid or partner organisation staff member. To encourage participation by oca women experts, they may want to accompany the ActionAid/ partner organisation staff member to the interview. Purpose: The interviews provide an opportunity for the Task Group to: Gain more in-depth information about key safety concerns from individua women and girs who have positions of responsibiity/ authority in specific urban areas (e.g women community eaders). Estabish contact with duty bearers (incuding service providers and community/ government eaders), introduce the concept of the safety audit to them and earn about the situation from their perspective in terms of the imitations that they are required to work under. Gain more in-depth information from aies on their interests in urban safety for women and girs, any existing or panned initiatives that they have undertaken, and their perspectives on the probems and potentia soutions. Interviews wi serve as indicators of the extent to which oca women approach the duty bearers when they are concerned about particuar safety issues and whether these probems are addressed, or even if an effort is made to address them. It is aso an opportunity to gather documented evidence (e.g. poice reports, research papers) on issues such as incidence of vioence against women and girs, service providers response rates etc. Who to invove? Interviews wi be conducted with specific women and girs (e.g. women community eaders), duty bearers (e.g. pubic transport officias, bus drivers, reevant ministries) and aies as appropriate. Types of peope to interview can be drawn from the competed RSA key stakehoders tempate. It woud be good to incude a range of interviewees so as to cover a broad number of perspectives. How to do it? The interviews wi argey be one-to-one and conducted by an ActionAid or partner organisation staff member. To encourage participation by oca women experts, they may want to accompany the ActionAid/ partner organisation staff member to the interview and can pay a roe as either i) observer; ii) note taker (wi depend on their eve of iteracy); iii) take responsibiity for some or a of the interviewing. A ist of sampe questions on which to base the interview are provided in Too 7: Key Informant Interviews Sampe Questions. Number of Interviewees: Interview between three five individuas in each category (e.g. duty bearers, aies) to aow for findings to be compared. Between interviews shoud be conducted in tota. Issues highighted in the interviews can be expored further in the Focus Group Discussions. Aso the response of duty bearers and other interviewees can hep to determine who might be part of the safety audit wak and ater be associated with the process of finding soutions to the probems observed during the Safety Audit. Time needed: Between 1 1 hour 45 minutes in tota, incuding preparation, interview and write-up. The journey time to and from the interview may make it onger Preparation: minutes Interview: minutes Write-up: minutes TOTAL: hours 12 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

15 c) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Action: Bring together a group of individuas (between 8 12) with simiar interests to expore women s safety issues in more depth and their roes and responsibiities in reation to these. Purpose: FGDs wi aow the Task Group to: Uncover deeper insights into the safety concerns faced by women and girs whist working, studying or moving around in pubic spaces. FGDs can aso be usefu for pointing to new issues that may have been overooked. Expore how women s experiences vary by age, marita status, ethnicity, pace of work, region that they come from. Find out whether there have been changes in women s security concerns over time and if they are ikey to change in future and why. Hep identify the issues that need to be foowed up in detai. For exampe, if any woman or gir shares her persona experience of sexua vioence, it can be foowed up with an in-depth interview in a more secure and private environment where she wi fee safe to speak freey. Hep identify the paces and spaces where women and girs face different forms of sexua vioence or harassment and these can be incuded in the route of the safety audit wak. On the basis of the observations of the wak, these paces and spaces can then be taken up for discussion with the oca government agencies to bring about the necessary changes to enhance women s safety. Who to invove? FGDs wi be usefu for exporing issues in more depth with a sma group of individuas who share common interests eg women from a particuar ocation, girs from the same university, boarding or factory, women of a simiar age, shared ethnicity or reigion. How to do it? i. Decide who wi be incuded in the FGDs and who wi faciitate them and take notes. The Design and Panning Workshop shoud hep with this. It is recommended that each group has no more than participants so that they can a participate meaningfuy in the discussion. It is important to incude diverse peope in focus group discussions so as to ensure that the different areas and members of the community are represented (Jagori, 2010). ii. Invite participants and seect a suitabe time for the meeting that wi suit group members. Decide on key questions for the group. Too 8: Focus Group Discussions Sampe Questions/Format can hep with this and provides instructions on how to run the FGD. iii. It is important for the faciitator to expain that the purpose of the focus group is to coect experiences, hear views and understand and identify the probems faced by women, incuding factors that make them fee unsafe. The aim is to hear everyone s opinion and not to arrive at a consensus or concusion. It is aso important to encourage each participant to join in the discussion. The faciitators have to be carefu not to impose their views, nor ask any eading questions, or express positive or negative reactions to any comments or views expressed (Jagori, 2010). Time Needed: mins per focus group discussion d) Safety Wak Action: A sma group of women and girs, who are reguar users of an urban space (e.g. a neighbourhood, bus stop, university campus, market or factory), together with ActionAid, partner organisations and possiby duty bearers/ decision makers 3, conduct a wak through that space to identify the factors that 3 UN Habitat, WICI, SIDA, 2008, Women s Safety Audits What Works and Where? recommends incuding duty bearers in safety waks as good practice. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 13

16 make them fee safe/ unsafe. Locations for safety waks can incude: Urban and rura neighbourhoods Workpaces e.g. market paces and factories Educationa estabishments e.g. universities Communa atrines and washing faciities Socia spaces e.g. community centres, cubs, parks Streets and footpaths Buidings Pubic transport routes, incuding bus and taxi stops and stations Purpose: The safety wak is the centra part of the Safety Audit. It aows women and girs to take ownership of urban spaces and take part in oca decision making. Where duty bearers, incuding oca government representatives/ decision makers are invoved, oca women experts can work with them to bring about the required changes to improve safety. The main goas of safety waks and audits as a whoe are for women to identify ways to reduce opportunities for assaut and harassment and increase women s safety and sense of security. Who to Invove: Loca women experts, duty bearers, staff from ActionAid country offices, partners and aies. Groups conducting the safety wak shoud have between 3-8 participants. A number of safety waks may be panned to cover the range of issues raised in the RSA, interviews and FGDs. How to do it: There are six seven key steps invoved in a safety wak incuding panning and capacity buiding, carrying out the wak itsef, as we as discussion and pans for foow- up. Key steps are outined beow. Specific toos which can be used as part of the safety wak are provided in Section B. Time Needed for the Safety Wak: The Safety Wak shoud take about hours, incuding: ½ to 1 hour to discuss the safety audit and decide on the ocation 1 1 ½ hours to do the audit ½ to 1 hour to discuss the findings and pan to write the recommendations. Tota: 2 hours -3 ½ hours Tips: More time shoud be aocated for a the steps of the women s safety audit process when working with women with disabiities, edery women and any group where the members speak a variety of anguages and interpretation is needed. Safety waks are generay conducted after dark as this is the time when women/ girs usuay fee most insecure in urban spaces (Jagori, WICI, Cowichan Women Against Vioence Society). However, it may aso be usefu to undertake the wak at other times of the day and to map differences with women/ girs safety concerns in the evening/ night. For the evening audit, it woud be idea to start just before it gets dark, as the team can make observations whie waking aong the audit route before dark and then trace back the route after dark to map the functioning of the streetights and the differences in the usage of space by women and men before and after dark. 14 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

17 STEP 1 Seect Team KEY STEPS FOR CONDUCTING A SAFETY WALK PART ONE: PLANNING Seect a group of oca women experts who use a particuar urban space. Ensure that women seected represent a diverse group from a range of backgrounds. If it proves difficut to get a range of women in the group, the wak coud be advertised in oca media if ActionAid and partners do not think that this woud impose any threats to the safety of participants 4. It is aso important to consider whether there are any barriers to women s participation and how ActionAid and partners can address these barriers (e.g. wi transport, food, chidcare be provided?) In addition to the oca women experts, one or two duty bearers who have responsibiity for ensuring women s safety in these areas coud be incuded. If they hod a position of infuence this can be usefu to address probems identified and impement soutions. These duty bearers coud be seected from the Steering Group if one exists. Groups shoud have between 3-8 participants in tota enough to provide safety, but not too many to provide a fase sense of security. Identify one-two members who wi take notes of the observations and someone to take pictures. STEP Seect Leader/ Faciitator 2 The eader/ faciitator can either be someone from ActionAid/ partner organisation or one of the oca women experts, for exampe one of those who are part of the Task Group. They may need some separate training on the their roe, how the wak wi take pace and the information that needs to be coected. STEP Conduct Training/ Capacity Buiding 3 ActionAid/ partner organisation shoud give the team a brief training on the Safety Wak incuding its purpose, roes and responsibiities of group members, how the wak wi take pace, what they wi need to observe during the wak and the foow-up meeting. STEP 4 Pan the Wak The route shoud be decided with the community women to incude areas that they have identified as unsafe for women and girs. Incude those areas where incidents of sexua harassment have taken pace, areas that women avoid and other areas that are considered risky or dangerous. Make a rough map of the route to be covered and expain the issues and the route to the group. If the geographic area is a arge area, the group can be divided into two or three smaer groups. Aready at this point, the group can try to identify some of their key safety concerns on particuar areas in the map. They coud use cooured stickers to show 4 Some guides, e.g. Cowichan Vaey Women against Vioence Society Safety Audit Guide, recommend invoving the oca media to pubicise the wak. Whist this is something that ActionAid and partners coud consider, it shoud be done in the context of do no harm i.e. that it does not attract perpetrators or increase eves of harassment Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 15

18 i) Areas they think are very unsafe (RED); ii) Areas that are think are quite unsafe (ORANGE); iii) Areas where they fee safe (GREEN) Later this can be compared with the map that is produced during the wak to see whether there is any difference between women s perceptions of a specific area and the ived experience. PART TWO: CONDUCT THE WALK Optiona STEP 5 Conduct street survey Either prior to the safety wak or after it, a survey coud be conducted in the area that the safety wak wi take pace, to gain an in depth understanding of how a number of women (and possiby men) in that area fee about the safety of this area. This is intended as a compement to the safety wak as it wi incude a much arger group of women and findings can be used as quantitative evidence to back up quaitative findings. Too 17: Street Survey provides a ist of questions which coud be used for this purpose. STEP 6 Conduct the Wak At a time agreed by the group (usuay after dark), participants wi wak around a specific area to identify areas where they have safety concerns and why. The group shoud have with them a printed map or a copy of the map drawn at the earier panning stage (see Too 10 for a ist of other items to take on the wak). On the map participants shoud mark where they fee very unsafe/ quite unsafe/ safe using cooured stickers as at the panning stage. They shoud aso mark where there are ights; groups hanging around and the gender of these individuas; isoated spaces; surveiance; poory maintained areas; signage (see Too 10) which impact on how safe/unsafe they fee in a particuar area. The team eader can use the checkist (see Too 10) to prompt questions about each area and why particuar areas make them fee unsafe. In a sma group, it may be enough for ony the group eader to have a copy of the map with them and for participants to discuss and agree on how they perceive the reative safety of each area. In a arger group if may be easier for a members or groups of two to have a map on which they can mark where they fee unsafe and then the whoe group can discuss this ater. A report card can aso be used to rate the area (Too 11). AFTER THE WALK STEP 7 After the Wak Directy after the wak the group shoud hod a brief meeting where refreshments can be provided. Here participants can discuss what they observed during their wak, identify key safety concerns and discuss how these can best be addressed and by whom. Note sometimes peope wi not agree on the same soution. Be respectfu and keep any additiona ideas as options for future. After this meeting, the Task Group can prepare a written report and start to deveop recommendations for changes that woud make the area fee safer. 16 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

19 5. Anaysis and Report Writing Action: ActionAid and partner organisations hod a workshop (Workshop 2 4 ) with oca women experts from the Task Group. After the workshop, ActionAid and partners write up the audit report. Purpose: To discuss the safety audit process, gather together evidence coected and brainstorm main findings as we as prioritise future actions to be taken to faciitate change. Notes taken from the workshop can feed into the fina audit report and advocacy strategy. Who to invove: The Task Group incuding oca women experts, ActionAid and partners. How to do it: a) Hod a Workshop (Workshop 2) The workshop can be faciitated by staff from ActionAid and/ or partner organisations The workshop wi be more usefu if ActionAid and/ or partners organisations have reviewed findings from the RSA, key informant interviews, FGDs, safety wak and any other activities (e.g. safety survey) prior to the workshop (See Section B for a checkist on materias that can be used for this workshop). This wi hep stimuate and strengthen the discussion and brainstorming sessions. The workshop can be divided into five distinct sections and can use various participatory methods to encourage participation of oca women experts (e.g. mind mapping; post-it notes on a board; Buzz sessions). See Section B for specific questions for each section. i. Discussion of audit process ii. Discussion on evidence iii. Key issues brainstorm iv. Key stakehoders brainstorm v. Discussion on moving forward The workshop can aso repeat some of the participatory exercises deveoped in Workshop 1. This is a usefu may of deveoping findings based on the growing body of evidence from the safety audit. b) Write the Audit Report The safety audit report can be used as an important advocacy too to present the audit objectives and process, highight key findings and how ActionAid and partners wi move forward in terms of addressing women s safety concerns and reducing sexua vioence and harassment in urban pubic spaces. Notes made during Workshop 2, ActionAid and partner organisations can be used to write up the report. The report can then be shared with those that coudn t participate in the audit, as we as duty bearers, aies, women rights hoders and perpetrators. ActionAid and partners may decide to hod a aunch event for the report which can aso be used as a means by which to engage duty bearers and aies as we as oca women and perpetrators. Make sure you think about visua presentation of the findings. Make the report short, snappy and engaging. What are the main messages you want to get across? Write the Executive Summary first and then use the rest of the report to present the evidence. Use photos and reproduce maps and other visua exercise to iustrate the findings. 4 Workshop 1 took pace during the panning phase of the audit Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 17

20 Make sure the reports messages and findings are substantiated by evidence. How do you know? Are statements substantiated? Are they sourced? Have you gone through a the data? 6. Monitoring and Evauation Tracking and Measuring Change The safety audit if carried out we and aong the ines recommended in this guide- shoud provide a weath of information that can be used for tracking change over time. During the second workshop and foow up, the Task Group wi decide on the priority issues that the SABI programme wi address. Once the issues have been decided, the Task Group needs to agree how they wi measure improvements: What changes are desired? What impacts are expected? How wi change and impact be measured? Through what methods? Issue Change Impact Measure? Good measures can be distied from the foowing sources: Statistics if avaiabe Questionnaire surveys safety audit questionnaires can be repeated over time and the findings compared Participatory exercises can be repeated. Ranking Safety and Security (Too 4), Behaviour Change (Too 5) and Trust Mapping (Too 6), Where are the Probems? (Too 9) and the safety wak itsef are a great toos for repeating after activities and interventions have been ongoing for some time to see how perceptions and women s experiences have changed have been affected. Focus group discussions and stakehoder interviews can aso be repeated. 18 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

21 Section B Safety Audit Too Kit Too 1: Identification of Key Issues Tempate 1: Identification of Key Issues Purpose: The purpose of this too is to identify what you aready know about the particuar urban safety issue being expored. It is designed to coate the information you have based on avaiabe data and programme experience and to identify any gaps in knowedge. The information that this too wi draw together wi address: 1. What are the main safety issues for the women s interest group (e.g. vendors, students, garment workers)? 2. Who is affected (i.e. are there particuar groups of women affected)? 3. How does this harassment or vioence affect the women rights hoders (i.e. What impact does the harassment or vioence have, eg university drop out, oss of trade)? 4. What are the underying causes of the harassment or vioence (i.e. what are the reasons why it happens)? 5. When do probems occur (i.e. what times of day or particuar times of year)? 6. Where do they occur (i.e. what do we know about particuary unsafe paces and spaces)? The key issues tabe beow shoud be deveoped based on what is currenty known by ActionAid and its partners, from surveys, documents, papers and programmes. Process: The Key Issues tabe shoud be deveoped through a two stage process: 1. A structured brainstorm between ActionAid and partners. This wi hep to identify existing knowedge and data. As part of the brainstorm, you might want to aso think about what data/information aready exists, as we as what are the main issues and impacts on women. 2. A more detaied review of documents identified to provide the evidence and to fi knowedge gaps where pubished information is avaiabe. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 19

22 The Issue Who is affected and how? What are the underying causes? Where does harassment How do we know? (Give happen? When? specific exampes of where information is taken from e.g. surveys, research reports, government briefings, media reports) What is the issue? Who is affected? Where? How does this impact on the women? When? Underying causes? What is the issue? Who is affected? Where? How does this impact on the women? When? Underying causes? What is the issue? Who is affected? Where? How does this impact on the women? When? Underying causes? 20 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

23 Too 2: Stakehoder Anaysis Purpose: The purpose of this too is to identify the main parties with an interest in, or infuence over, the particuar urban safety issue/s that ActionAid wishes to address (e.g. safety of femae vendors or garment workers or students). Identifying the vunerabe women, perpetrators, duty bearers and aies wi hep to: 1. Identify the key payers that need to be invoved in the safety audit. 2. Identify the main issues and information gaps that need to be expored in more depth during the safety audit. 3. Hep with the seection of the best methods to reach each group during the safety audit. The Stakehoder Anaysis Tempate is designed as a simpe too to draw out what we know about different stakehoders. Information is grouped into categories as foows: 1. Stakehoder Groups Women and Girs: The primary stakehoder group. In thinking about this group try to draw out the differences between women in the target group (e.g. women vendors are not a homogenous group their experiences and interests wi probaby vary by age, trade, ocation of their vending activities and perhaps by ethnicity or reigion). Perpetrators: Who are the main perpetrators of harassment, abuse and fear in this case (e.g.mae teachers, other university staff, bus passengers, bus drivers etc.?) Duty bearers: Which agencies have the mandate or shoud have the mandate, formay and informay, to protect the women (rights hoders), (e.g. for garment workers - the factory owners, the Trade Unions, Business Associations, Government Departments and Legisative bodies). Aies: Which organisations and networks, forma and informa, are supporting the primary target group or who woud be natura or important aies for buiding partnerships and supporting patforms e.g. NGOs, CBOs, Human Rights organisations and Community Leaders. 2. Drawing out the Issues What roe do they currenty pay in reation to women s safety in urban pubic areas? E.g. for perpetrators - are they the main perpetrators of sexua vioence and harassment? E.g. for poice duty bearers are they supposed to protect women from harassment, but are ineffective? E.g. for NGO aies - are they running a sma programme that tries to tacke harassment of women and girs in a specific area? How coud they be infuentia in improving women s safety in urban pubic spaces in future? E.g. for perpetrators what woud need to happen for them to stop harassing women and girs? E.g. for poice duty bearers what woud need to happen for them to effectivey start protecting women and girs from sexua vioence and harassment? E.g. for NGO aies woud they be more infuentia if they worked together with other NGOs? Current egisation, poicies and programmes: List reevant egisation, poicies and programmes which shoud protect women and girs against sexua vioence and harassment and/ or govern the behaviour of perpetrators and duty bearers. If there is itte egisation, poicies and programmes avaiabe note information or knowedge gaps that need to be researched further. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 21

24 Stakehoder Anaysis Tempate Stakehoders What roe do How coud they What aws, poicies they currenty pay in be infuentia in and programmes reation to women s safety improving women s exist that govern in urban pubic areas? safety in urban pubic the way they behave? spaces in future? Women and Girs Perpetrators Duty Bearers Aies 22 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

25 Too 3: Identifying Different Interest Groups Action Getting women and girs hoders invoved in your Safety Audit shoud start with two questions: 1. Who is this community of women and girs most vunerabe to vioence? 2. How do we get them on board? Purpose To break down women and girs into sub groups to expore how their experiences of sexua vioenc and harassment differ. Exercise: 1. Start by brainstorming on the distinct socia groups within your community: whether it is women and girs in a particuar neighbourhood, factory workers, women vendors or students. Write/ draw the individua groupings on pieces of paper or card or post-it notes and spread them out on a board or tabe. It might ook ike this: Young girs Femae headed househod Widows Women with young Cchidren Renters Casua workers 2. Now think about how you might invove them. Do these socia groups meet reguary in groups or associations? Where do they meet and when? Do some socia groups meet informay? Are there particuar paces where they meet e.g. around water points or at bus stops or in the market pace? Visiting paces where women and girs gather is a usefu way of making contact and invoving them on their terms and in environments that are famiiar to them. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 23

26 A mapping might ook ike this: Parks Bus Stops Women with young chidren Loca Market Church Once you have isted your groups you shoud write down a the possibe ways and paces you coud engage with them. This wi give you information on who to see and where you shoud go for a meeting or focus group discussion. This information provides a ist of ways to enter into diaogue with a variety of socia groups within your wider rights hoder community. (Adapted from Socia Deveopment Direct, 2005, Neighboorhood Wardens Community Based Evauation Tookit ) 24 Safety Audit Participatory Tookit

27 Too 4: Ranking Safety and Security Issues Action Here is an exercise that can be carried out with different groups of women and girs (and others) to understand what they perceive as their safety and security concerns and which they prioritise as probems. Purpose This too is usefu to: Understand oca experiences of safety and security from various groups of women and girs affected; Monitor changes over time by ooking at the differences between exercises done before and after interventions; Identify the most serious probems and women s views on how they can be tacked. Who to invove This too is best used with different groups of women and girs affected by the theme being expored. It is a good too to use to structure a focus group discussion. It can aso be used with other stakehoders for exampe with Duty Bearers and Aies to compare outsiders perspectives with those of women themseves. How to do it: Step by Step Guide Step 1 Discuss the safety and security issues that affect the group of participants. What makes them fee insecure and unsafe in their environment? Step 2 Write down the issues on pieces of card or post-it notes. Issues can be drawn if using this too with a ess iterate group. Step 3 Ask the group to think about how safety and insecurity affects their day to day ife. What types of vioence/ threat of vioence is the east toerabe? Step 4 At the top of a arge piece of fipchart paper, draw an arrow pointing upwards saying Least toerabe. At the bottom, draw an arrow pointing down saying Most toerabe. Step 5 Find the card or post-it note with the activity that participants say is the east toerabe and stick it next to the arrow that says Least Toerabe. Discuss whether there are seasona or other factors that make issues ess or more probematic to make sure that issues are not prioritised based on most recent events. Step 6 Next ask participants to think of the next worst factor and pace this card or post-it note underneath. Step 7 Continue going through a the remaining issues identified, pacing them in a ist from east to most toerabe based on discussion with the group. When participants have paced a the cards/ post-it notes on the fip chart, you shoud have a prioritised ist of the safety and security issues that women face. Step 8 Finay, ask participants to think about which aspects of the safety and security issues that affect them can be tacked with hep. Safety Audit Participatory Tookit 25