Name: Period: Date: Learning about Carbohydrate Structure with Beads Activity: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

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1 Name: Period: Date: Learning about Carbohydrate Structure with Beads Activity: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides Part 1: Monosaccharides Examine your bag of beads. Your beads represent monosaccharides, simple sugar molecules. Place your small plates labeled Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose in front of you. Place all white beads into the Glucose plate, all orange beads into the Galactose plate, and all yellow beads into the Fructose plate. 1. What is the difference between the three groups? 2. Except for this difference, are the beads similar? Each monosaccharide has a particular molecular structure. Examine the chart below and fill in the blanks. Name Glucose = White Bead Galactose = Orange Bead Fructose = Yellow Bead Molecular Structure Number of Carbon atoms Number of Hydrogen atoms Number of Oxygen atoms Molecular Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 3. Because of their similarities and differences, these structures are called structural isomers. What do they have in common? What is different about them? 4. Bonds between carbon and carbon atoms store a lot of energy. When broken, they release a lot of energy. How many carbon-carbon bonds are in each monosaccharide? Bethany Lau

2 Part 2: Disaccharides Two monosaccharides can react together to form a disaccharide. 5. What is the reaction that takes place between 2 smaller biological molecule to form 1 larger biological molecule? 6. Draw the reaction below: Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide + Using the small pipe cleaner pieces, connect beads by placing 2 on a small pipe cleaner in the following combinations: White + White White + Orange White + Yellow These pipe cleaners with two beads each represent disaccharides. Using the structures on the first page, decide which monosaccharides are used to produce the following disaccharides. The first one is done for you. Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Disaccharide formed Looking at the Sucrose structure of the disaccharide, Glucose is on the left Fructose is on the right Lactose Maltose Match your bead disaccharides to the name of the disaccharide shown in the chart. White + White = White + Orange = White + Yellow = Bethany Lau

3 Polysaccharides A long polymer made of monosaccharides is called a polysaccharide. Cells connect many monosaccharides together to store them, saving them for later energy usage. Cells also may string together monosaccharides and use them as part of their cell walls. Different polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are linked in different ways. A. Cellulose: Strong molecule used in plant cell walls Take a long green pipe cleaner and fill it with white beads (white beads which represent ). The bonds between the white beads are represented by the green pipe cleaner. These bonds are very strong and are indigestible to most animals, including humans. B. Starch: Sugar storage molecule used in plant cells Fill a long white pipe cleaner with white beads (white beads which represent ). The bonds between the white beads are represented by the long white pipe cleaner. These bonds are relatively weak and can be broken down easily. Animals can break down (or digest) starch molecules into small monosaccharides that animal cells can use for energy. C. Glycogen: Sugar storage molecule used in animal cells Fill a long red pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent ). Also, fill another red pipe cleaner with white beads and connect the end of the one piece to the middle of the long piece, creating a branched structure. Animal cells store glycogen in liver and muscle cells, keeping the monosaccharides in the string for later energy usage. Bethany Lau

4 Name: Period: Date: Learning about Carbohydrate Structure with Beads Activity - Additional Questions: 7. A rabbit eats a carrot. A carrot is part of a root of a carrot plant and plants often store their extra sugar in their roots. What polysaccharide is the rabbit eating? 8. The rabbit has chemicals in its stomach that breaks down the polysaccharide. What reaction is used to break down a polysaccharide (an example of a polymer)? 9. Write the reaction needed to remove a glucose molecule from polysaccharide (the original is 100 glucose molecules long) After breaking down all of the plant polysaccharide into glucose molecules and using some to run away from the neighborhood Chihuahua, the rabbit stores the rest of its sugar molecules in its own polysaccharide. What polysaccharide do the rabbit s cells build? Where does the rabbit store this polysaccharide? Why is it important that the rabbit stores that polysaccharide and why does the location of storage matter? 11. Write the reaction needed to build the rabbit s polysaccharide from 50 glucose molecules. + + Bethany Lau

5 Name: ANSWERS!! Period: Date: Learning about Carbohydrate Structure with Beads Activity: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides Part 1: Monosaccharides Examine your bag of beads. Your beads represent monosaccharides, simple sugar molecules. Place your small plates labeled Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose in front of you. Place all white beads into the Glucose plate, all orange beads into the Galactose plate, and all yellow beads into the Fructose plate. 1. What is the difference between the three groups? _COLOR 2. Except for this difference, are the beads similar? _SIZE Each monosaccharide has a particular molecular structure. Examine the chart below and fill in the blanks. Name Glucose = White Bead Galactose = Orange Bead Fructose = Yellow Bead Molecular Structure Number of Carbon atoms Number of Hydrogen atoms Number of Oxygen atoms Molecular Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 3. Because of their similarities and differences, these structures are called structural isomers. What do they have in common? What is different about them? Same number and type of atoms, different structure/arrangement 4. Bonds between carbon and carbon atoms store a lot of energy. When broken, they release a lot of energy. How many carbon-carbon bonds are in each monosaccharide? 5 Bethany Lau

6 Part 2: Disaccharides Two monosaccharides can react together to form a disaccharide. 5. What is the reaction that takes place between 2 smaller biological molecule to form 1 larger biological molecule? _dehydration synthesis 6. Draw the reaction below: Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide _Disaccharide + Water Using the small pipe cleaner pieces, connect beads by placing 2 on a small pipe cleaner in the following combinations: White + White White + Orange White + Yellow These pipe cleaners with two beads each represent disaccharides. Using the structures on the first page, decide which monosaccharides are used to produce the following disaccharides. The first one is done for you. Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Disaccharide formed Looking at the Sucrose structure of the disaccharide, Glucose is on the left Fructose is on the right Lactose Galactose Glucose Maltose Glucose Glucose Match your bead disaccharides to the name of the disaccharide shown in the chart. White + White =_Maltose White + Orange =_Lactose White + Yellow =_Sucrose Bethany Lau

7 Polysaccharides A long polymer made of monosaccharides is called a polysaccharide. Cells connect many monosaccharides together to store them, saving them for later energy usage. Cells also may string together monosaccharides and use them as part of their cell walls. Different polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are linked in different ways. D. Cellulose: Strong molecule used in plant cell walls Take a long green pipe cleaner and fill it with white beads (white beads which represent _Glucose ). The bonds between the white beads are represented by the green pipe cleaner. These bonds are very strong and are indigestible to most animals, including humans. E. Starch: Sugar storage molecule used in plant cells Fill a long white pipe cleaner with white beads (white beads which represent _Glucose ). The bonds between the white beads are represented by the long white pipe cleaner. These bonds are relatively weak and can be broken down easily. Animals can break down (or digest) starch molecules into small monosaccharides that animal cells can use for energy. F. Glycogen: Sugar storage molecule used in animal cells Fill a long red pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent Glucose ). Also, fill another red pipe cleaner with white beads and connect the end of the one piece to the middle of the long piece, creating a branched structure. Animal cells store glycogen in liver and muscle cells, keeping the monosaccharides in the string for later energy usage. Bethany Lau

8 Additional Questions: 7. A rabbit eats a carrot. A carrot is part of a root of a carrot plant and plants often store their extra sugar in their roots. What polysaccharide is the rabbit eating? _Starch 8. The rabbit has chemicals in its stomach that breaks down the polysaccharide. What reaction is used to break down a polysaccharide (an example of a polymer)? _Hydrolysis 9. Write the reaction needed to remove a glucose molecule from polysaccharide (the original is 100 glucose molecules long). STARCH (100 glucoses long) + WATER GLUCOSE + STARCH (99 glucoses long) 10. After breaking down all of the plant polysaccharide into glucose molecules and using some to run away from the neighborhood Chihuahua, the rabbit stores the rest of its sugar molecules in its own polysaccharide. a. What polysaccharide do the rabbit s cells build? Glycogen b. Where does the rabbit store this polysaccharide? _Liver and muscles c. Why is it important that the rabbit stores that polysaccharide and why does the location of storage matter? (This question may help you assess student former knowledge. You could make it a bonus question. The key is to get students to think.) When glycogen is stored in the muscles, it keeps energy molecules close to where they will eventually be needed. When the rabbit runs for a long period of time, glycogen will be broken down to provide the rabbit with stamina to keep running from that Chihuahua. This is the same thing that happens when you are a long distance runner and carbo-load (eat lots of pasta) the night before. 11. Write the reaction needed to build the rabbit s polysaccharide from 50 glucose molecules. _50 Glucose _Glycogen (50 glucoses long) + _49 water molecules Bethany Lau

9 Learning about Carbohydrate Structure with Beads Activity: by Bethany Lau Teacher s Instructions **Before performing this activity, students should have a basic background in chemistry. Single bonds, simple molecular structure recognition, and an understanding of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions are necessary to complete the activity. ** This activity is best performed by small groups of students (2-3). Before class, you will need to collect and prepare the following materials for each student group, bagged in a larger Ziploc bag for easy pass out and cleanup: white beads (approximately 80) orange beads (approximately 10) yellow beads (approximately 10) 3 small paper plates, one labeled Fructose, one labeled Glucose, and one labeled Galactose. 3 white, 6 red, and 3 green pipe cleaners, cut in half 2 pipe cleaners (any color will do) cut in quarters. See the pictures on the next two pages to see the setup and and what the end result should look like! Depending on the ability of your group, you can be as teacher-led or as student-led as you want with this activity. With my honors classes, I can usually hand these out and just monitor the room. With my lower level classes, I might need to lead them through each step. The answer key is included! The last page of additional questions could be used as a homework assignment to take home. If you enjoy this product and would like to leave me some feedback, please do by going to my product page (you might need to login). When you leave feedback, you earn credit towards future purchases on TeachersPayTeachers.com and I learn how I can improve or continue to please my customers! Bethany Lau

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