BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN

Transcription

1 ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA május 12. BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN EMELT SZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA május 12. 8:00 Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 240 perc Pótlapok száma Tisztázati Piszkozati OKTATÁSI ÉS KULTURÁLIS MINISZTÉRIUM Biológia angol nyelven emelt szint írásbeli vizsga 0911

2 Important information Read the following instructions carefully before you start your work. You have 240 minutes to complete your advanced level examination. Your written paper consists of two parts. For answering correctly the first part (tasks I-VIII), which is compulsory for everyone you are awarded 80 points. The second part (task IX) contains two versions (A and B). YOU ONLY HAVE TO COMPLETE ONE OF THEM. You can be awarded the total of 20 points FOR ANSWERING ONLY ONE OF THE TWO OPTIONAL TASKS. It means that by answering both you cannot get more points. If you do start answering both optional tasks CROSS OUT THE ONE WITH A PEN WHICH YOU DON NOT WANT TO BE INCLUDED. If you fail to do this the examiners will automatically evaluate the A version. Your questions are either multiple choice or open-ended ones. When answering multiple choice questions you need to write one or two CAPITAL LETTERS into the empty boxes. These are the letters of the correct answer or answers. Make sure that your answers are unambiguous, otherwise they will not be accepted. If you want to correct your answer CROSS OUT THE WRONG ONE AND WRITE THE CORRECT LETTER NEXT TO IT. A D correct A D C acceptable B D wrong When answering open-ended questions, you need to write technical terms, a few words, a whole sentence or several sentences. Mind your GRAMMAR because if your answer is not understandable because of bad grammar, or because it is ambiguous (e.g. it is not clear what the subject of the sentence is), it will not be acceptable even if it contains the correct terms. Each correct answer is awarded 1 mark, unless otherwise indicated. Use black or blue pen. Don t write anything into the grey boxes. Good luck for your exam. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

3 I. Common toad 9 points The figure shows a common toad sitting on the palm of a hand. 1. What feature of its skin tells you which vertebrate group it belongs to? 2. How are the characteristics of its skin related to the way the common toad is breathing? 3. The way it breathes and the characteristics of its skin also determine the type of habitat it typically lives in. How are these three aspects related?.. 4. How is the rate of heat loss through the skin reduced in humans if the surrounding temperature drops? Describe two typical changes that take place in the human skin, and give your reasons why they cannot occur in common toad. (4 points) In the figure a white arrow indicates the tympanic membrane of the toad. Give the name of the cavity found behind the tympanic membrane The common toad is a protected animal. There is more to protecting an animal than simply preventing it from being killed. Mention one way in which the reproduction and distribution of this species can be promoted total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

4 II. Different Patterns of Inheritance 10 points Write the number of the following statements into their correct place in the diagram below. The statements refer to the inheritance of somatic characteristics. The (rather rare) characteristics linked to Y chromosome can be ignored. Dominant-recessive inheritance involving one gene X chromosome (sex)- linked inheritance Inheritance linked to a dominant allele 1. If a father possesses a gene which is inherited in this way, all his daughters will inherit this trait. 2. This is the most likely pattern of inheritance if the disorder only appears among the sons of healthy mothers. 3. This is the most likely pattern of inheritance if the disorder appears among both the sons and daughters of healthy parents. 4. This is how colour blindness is inherited. 5. This is how albinism is inherited. 6. This is how the Rh blood group system is inherited. 7. A disorder inherited in this way can also be passed on from father to son if the mother is healthy and does not even carry the faulty allele. 8. If a trait is inherited in this way it is expected to appear in males in higher proportions than in females. 9. That is how a disorder is inherited if there is only one copy of the faulty allele present in each parent but both of them are healthy. 10. That is how haemophilia is inherited total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

5 III. Biochemical Processes 10 points Compare the two processes below. Write the letter of the process into the box next to the statement it refers to. A. Glycolysis B. Citric acid cycle/krebs -cycle C. Both D. Neither 1. It is a catabolic pathway 2. It is a cyclic process requiring CO 2 input. 3. It is only carried out in plant cells. 4. Its actual site is the mitochondrion. 5. The hydrogen is passed on to NAD + carrier molecules in the prosses. 6. Its chemical equation is: 6 CO H 2 O = C 6 H 12 O O 2 Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the appropriate word or chemical symbol. In the (7). phase of photosynthesis, the (8).. is split and molecular oxygen is given off. The (9)..content of substance numbered 8 is passed on to carrier molecules and in the form of (10).. they are transported to the second phase of photosynthesis to reduce carbon dioxide in the matrix of the chloroplast total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

6 IV. Photosynthesis and the Greenhouse Effect 10 points In a series of experiments, the correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and the rate of photosynthesis were studied in a plant species. The measurements were carried out with low (5000 lux) and high (20000 lux) intensity of light. The results are shown in the graph. a Rate fotoszintézis of photosynthesis intenzitása (szárazanyag/óra) (dry matter/hour) lux 5000 lux normál Normal levegőben air 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 v% v % szén-dioxid carbon dioxide 1. The rate (intensity) of photosynthesis was measured by the amount of dry matter produced in an hour. What kind of other unit could have been chosen? A. The amount of oxygen absorbed in a given time period. B. The amount of carbon dioxide produced in a given time period. C. The amount of water vapour released in a given time period. D. The amount of oxygen produced in a given time period. E. The amount of light striking the surface of the leaves. 2. What consequences can be drawn based on the graph? Write the letters of the correct answers into the boxes. (2 points) A. Above a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.1%, light intensity does not influence the rate of photosynthesis. B. Below a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.05% the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the carbon dioxide concentration. C. Above a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.05% the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the concentration of carbon dioxide. D. At a carbon dioxide concentration four times the normal, the rate of photosynthesis is determined by light intensity. E. Carbon dioxide concentrations above 0.1% inhibit the rate of photosynthesis even in strong light. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

7 3. One of the most threatening problems of our time is the increasing greenhouse effect. What does greenhouse effect mean? A. Due to the thinning of the ozone layer higher rates of UV radiation are reaching the surface of the Earth. B. Because of the decreased ventilation the temperature is always higher inside the greenhouse than outside. C. The greenhouse gases let the visible light pass through the atmosphere, but absorb and partly reflect the heat waves with longer wavelengths given off by the surface of the Earth. D. The greenhouse gases absorb and partly radiate the heat waves from the sun towards the Earth s surface (radiation of long wavelength) E. The concentration of anthropogenic pollutants increases in the atmosphereen. 4. Which two gases are mainly responsible (at least 80%) for bringing about the greenhouse effect on Earth. A. Carbon dioxide and water vapour B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen C. Ozone and carbon dioxide D. Carbon dioxide and ozone E. Water vapour and ozone 5. Which human activities are primarily to blame for the increasing greenhouse effect? (2 points) A. Widespread use of petrol engine cars. B. The building of nuclear power stations. C. Large scale production of genetically modified crop plants (GMO). D. The widespread distribution of hydrocarbons containing halogens, which contribute greatly to the depletion of the ozone layer. E. The building of roads and industrial establishments in agricultural areas. 6. Living things on Earth can, to a certain extent, lessen the greenhouse effect. How? A. The rate of metabolic processes in decomposers is accelerated at higher temperature. B. The rate of biological oxidation is accelerated at higher temperature. C. Rising levels of carbon dioxide inhibit anabolic processes and speed up catabolic ones. D. Falling levels of carbon dioxide increase the efficiency of photosynthesis. E. Rising levels of carbon dioxide increase the efficiency of photosynthesis 7. Let us suppose that 10 moles of glucose has been produced by photosynthesis in a plant. How has the composition of the atmosphere changed as a result? Calculate the exact numerical changes in the quantities of the two components. (2 points) total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

8 V. Resourceful microbe 12 points The secret of Deinococcus radiodurans, a soil bacterium, which is capable of withstanding three thousand times higher radiation dosage than humans has recently been resolved. The micro-organism possesses a unique DNA repair system. This system, with the help of its repair enzymes, is able to put the DNA pieces shattered by high energy radiation together in the right order. The reason why the microbe is capable of this remarkable performance is that it has two DNA molecules instead of one. 1. What is the typical feature of the bacterial genome (hereditary material)? Write the letters of the correct answers into the boxes. (2 points) A. It is separated by a nuclear envelope from the cytoplasm. B. It consists either only of DNA, or only of RNA. C. It is organised in a circular DNA. D. Its DNA has no uracil. E. It is unable to replicate. 2. Explain how the repair system of Deinococcus is helped by the fact that the bacterium has two DNA molecules.... In the following task you need to carry out the job of the repair enzyme in Deinococcus. We have a damaged stretch (a stretch with missing parts) of DNA of the bacterial genome. G C T C T A T C G C A G G Apart from this, we have three other bits of DNA of the same stretch originating from the second copy of the bacterial genome. G C T T C A C G G G C T G A A G 3. Your task is to reconstruct the base order of the damaged strand of DNA by writing the letters of the bases into the appropriate places in the table below. G C T C T A T C G C A G G 1 point 1 point 1 point írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

9 4. With the help of the codon dictionary specify the first three amino acids encoded by the reconstructed stretch of DNA. Read the letters from left to right starting with the first letter. The upper row of the table represents the active strand of the DNA. (3 points) Name of the 1 st amino acid:.. Name of the 2 nd amino acid: Name of the 3 rd amino acid:.. Codon dictionary 1 st base U C A G 2 nd base U C A G 3 rd base phenylalanine serine tyrozine cysteine U phenylalanine serine tyrozine cysteine C leucine serine STOP STOP A leucine serine STOP tryptophan G leucine proline histidine arginine U leucine proline histidine arginine C leucine proline glutamine arginine A leucine proline glutamine arginine G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U isoleucine threonine asparagine serine C isoleucine threonine lyzine arginine A methionine chain initiator threonine lyzine arginine G valine alanine aspartic acid glycine U valine alanine aspartic acid glycine C valine alanine glutamic acid glycine A valine alanine glutamic acid glycine G 5. How many different kinds of amino acids, distinct from the original one, can be produced instead of the 3 rd amino acid if the base triplet coding for this amino acid is changed in one locus (only one base is changed)? A. three B. four C. five D. six E. seven 6. If there are two point mutations occurring in the codon of the 3 rd amino acid then... (2 points) A. it is certain that the meaning of the code will not change. B. it is possible that the meaning of the code will not change. C. the codon of any other amino acids can be formed. D. the codon of the phenylalanine can be formed. E. a STOP codon can be formed total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

10 VI. Potato Crisps 11 points The National Potato Association and Product Advisory issued a statement about crisps made of potato in November Read the statement and answer the questions which follow. "With the holiday season coming up we tend to eat more crisps than usual. There are a lot of unfounded misbelieves about crisps. We are going to prove that they are only myths. It is not true that it makes us fat. Crisps, indeed, belong to high energy foods. An average Hungarian person consumes about 500 g crisps yearly, whereas an English one times more. A Hungarian consumer covers only 0.25% of his/her energy need from crisps, which means that crisps can hardly be made responsible for obesity in Hungary. It is not true that it is not made of real potato. What is more, special crisps potato especially suitable for this purpose is used to produce more tasty crisps. The manufacturing process includes peeling, slicing, frying and spicing. The only difference between this precedure and the way you fry it at home is that the potato is sliced into thinner slices and, as a result, it loses most of its water content while frying. 70% of the potato crisps is made up of potato. The rest consists of plant oil and spices. It is not true that it is useless artificial food. 50 g (half a bag) fried crisps contains 20% of the daily vitamin E requirement, 40% of vitamin B6, 18% of niacin equivalent, 18% of potassium, 36% of copper, 11% and 12% of magnesium and phosphorous, respectively. It is not true that it has high salt content. The salt content of crisps is about %, which is more or less the same as that of bread. However, crisps make up only a tiny proportion of our daily diet and therefore as little as % of our salt intake derives from crisps. The reason why it tastes salty is because all its salt content is spread over its surface mainly dissolved in oil and as a result it acts directly and intensively on the taste buds of the tongue. It is not true that it is full of 'E's. Potato crisps do not contain any kind of preservatives since its salt, oil and low water contents naturally preserve the food. Salted potato crisps is one of the most natural foods there is. It only contains potato, plant oil and salt. Source: The statement was also put on the internet where a heated debate got underway about what it said. Your task is to decide whether the information contents of the comments printed in bald are true (T) or false (F). Write T or F, as appropriate, into the boxes next to the statements. If you are asked to make a comment on the Forum you can do so under the nickname of the examinee following the instructions you are given. Each correct answer is 1 point, the 3 rd question is 2 points. You need not write anything into the grey boxes. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

11 Forum entries: T or F? 1. Sly Fox It is claimed that 40% of the crisps is vitamin B6, which I wouldn t have thought. 2. MZ/X Hi, there. Unless the figures are wrong, we consume an average of 5 bags of crisps every year. Elvira I would be more interested in what, according to the article, the daily energy requirement of a person actually is. The label on the bag says that the energy content of the crisps is 2218kJ/100g. Could anyone be of some help? 3. Examinee Work out the daily energy requirement of a person based on the data. 4. pink Luckily, fat soluble vitamins are not mentioned among the ingredients of the crisps, so I cannot take an overdose of these. 5. Sly Fox Do I remember correctly that vitamin B6 is required for healthy vision? 6. Bálint It's all right that there are a lot of useful things in half a bag of crisps, but according to the data in the text this amount of crisps also contains 15g oil along with spices, which is a little bit too much. 7. pink If that is true, somebody with bile problems should not eat such stuff because bile is needed for the digestion of oils. MZ/X As I am a Hungarian consumer, it is reassuring to know that, according to the article, only 0.25% of my daily energy requirement is met by crisps. You cannot really get fat by this amount, can you? 8. Examinee Respond to the statement above either agreeing or disagreeing with it. 9. pink I don t think that the fact that the English eat 12 times as much crisps as we do is a strong enough argument to prove that it is not fattening. In order to prove this we would need further arguments. 10. Examinee -If you think that the previous statement is T (true), specify which further data you might need. If you think it is F (false), give your reasons why. Bálint Besides, what we call 'chips' is what the English call 'crisps', and the English 'chips' is nothing but the common fried potato. True (T) total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

12 VII. The Structure and Function of the Eye 12 points The cross section of the eye can be seen in the figure below. Letter C indicates the middle, while letter D the inner layer of the eye. M A B C J L K D E I H G F Write the appropriate letter and the name of the structure it indicates next to the corresponding statement. Write the letter into the box and the name on the dotted line. None solution is also possible, which is to be indicated by an X. 1. This part contains smooth muscle, which relaxes when we look at an object in the distance. 2. The increasing pressure of the liquid that fills this part of the eye causes glaucoma. 3. This part only consists of cones. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

13 4. Its increased ability to refract (bend) light causes farsightedness. 5. This part of the eye is the continuation of the iris towards the back of the eye. 6. The tension of the iris muscle determines the size of this part of the eye. 7. Which route is taken by the nerve impulse formed in the eye? Write the letter of the correct answer in the box. A. Through the part indicated by F directly to the cerebral cortex. B. Through the part indicated by F to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex. C. Through the part indicated by F directly to the reticular formation of the brain stem. D. Through the part indicated by F directly to the cerebellum. E. Through the part indicated by H directly to the cerebellum. 8. Explain how to demonstrate the existence of the blind spot with the help of the test figure below. Your answer should include what to do if we want to detect the blind spot found in the right eye, a short description of what we experience during the test, and the explanation of it. (2 points) The image formation of simple lenses according to the thin lens formula is: = +, where f = focal length, t = object distance (the distance between the f t k object and the lens), k = image distance (the distance between the image formed and the lens). This formula is more or less true for the eye of vertebrates as well. What are the two possible ways of accommodation to distance when after looking at an object far off, you look at one close by (in your answer use the expressions of the formula). írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

14 9. Either by decreasing, or 10. increasing. 11. There are examples for both solutions in vertebrates. In what way does the human eye accommodate to the changing distance? total VIII. Forestation 6 points I : Short-lived (annual) species : Grass species reproducing by long stolons : Grass species forming dense cushions X : Perennial, tall dicots : Shrubs and lianas : Trees The results of an ecological study are shown in the figure. The study started in 1958 and was carried out on an abandoned plot of arable land to monitor the changes taking place. The observations were made by placing 48 quadrates of 1 m 2 in fixed positions to investigate the characteristic groups of plant species in each quadrate. The dominant plant groups in each quadrate were marked every year. 1. Which process did the researchers set out to investigate?.. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

15 2. How did the proportion of the r and K strategists change from the beginning to the end of the study period?. 3. How can you explain the loss of dominance of annual and short lived species after the first three years of the study period?.. 4. How can you explain the fact that trees gained dominance towards the end of the study period? It was observed that the process was rather uneven in space and time in spite of the fact that the soil conditions were not significantly different. How can the appearance of characteristic patches of vegetation be explained based on the different ways of asexual reproduction of plants? 6. - the different ways of sexual reproduction of plants? (size of seeds and way of dispersal) total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

16 Optional questions IX. A At the Beginning of Our Life 20 points The sex cells 8 points Fill in the table below according to the information provided. exact site of production (the organ and part of the organ) manner of locomotion the route taken through the female reproductive organ (from where to where they move) the number and types of chromosomes in them (autosomal and sex chromosomes) the human egg cells the human sperm cells Life before birth 12 points Write an essay about our life before birth. Make sure that you comment on the following points in your essay. Where and when (in which stage of the cycle) does fertilisation usually take place? Which structure ensures the nutrition of the developing embryo, and how? Why and under what conditions does Rh incompatibility occur? What is the function of the embryonic membrane and that of the amniotic fluid? What kind of dangerous substances can pass from the mother into the embryo? How do the circulatory system and the working of the heart of the foetus differ from those of the newborn baby? What proves that the foetus can learn through hearing within the uterus? You can write your essay on page The sex cells Life before birth total írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

17 IX. B Reproduction and Postembryonic Development of Plants 20 points Alternation of generations 7 points The pie charts from A to D show the alternation of generations of different groups of plants. The striped section represents the sexual part while the evenly shaded section the asexual part (relative time) of their life cycles. A C B D Match the letter of the pie charts to their corresponding group of plants. (Out of the four pie charts one is not needed.) (3 points) 1. Mosses:. 2. Ferns: Angiosperms: Which of the followings belong to the asexual part of the alternation of generations in mosses? Write the letters of the correct answers into the boxes. A. spore B. zygote C. protonema/prothallus D. sporangium E. green moss plant 5. Put the different postembryonic stages of the life cycle (listed in question 4) in chronological order as they take place in the alternation of generations of mosses. Write the letters into the boxes below. The first one, the spore, has been given for you. (Do not write anything into the drawing.) A írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

18 6. Which of the followings appeared in the group of ferns as an evolutionary advancement? Write the letter of the correct answer into the box: A. Reproduction independent of water B. Double fertilisation C. Seed D. Spore E. Tissue level of organisation. 7. In which contemporary group of plants did flower appear as an evolutionary advancement?. Double fertilisation (essay) 13 points Discuss the process of double fertilisation and the following seed and fruit formation. In your answer specify the ploid level (the number of chromosome sets) of the cells involved in the fertilisation process, and discuss the different ways of seed dispersal. Alternation of generations Double fertilisation total Essay írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

19 írásbeli vizsga / május 12.

20 Maximum score I. Common Toad 9 II. Different Patterns of Inheritance 10 III. Biochemical Processes 10 IV. Photosynthesis and the Greenhouse Effect 10 V. Resourceful Microbes 12 VI. Potatoe Crisps 11 VII. The Structure and Function of the Eye 12 VIII. Forestation 6 total score of the test: 80 IX. Optional essay or problem solving task A At the Beginning of Our Life 20 B Reproduction and postembryonic development of plants Total score of the written examination 100 Achieved score Marking teacher Date:.. Feladatsor/Test Választható esszé vagy problémafeladat/ Optional essay or problem solving task elért pontszám egész számra kerekítve/ achieved score rounded to an integer programba beírt egész pontszám/ integer score written into the programe javító tanár/marking teacher jegyző/administrator Dátum/Date:.. Dátum/Date.. írásbeli vizsga / május 12.