HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS AT CEA

Transcription

1 HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS AT CEA TECH DAY ÉNERGIE TOULOUSE 6 NOVEMBRE 2013 PAGE 1

2 APPROCHE INTÉGRÉE POUR LE VÉHICULE ÉLECTRIQUE Hybrid vehicles Plug-In hybrid Li-ion batteries Electric vehicles / Batteries Electric vehicles Range extender / FC Electric vehicles / FC Piles à combustible PAGE 2

3 CEA ACTIVITIES COVER THE WHOLE H 2 CHAIN Massive H 2 Production Transport Distribution Storage Technico Economical assesments Safety and standards LT & HT Fuel Cells On site H 2 production coupled with renewable energies PAGE 3

4 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: PEM ELECTROLYSIS Catalyst layer components and skills E < 0.8V NHE O 2 + 4H + + 4e - 2H 2 O E > 1.4V NHE 2H 2 O 4H + +4e - + O 2 Tension (V) Banc E-Lyse -Patm AME LCPEM n IrO2 2,5mg/cm² 1.3 N115 Pt/C 0,54mg/cm² Densité de courant (ma/cm²) 25 C 40 C 60 C Surface spécifique (m²/g) Surface spécifique (m²/g) des electrocatalyseurs IrSnO2 + étalon Mo IrSnO 2 (50-50%mol) IrO2 commercial IrO2 LCPEM IrSnOx LCPEM IrSnO 2 (70-30%mol) Convection flow Lin (Counts) Fiche IrO 2 2-Theta - Scale Catalysts synthesis /characterization Non noble catalysts Characterization protocols Modelling (electrochemical / physical) MEA Processing (spray, screen printing, ) New membranes developments Test bench Testing protocols Corrosion tests Modelling (fluids) PAGE 4

5 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: PEM ELECTROLYSIS MEA Performance Com. MEA 1 Com. MEA 2 Com. MEA 3 Com. MEA 4 System compacity: high current densities 4 A.cm Nm 3 H 2.m - ².j -1 LITEN MEA performance: 1,73 V at 1 A.cm -2, at 60 C and Patm PAGE 5

6 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: PEM ELECTROLYSIS MEA Durability LITEN MEA: < 2 mg/cm² Cycling with current cycles representative of PV source 7000 hours of operation with very low degradation!

7 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: PEM ELECTROLYSIS MEA: Decrease of catalyst loadings Reduction by 4 of IrO 2 loading for equivalent performance (reduced by 10 compared to literature results) Significant reduction of MEA cost

8 HYDROGEN STORAGE CEA works on three ways for hydrogen storage High pressure (350 and 700 bar) for transportation Metal hydrides for stationary use Chemical hydride for nomad use PAGE 8

9 DEVELOPMENT OF TANK PROTOTYPES POLYSTOCK ( ) PACo national programme Leader : Air Liquide Partners : Ullit, Insa Lyon CEA : liner materials, process, tank testing Pressure: 350 bar 22 l et 32 l 4,6 weight % TUV certification STORHY ( ) FP6 Integrated Project Leader : Magna Steyr Partners : DC, BMW, PSA, Air Liquide, CEA : HP tanks, evaluation, core group Pressure: 700 bar 32 l 5,4 weight % > 15,000 cycles Leak rate < 0.05 cm 3 /l/h Burst pressure > 1800 bar PAGE 9

10 PEMFC R&D FROM NANOMATERIALS TO INTEGRATED SYSTEM Materials Electrodes Membrane Electrode Assemblies Bipolar plates System Integration ZERO CO2 sail 35 kw PEMFC 10.5 kg H 2 (350 bar) EPICEA System (2,5 kw) 80 kw GENEPAC Stack 23 kw FISYPAC Stack Innovative stack design PAGE 10

11 ACTIVITIES ON MEA Performance and durability tests MEA Fabrication Membranes Active layer ionomer Modelling Performances Noble metal Durability Costs Catalysts Nano-characterisation Instrumentation Diffusion layer Water management PAGE 11

12 DEDICATED TECHNICAL RESOURCES Inks formulation, electrochemical characterisations Electrodes fabrication, fuel cell cores assembling, cell integration Performance and durability tests, new components, with pollutants PAGE 12

13 AMONG THE BEST MEA Pure H 2 (transportation application) Imin Commercial MEA Commercial MEA LITEN MEA generation 1 LITEN MEA generation 2 Imax Reformate H 2 (stationary application) mv LITEN milestone: > 305 mw/cm² Commercial MEA 1: 298 mw/cm² Commercial MEA 2: 335 mw/cm² LITEN MEA: 370 mw/cm² Imin Voltage (mv) AME SOLVICORE commercial AME JOHNSON-MATTHEY commercial 2 AME LITEN Génération 3 - nov Imax : Commercial AME 1 : 127 µv/h Commercial AME 2 : 100 µv/h Commercial AME 3 : 44 µv/h Gen.2 LITEN AME : 73 µv/h Gen.3 LITEN AME : 34 µv/h Imax Current density (ma/cm²) PAGE 13

14 CATALYST LOADING REDUCTION Very low platinum loading More than 1500 hours of operation for a MEA with a low platinum loading (0.25 gpt/kw), in conditions representative of the transportation application [typical loading gpt/kw] Total loading : 0.2 mg Pt /cm² Operation during 1000 h with no degradation during the first 700 h Tension (mv) Tension à i(min) Tension à i(max) Cell voltage decrease <10% after 1700 h Temps (h) PAGE 14

15 HIGH LEVEL TOOLS Nano-characterisation First platform in Europe 40 characterisation equipments Surface analysis, Ions beams, Microscopes, X ray diffraction, Sample preparation Nanowires of Pt ESRF ILL Minatec Modeling From nanoparticles to systems Multi-scales Physical macroscopic values (T, HR, P, current density ) MEA degradation Modular (fluidics, catalyst, degradation, pollutants...) Conrol parameters I T P A, P C RH A, RH C instantaneous local operating conditions Coupled no-aging phenomena instantaneous U cell (t) instantaneous nano-micro-structure Predictive tool Coupled aging phenomena Instantaneous cumulative materials losses PAGE 15

16 POST-MORTEM CHARACTERISATION Microscopic observation of important degradations of the active layer (air side): Carbon loss by corrosion Strong agglomeration of platine particles Massive dissolution of Pt, then reprecipitation in presence of H 2 Depending on operating conditions and components Fresh Aged Fresh Aged PAGE 16

17 CHARACTERISATION WITH LARGE FACILITIES Better understanding of the water management Development of an adapted single cell to analyse water Installation of the whole experimental device at ESRF Very good agreement experiment/modeling PAGE 17

18 CHARACTERISATION WITH LARGE FACILITIES Better understanding of the water management Installation of the whole experimental device at ILL Possibility to perform experiments under application-representative conditions Peak intensity increases with water quantity PAGE 18

19 PEMFC R&D: STACKS AND SYSTEMS Optimisation of stack design Simulation of stack thermal and hydraulic behaviour System conception and manufacturing Stack electrochemical testing Optimisation of stack assembly PAGE 19

20 STACK ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES LITEN designingisbasedon a 10 yearscomputer code Input: MEA performances, Stack specifications Output: Bipolar plate desings including the coolant circuit, Stack power densities Design «G» 20 kw Metallic stack Design «G» 80 kw Metallic stack Design «F» 14 kw Metallic stack Design «F» 300 kw Metallic stack RobotPAC 150 W Graphite stack Marathon Shell 200 W Graphite stack Design «D» 500 W Metallic stack EPICEA 3 kw Composite stack PAGE 20

21 STACK ASSEMBLING TOOLS & VALIDATION PEFC assembling hall Component metrology Assembling Press Leakage test station More than 220 stacks assembled since 2005 for a total over 900 kw PAGE 21

22 GENEPAC: FUEL CELL SYSTEM FOR CAR INDUSTRY 2006 : Stack validation on bench Partnership 2007 : System integrated stack validation CEA 80 kw stack Full system testing in PSA premises System power: 31 kw (stack power: 37 kw) Stack performances equivalent to on test bench performances System yield: 45% Second step : Improve complete system reliability in the framework of FISYPAC project System integration in a 307 «EPURE» presented in April 2009 Stack performances 2.1 kw/l 1.4 kw/kg 2200 hours PAGE 22

23 GENEPAC: FUEL CELL SYSTEM FOR CAR INDUSTRY Peugeot 307 Epure Range extender concept H 2 storage bar Tank included: 150 kg FC System GENEPAC 20 (23 kw) DC/DC Convertor HV Li-Ion Battery 13 to15 kwh 50 kw Electric Motor & Reductor Concept became Reality on April, 6 th 2009 Performances Max speed : 155 km/h 100 km/h in 15 s Range: 450 km (75 km battery only) PAGE 23

24 CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM INDUSTRIALISATION Niche markets with less cost constraints and/or specific competitive advantages Automotive applications Back-up systems Tri-generation Pleasure boats Industrials and local authorities Rail transportation Tractors Forklifts Stack and system integrator Drones Aircrafts Stationary Coupling with renewable energies CEA Component, Stack and System technologies PAGE 24

25 ZERO CO2 sail CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM INDUSTRIALISATION The project's objective is to sail around the Mediterranean using a yacht powered by a clean carbon-free auxiliary motor (petrol motors are commonly used in yachts for all manoeuvres in port). The yacht will be presented for the first time at the Paris Boat Show in December A 12m craft built by the RM shipyard of La Rochelle, the "Zero CO2" is equipped with an electric motor driven by a hydrogen fuel cell, developed by CEA. 35 kw PEMFC 10.5 kg H 2 (350 bar) PAGE 25

26 CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM INDUSTRIALISATION Evaluation of stack production cost at different production rates PAGE 26

27 MERCI DE VOTRE ATTENTION PAGE 27 CEA 10 AVRIL 2012 Commissariat à l énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Centre de Grenoble Grenoble Cedex 9 T. +33 (0) (0) DRT DEHT Etablissement public à caractère industriel et commercial RCS Paris B