Maritime Fuel Cells - durability and performance aspects Anders Ødegård, SINTEF

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1 Bergen, Sept. 3 rd 2014 Maritime Fuel Cells - durability and performance aspects Anders Ødegård, SINTEF 1

Ødegård, SINTEF http://www.captainsvoyage-forum.

2 Main focus in PEMFC R&D Cost and(/vs) durability Lower cost -> less robust components/materials -> shorter lifetime/lower performance (-> higher cost ) Fuel (H 2 ) quality and tolerance for air impurities Linked to cost and durability Lifetime targets Automobile: hours Stationary: hours (~4.5 years) also for most maritime applications (?) => Impact of impurities is of high importance 2

impurities Linked to cost and durability Lifetime targets Automobile: 5 000 hours Stationary: 40 000

3 Some possible FC impurities in maritime environment Air pollution: NO x SO x CO CO 2 NH 3 Airborne salts (chloride, sodium, ) 3

4 Some possible FC impurities in maritime environment Air pollution: NO x SO x CO CO 2 NH 3 Airborne salts (chloride, sodium, ) Hydrogen quality, depending on source of hydrogen: CO CO 2 H 2 S NH 3 4

5 Some possible FC impurities in maritime environment Air pollution: NO x SO x CO CO 2 NH 3 Airborne salts (chloride, sodium, ) Hydrogen quality, depending on source of hydrogen: CO CO 2 H 2 S NH 3 Contaminants from system (metal ions, organics, ) Mainly impact electrodes and membrane 5

depending on source of hydrogen: CO CO 2 H 2 S NH 3 Contaminants from

6 STAYERS STAtionary PEM fuel cells with lifetimes beyond five YEaRS Main objective to carry out materials research to produce PEM fuel cell stacks with a lifetime of 40,000 hours for stationary applications where longevity and reliability are essential.

produce PEM fuel cell stacks with a lifetime of 40,000 hours

7 Durability evaluation of PEMFC components Accelerated stress tests Cathode electrode protocol Evaluated different electrodes 5-6 times acceleration factor compared to actual operation in system/power plant 7

8 Effect of CO in H 2 Before and after degradation experiments less robust with time 0,7 0,72 1 ppm anode 0,6 0,70 Cell voltage (V) 0,5 0,4 y=-0.057x y=-0.143x Cell voltage (V) 0,68 0,66 0,3 1 ppm anode Time (hrs) before AST after cathode AST 0,64 0, Time (hrs) before AST after cathode AST MEA Type A MEA Type B 8

819 Cell voltage (V) 0,68 0,66 0,3 1 ppm CO @ anode 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (hrs) before AST

9 Effect of SO 2 in air 0.5 ppm SO 2 Different catalysts Dramatic loss in performance with only small amounts of SO 2. Low cost catalyst less tolerant to impurities. 9

quality assurance Hydrogen contaminant research at PEMFC

10 HYCORA HyCoRA - Hydrogen Contaminant Risk Assessment 2014 to 2017 Objective is cost reduction for hydrogen fuel quality assurance Hydrogen contaminant research at PEMFC system level Measurement campaigns in hydrogen refueling stations 10

11 H 2 quality specifications Example levels Impurity ISO :2012 [ppm] CO 0.2 Total sulphur compounds Formaldehyde 0.01 Ammonia 0.1 Total halogenated compounds 0.05 Extremely difficult to perform gas analysis 11

12 Effect of chloride Even sub-ppm amounts of chloride leads to irreversible degradation of the catalyst 12

13 Further focus for maritime use of PEMFC Durability and tolerance of impurities Understand effects, multi-contaminant effects, controlled in real systems Increase tolerance (catalyst, membrane) Mitigation strategies Cost. 13

multi-contaminant effects, controlled in real systems

14 Further focus for maritime use of PEMFC Durability and tolerance of impurities Understand effects, multi-contaminant effects, controlled in real systems Increase tolerance (catalyst, membrane) Mitigation strategies Cost. => Can be approached in FCH JU projects under the new programme 14

real systems Increase tolerance (catalyst, membrane) Mitigation

15 Some of our project partners in FCH JU projects 15

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