earlier in the semester: The Full adder above adds two bits and the output is at the end. So if we do this eight times, we would have an 8-bit adder.

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1 The circuit created is an 8-bit adder. The 8-bit adder adds two 8-bit binary inputs and the result is produced in the output. In order to create a Full 8-bit adder, I could use eight Full -bit adders and connect them. This way, the least significant bit on the far right will be produced by adding the first two bits, then it will carry out (if any) a bit to the next two bits to add. This will continue seven more times until it is done. In the end, the last carry out will be output. To create this adder, I implemented eight full adders and connected them together to create an 8bit adder. I created a symbol and sub-design for the full adder I created for the mini-project we did earlier in the semester: The Full adder above adds two bits and the output is at the end. So if we do this eight times, we would have an 8-bit adder.

2 Here is a waveform for the Full Adder with the probes at the top level I/O's. The inputs and outputs correspond in line jumps to each other.

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4 I created a symbol for this adder to facilitate making the 8-bit adder. Creating a symbol for a full adder will lower clutter when making an 8-bit adder. This rectangle has ports for A, B, and Cin inputs on the left, and Sum and Cout ports on the right: Now I connected all the full adders together with the least significant bit on the far right. Each adder adds two bits (A + B) and then makes a sends a Carry Out bit to the next adder. In the end, a or will be produced as a Carry Out.

5 I chose to do a design like this because it is simple and easy to read. The advantages of this design are being able to fix an error on all the Full Adders by just changing one because they are all copies of the same thing. The inputs are easy to distinguish from one another and the outputs are easily read on the bottom. Here we have a hierarchy of inputs on the top, then the adders in the middle, then finally the outputs on the bottom. Formulation: The truth table for a Full Adder: A B CIN COUT R

6 Therefore, the equation for Cout and Sum by K-Map are S = ~X~YZ+~XY~Z+X~Y~Z+XYZ. And C = XY + Z(X~Y+~XY). By using this logic eight times, we can create the full 8-bit adder. The output, though, needs 9-bits instead of just 8. When adding two values, there is going to be a carryout. If the carryout is, then it does not matter, but it matters when it equals one. This is why when there is a carryout, we use it in the output in case a gets carried over. I felt that by just connecting and reusing Full Adders, the 8-bit Adder would be easier to read. This is why I did not further optimize the adders. In order to optimize the whole thing, the quick and simple way of reusing older parts might be gone or be more limited. Above I provided a waveform for a -bit Full Adder. To verify that the full 8-bit adder works correctly, I must see look at the waveform with the inputs and outputs to each corresponding adder.

7 For the next part of the project, I created a 4- Multiplexer, but instead uses 8-bit buses on the inputs instead of just one-bit. A multiplexer basically selects information from the inputs and directs to one output. Here, instead, though, we are using 8-bit buses, so In order to use the eight bit bus, I created one as shown: This bus has 8 inputs with an enabler and has 8 outputs. One enabler is attached to all the AND gates in order to allow enabling or disabling the whole bus.

8 A wave form for the bus looked like this:

9 A multiplexer consists of a 2-4 decoder to get in the selectors as shown. This decoder will allow the selection of particular input lines. The truth table for the 2-4 decoder is: S S i6 i7 i8 i9

10 A 4- multiplexer also consists of a 4x2 AND-OR as shown. I could not get the OR4 ports to connect with any wire, so I used an OR6 gate with 2 ports grounded instead. The condensed truth table for a 4- Line multiplexer is: s s Y I I I2 I3 This basically shows how the selectors allow the output to be the input selected. The equation comes out to Y = ~S~S I + ~SS I + S~S I2 + SS I3. With four 8-bit inputs, the selectors would choose one for the output.

11 The above circuit is non-working, but shows the idea behind the 8-bit multiplexer. The box in the upper left hand corner is the 2-4 line decoder which sends the output into the 4x2 ANDOR. The 4 rectangles lined up on the left are the 8-bit buses I showed earlier. I was not sure how to use 8-bit buses as inputs. The advantage of using symbols for buses, 4x2 AND-OR, and 2-4 Line Decoder is that it saves space on the worksheet and makes things easier to read. Buses uses many And gates and to use 4 buses in the circuit would amount to a lot of clutter. References: textbook: I used the information on the full adders from pages I learned how to create the multiplexer from pg The decoders and 4x2 and or from 4 5.