Pre Feasibility Report

Pre Feasibility Report On Proposed to install 4.0 MTPA Coal Washery At Survey No. 83/2, 14, 15, 23, 24, 26 31 Mouza Sasti (Panderpauni) Tahsil Rajura, District Chandrapur. Submitted to MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST & CLIMATE CHANGE EXPERT APPRAISAL COMMITTEE (Coal) (EAC, New Delhi) Project Proponent M/s. Bhatia International Limited. EIA Consultant Pollution & Ecology Control Services, Nagpur.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 Summary of the Project S.No. Particulars Description 1. Name of the Company M/s Bahtia Coal Washeries Ltd. 2. Address M/s. Bhatia International Limited, Ambika Apartment, Plot No.24, Wardhman Nagar, Nagpur 400 008 3. Name of the Project 4.0 MTPA Coal Washery. 4. Location of the Plant Village - Pandarpauni, Tehsil - Rajura, District Chandrapur, Maharashtra 5. Coal Washery Capacity 4.0 Million TPA 6. Washed Coal 4.0 MTPA 7. Solid Waste Generation 20 % of Raw Coal 8. Total land requirement for the project 16 ha. 9. Washing Technology Heavy Media Cyclone -Wet Process 10. Raw material Sources O/C WCL Sasti Area 11. Total Water Source requirement & Total daily Make up water requirement (including both the phases): 550 m 3 /day 12. Total Power requirement & Source 1000 KVA Source: State Electricity Board 13. Working hours 3 shifts daily of 8 hr each 330 days a year 14. Total Manpower Total: 116 persons for each shift. 15 Estimated Cost of the Project Project Cost 36.0 Crore (approx.) 1

This Pre Feasibility Report has been prepared for the Coal Washery Unit over the area of 16.0 Ha. proposed at Survey No. 83/2, 14, 15, 23, 24, 26 31 Mouza Sasti (Panderpauni) Tahsil Rajura, District Chandrapur, in accordance with the Notification of MoEF S.O. 1533 dated 14 th September 2006. Though any development activity like industry or mining project may cause temporary damage to land, forest and induce changes in the quality of air, water, flora and fauna of the area, it has favorable effect of industrialization on social development and progress of the nation. For overall gain, it is necessary to strike a balance between the two aspects of economy and ecology and ensure that impacts on the environment are minimized with improvement in socio-economic conditions. This is better achieved through a well-planned approach of EMP relevant to the area under consideration. 2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT / BACKGROUND INFORMATION. i) Identification of Project and Project Proponent Bhatia International Limited (BIL) will be a company of the BCC Group. The Group was formed in the year 1979. The Group will be primarily engaged in trading and supply of imported coal and indigenous Coal including Meghalaya. The Group has a network of 15 branches all over the country. It also has agents in different countries for import of coal. The group will be the largest importer of coal in the trading segment. It will be supplying coal from the various mines of Coal India Limited as well as imported coal to industrial consumers like cement, Sponge Iron, Fertilizer, Rayon Steel, Power, Paper, Synthetics, Solvent extraction and many others in Northern, Central, Western and Southern parts of the country. Leading industries of National and International repute will be amongst the customers served by the BCC Group. Name : Bhatia International Limited. Address : M/s. Bhatia International Limited, Ambika Apartment, Plot No.24, Wardhman Nagar, Nagpur 400 008 Phone : 0712-2680133, 2690115 ( Fax ) ii) Brief description of nature of the project To meet the enhanced demand of washed coal by power plants, washeries ltd. has Planed to install 4.0 MTPA washery capacity technology at Pandarpauni. worldwide for its highest washing efficiency.. Bhatia coal by HM cyclone H.M. cyclone washing will be the technology adopted 2

Details of area. 1. Village : Sasti (Panderpauni) 2. Tahsil : Rajura 3. District : Chandrapur 4. State : Maharashtra (iii) Need for the project and its importance to the country and or region. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. India is blessed with huge coal reserve, nearly 7% of total coal in the world, 85% of this reserve is non coking coal, which caters to the need of power, cement and sponge iron plants, however most of these reserve are of very low grade coal and the reserve of good quality coal is fast depleting. The Coal India Limited and its subsidiaries are the major domestic producers and suppliers of coal in India. The annual requirement of non-coking coal for various industrial sectors like power, steel and cement is increasing day by day. The reserves of low ash good coal are depleting and hence in order to fulfill industry s demand, huge reserves of inferior grade coal are being mined. Due to higher demand, selective mining is not possible. The average ash in coal, now being supplied is around 37%.In order to maintain a consistent quality of coal as per the requirements of various customers of coal, it is necessary to set up coal washing plants in the country. Based on the above facts, it is felt that washing of coal in the present scenario shall help us in achieving the operational efficiency and better plant performance. Hence, washing of coal is in the national as well as regional interest. The use of washed coal has the following advantages: 1. Supply of consistent quality coal can be ensured thereby avoiding frequent adjustments in input to boiler and minimizing operators 2. Higher thermal efficiency of boiler and higher steam rate 3. Less wear and tear of the coal grinding mills 4. Lower capital and operating cost for installing smaller ESP 5. Higher productivity and campaign life of DRI kiln Our proposed Coal Washery unit will generate revenues for the State Government by way of taxes on coal and benefit the local people by way of direct and indirect employment. This project is expected to yield a positive impact on the socio - economic environment of the region. It will also help in sustainable development of this area including further development of physical infrastructural facilities. (iv) Demand - Supply Gap Ministry of coal identified coal washing as an important area aiming at value addition. To 3

reap the benefits of economics as well as environment, Coal India limited is planning to expand the capacity of thermal coal. Starting from 1774, India has a long history of commercial coal mining. Gross coal resources ~ 286 BT of which 114 BT in proven category. Ash content very high, from 20 to 55% but low in sulphur content. 20 major coalfields located in east and south eastern quadrant of the country, involving long distance rail haulages for major consumers. The coal production is projected to reach 795 MTY in 2016-17 and further to 1500 MTY in 2031-32. Current coal demand ~ 770 MT and growing @ 6-7% per year to 980 MT in 2016-17 and further to 1800 MT in 2031-32. Coal washing and coal beneficiation processes are to be given major thrust in terms of developing strong research cells for developing better practices, suiting requirements of all the coalfields of India. Various quality measurements should be put into place complying with India ISO standards, or any other globally accepted standards, even at the washeries/beneficiation plants operating at smaller capacities. Apart from such processes, focus must also be given to our mining practices and stringent norms and practices should be put in place for better mining practice, so as to avoid contamination at the beginning level itself. (v) Imports vs Indigenous production Imported coals contains much less ash but are costlier as compared to Indian Coal. India has huge resources of coal and by subjecting the coal to washing, low ash coal can be obtained at a cheaper rate than that of the imported coal. The quality of raw materials is key factor for effective plant operation. raw coal will be sourced from various mines of WCL like Sasti, Ballarsha and Pauni mines located in Rajura area. (vi) Export Possibility Not envisaged. Entire washed coal will be used in nearby industries. (vii) Domestic / Export Markets There is a huge requirement in both domestic and export for high grade washed coal. The coal will be supplied to nearby industries and thermal power plants as per the demand. (viii) Employment Generation (Direct and Indirect) due to the project Industrialization uplifts the socio-economic standard of local people surrounding the plant site. Due to installation and operation of proposed coal washery of 4.0 MTPA capacity, considerable employment will be generated. During the construction phase work will be generated for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled construction labors. Technical persons will be recruited during the operation phase. It is estimated to direct employ to116 people of various skills. 4

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION i) Type of project including interlinked and Interdependent project, if any. The proposed project is coal washery project after washing of raw coal the cleaned coal is used in various industries especially in thermal power plants for the generation of electricity. ii) Location (map showing general location, specific location, and project boundary & project site layout) with coordinates. The proposed area is Private Waste land. The location of proposed project is shown in the Figure-1. FIGURE-1: LOCATION MAP

WEIGH BRIDGE VC3 UG HOPPER Pre-feasibility Report for 4 MTPA Coal Washery of M/s Bhatia Coal Washeries Ltd. located at (Pandarpauni) Sasti MAIN LINE ADILABAD MANIKGARH MAIN LINE TO SASTI COLL RLY SIDING MANIKGARH STATION PANDARPAWANI RAILWAY SIDING LOOP LINE (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) BHATIA INTERNATIONAL LTD PLATFORM (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) GATE (EXIT) RAW COAL STOCK WORKERS REST SHED M/S BHATIA INTERNATIONAL LTD. ADMIN. BUILDING STORE PROPOSED 0.96 MTPA COAL BENEFICATION PLANT AT PANDHARPAUNI (SASTI) (MS) GATE (ENTRY) GATE (ADMN) LAYOUT PLAN 4 Layout Plan 6

Bhatia Coal Washeries Ltd. Pandarpauni Coal Washery SOI Toposheet No. 56 M5-M1, M2, M6 Key Map 10 km. radius iii) Details of alternate sites considered and the basis of selecting the proposed site, particularly the environmental consideration gone into should be highlighted. No alternate site considered. The proposed side is ideal for the project iv) Size or magnitude of operation. The proposed project will be developed coal washery unit for the production of clean coal. The project proposes unit of 4.0 MTPA Coal Washery.

v) Project description with process details (a schematic diagram/ flow chart showing the project layout, components of the project etc. should be given). Raw coal (0-200 mm) at 640 TPH will be fed to BC1 belt conveyor through two nos of vibrofeeders of 320 TPH each fitted below 100 tonne capacity coal receiving steel hopper. BC1 will discharge coal to 650 TPH double deck Primary Screen having top deck opening of 50 mm and bottom deck of 6/13 mm opening. The 50 to 200 mm coal will be fed to 8 meter long picking belt (BC2). The extraneous material will be manually picked and stacked on ground through BC 3 Belt Conveyor. The picking belt will discharge the coal to 210 TPH Double Roll Crushers and the crushed coal (-50mm) will be conveyed through BC4 and the BC5 belt conveyors and screened at secondary screen of 6/13 mm deck opening. The discharge of second deck of primary screen i.e. natural (6/13 to 50 mm) coal conveyed through BC6 will discharge onto BC7 belt conveyor carrying 6/13-50 mm coal as overflow of secondary screen. The underflow of double deck screen (-6/13 mm) will be fed to BC9 belt conveyor. The underflow of secondary screen (-6/13mm) will be conveyed through BC8 to be discharged on BC9 and total coal (-6/13mm) carried by BC9 will be stacked on the fine coal ground stock. The BC7 will discharge (6/13-50) mm coal to 2 nos. of desliming screen of 240 TPH and the deslimed coal (6/13-50 mm) will be fed to 2 nos. of Heavy Media Sump installed on the ground floor of Washery building. The deslimed coal along with Heavy Media will be pumped to 2 nos. of 1000 mm dia Heavy Media Cyclone. The overflow of H. M. Cyclone will be fed to D/R screen (clean) of 150 TPH each. The depulped & ringed clean coal will be stacked on ground through BC10 belt Conveyor. The tailing of H.M. Cyclone will be fed to D/R Screen (Reject)_ and the depulped & ringed reject will be stacked on the ground through BC11 Belt Conveyor. The underflow of second compartment of catchpanes of D/R screen (clean) and D/R screen (Reject) will be collected in the Dilute Media Sump and the media will be recovered by pumping the same to Magnetic Separator. The overflow of Magnetic Separator will be fed to H. M. Sump and the tailing of Magnetic Separator will be fed to the coal thickener. The overflow of thickener will be clarified water for recirculation in the plant. The underflow of thickener will be discharged to the slurry pond and the settled slurry after being dried up will be recovered mechanically from slurry pond by JCB. 8

Block Diagram

vi) Raw material along with estimated quantity, likely source marketing area of final products, mode of transport of raw material and Finished product. There is only raw coal and water require in this project. will be available in the Sasti O/C mines of Sasti Area of WCL. The washed coal will be dispatched from the Railway siding. vii) Resource optimization / recycling and reuse envisaged in the project, if any, should be briefly outlined. Rejects generated during coal washing process will be sold to different consumers. Hence there will be not much area required for storage of the solid waste generation. This will help in resource optimization and minimisation of waste. viii) Availability of water its source, Energy / power requirement and source should be given. The total daily make-up water required for the proposed plant will be 550 KLD which will be met through ground water from tubewell. Permission will be obtained from CGWA for drawal of water for use in plant. The water balance for proposed 4.0 MTPA coal washery is given in Table. Purpose Water Balance for proposed 4.0 MTPA coal washery (Unit: KLD) Make up Remarks Daily water Effluent water requirement Generation Losses requirement Coal washing 7000 6450 550 550 Recycled in process Dust suppression 60 0 60 60 Plantation 15 0 15 15 Domestic use 6 4.8 1.2 6 Total 7075 6454.8 626.2 631 Fire fighting (one time only) 200 Grand total 7275 Discharge in Septic tank & soak pit 10

ix) Quantity of waste to be generated (liquid and solid) and scheme for their Management /disposal. Solid Waste Generation: About 1.0 MTPA washery rejects will be generated during the coal washing process. The rejects will be sold to the nearby consumers. There will be not much any storage required for the coal rejects. No other solid waste is envisaged in the coal washing process. Wastewater generation: Total daily water requirement in the proposed coal washery is about 7275 KLD. Out of this, about 6450 KLD water will be collected as process effluent and will be treated in thickeners. The treated effluent will be reused in the coal washing process. Remaining 550 KLD water will be lost as coal moisture, evaporation losses and process losses. The plant will operate on 'Zero Discharge Principal'. There will not be any effluent discharge from the coal washery plant. All the process effluent generated in the plant will be treated in thickeners and will be reused in the coal washing process. Domestic effluent from plant premises will be discharged in septic tanks followed by soak pits. In view of conservation of water, rainwater harvesting will be carried out in the plant. Surface run-off from the plant area will be collected in a settling tank through a network of drains and the water will be used in the process, thereby reducing the drawal of ground water. Rainwater from roof tops will be collected in a rainwater harvesting tank and will be allowed to percolate to ground through a scientifically designed rainwater harvesting system 4 SITE ANALYSIS i) Connectivity. Rajura is the nearest hamlet that is approx. at a distance of 8 Km from Project site. Wangi village is 1.5 km from the site. 11

ii) Land use and Land ownership. Land is owned by the Bhatia Coal Washeries Ltd. iii) Topography (along with map). The area is almost a flat terrain Satellite Image iv) Existing land use pattern (agriculture, non-agriculture, forest, water bodies (including area under CRZ), shortest distances from the periphery of the project to periphery of the forest, national park, wild life sanctuary, eco sensitive areas, water bodies (distance from the HFL of 12

the river), CRZ. In case of notified industrial area, a copy of the Gazette notification should be given. The proposed project land is private land. There are no national parks, wild life sanctuaries, eco sensitive areas within 10 km of the study area. It is not covered under any forest zone. The study area is not covered under any CRZ. Key infrastructures are available nearby the proposed unit are described below. Significant features in 10 Km radius (aerial distance) of the project are tabulated below; Sr. No. FEATURES DETAILS DISTANCE 1. Village (Nearest) Randpar 1.0 KM (N) No. of villages 20 Within 10 km. 2. River Wardha River: 9.5 km NNE 3. 4. 5. Nala Yes 1.5 km W Pond Yes 8.5 Km SE Reservoir None - Reserved Forest Rajura RF 7.5 km E Protected Forest None - National Highway State Highway None SH264 7 km Major Industries Yes Cement Plant 9 km (SW) 6. Thermal Power Plant None - 7. Mines WCL O/C 6.5 km (NE) 8. Railway Line Yes 0.3 km 9. Archeological Monument None - 10. National Park None - 11. Wildlife Sanctuary None - 12. Interstate Boundary None - There is no nearest National Park, Wild life Sanctuary in 15 Km radius of the project. 13

v) Existing Infrastructure. Rajura is the nearest hamlet that is approximately at a distance of 8 km from project site. The village is having good infrastructure, viz., electricity, post office and telephone facility. The water for drinking would be brought in pots and barrels from the nearby villages. Nearest railway station is Manikgarh that is about 12 km from the project site. vi) Soil classification. Soil is the most important feature of physiography, the formation of which largely depends upon the topography rock types and drainage. The cropping pattern in the area is governed by the thickness of soil mantle, its texture and constancy. The soils of Rajura tehsil are of various types. Each type covering a well-defined tract which displays cropping pattern of totally different level. The soil of the tehsil is well defined and conductive for growing crops of various kinds. The numerous varieties of soils known by many local names they are grouped under the following representative classes. The soil conditions along Rajura are rich with black regur loams and clay loams. vii) Climatic data from secondary sources. The climate of the area is tropical. The rainfall data has been collected from Chandrapur Taluka Office. The temperature and humidity has been collected from Chandrapur Meteorological Station. The climate of this district, which is similar to neighbouring districts of north Deccan, is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness except during the southwest monsoon season. The cold season from December to February is followed by the hot season from March to May. The period from June to September is the southwest monsoon season and October and November form the post monsoon period. Rainfall: The average rainfall during 10 year period 1995-2004 was 1,036 mm. Only during four years rainfall had gone below 1,000 mm. The maximum rainfall was 1,379.8 m during 1995 while minimum was 716.4 mm during 2004. Records of rainfall in the district are available for 11 stations for the period ranging from 10 to 49 years. The normal annual rainfall in the district is 1012.1 mm. The rainfall generally 14

increases from the northwest towards the southeast. Ner, near the northwestern border of the district gets annually 870.3 mm while Panderkawda near the southeast border gets 1145.7 mm. The rainfall during the southwest monsoon season constitutes about 87% of the annual rainfall, July being the rainiest month. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. During the fifty year period, 1941-1990, the highest annual rainfall over the district amounting to 153% of the normal occurred in 1959. 1972 was the year with the lowest annual rainfall which was only 64% of the normal. In the same fifty year period rainfall less than 80% of the normal occurred in 8 years, two of them being consecutive. The annual rainfall in the district was between 801 and 1300 mm in 37 years out of 50. On an average there are 52 rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5 mm or more) in a year in the district. This number varies from 47 days at Ner to 58 days at Panderkowra. The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in the district was 339.0 mm at Panderkowra on 14th September 1959. Temperature : There are two meteorological observatories in the district, one each at Chandrapur and Pusad. The description which follows is mainly based on the records of the observatories in the district. Temperatures rise rapidly after February till May which is the hottest month of the year. In May the mean daily maximum temperature is about 42.10C and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 27.7oC. The heat in the summer season is intense and on some days in May and June the maximum temperatures may rise upto 47oC. The afternoon heat is sometimes relieved by thundershowers. With the arrival of the southwest monsoon by about the middle of June, there is an appreciable drop in day temperatures and the weather becomes pleasant. After the end of September, when the southwest monsoon withdraws, the day temperatures increase slightly, but the night temperatures decrease progressively. After October both day and night temperatures decrease rapidly. December is usually the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 29 o C and the mean daily minimum temperature at about 13 o C. In association with the western disturbances which move across north India cold waves affect the district and the minimum temperature may occasionally go down upto about 3-4 o C. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded at Chandrapur was 46.6oC on 11th May 1988 and 5th June 1995. The lowest minimum temperature ever recorded was 3.0 o C on 30th January 1980. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded at Pusad was 49.9 o C on 8th April 1990 and the lowest minimum temperature was 4.2 o C on 4th January 1991. Humidity : Except during the southwest monsoon season when the humidity is high (70-80%) the air is generally dry. The summer months are the driest, with the relative humidity in the afternoons being about 20%. 15

Wind Velocities and Wind Direction: Winds are generally light to moderate with some strengthening during the period May to August. In the post-monsoon and cold seasons the winds generally blow from east or northeast. viii) Social Infrastructure available. Education : Education is a basic requirement for every human being. The governments should utilize its entire recourses irrational manner to encourage people to become literate to some extent since educated persons are assets ho help in proper development of the country. In the Rajura Tehsil, there are number of primary, middle and Higher secondary school and colleges. Hospital : There are number of Hospital, dispensaries, primary health centre and Sub primary health centre available in that tehsil. Transport : The transport facilities in the tehsil are well developed and wide spread. State or national highway link most of the urban areas. Communication : Communication facilities go a long way in information collection and its dissemination in an effective and speedy manner. In the modern society, the roll of the facilities in the socioeconomic development of the society is very well recognized. Communication facility help in the flow of information from one place to another in shortest time, thus helping administration and corporate managers to take crucial decisions relating to daily functioning of administration and business dealings in shortest possible time. The importance of developed communication network for the common men judged from the fact that in rural areas. All communication facility like as phone, fax, printer, scanner, computer etc are available in Rajura tehsil. 5 PLANNING BRIEF i) Planning Concept (type of Industries, facilities, transportation etc) Town and country planning/ Development authority Classification.. Proposed project activities will be started after getting statutory clearance form related authorities. The project will be completed in 2016. Further proposed project activities will be carried out in compliance with all the rules and regulation of statutory authority and provide the control measure and devices to achieve the standard norms. 16

ii) Land use planning (breakup along with green belt etc.).. The land use breakup of plant area is given below. Proposed Plant Lay Out is given. Proposed Land Use Plan Sr. No. Particulars Area (Acre) % 1 Washery plant 14.6 37 2 Coal Storage yard 5.5 14 3 Reject storage yard 2.0 5 4 Greenbelt & Plantation area 13.0 33 5 Water reservoir & Rainwater harvesting area 2.0 5 6 Office building and rest shelters 2.4 6 Total 39.5 100.0 iii) Assessment of Infrastructure Demand (physical & social). The road facility already available will be used and strengthened. The transportation of coal will be through roads. Power requirement will be 1000 KVA will be met by Maharashtra State Electricity Board and Water 631 m 3 /day which will be met through tubewells. The labor requirement is 96 (each shift) will be taken from the nearby villages and they will be trained for the requirement. iv) Amenities/Facilities. Facilities are available for drinking water, canteen and toilets. 6 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE i) Industrial area (processing area). ii) iii) iv) Proposed Plant will be coming up in an area of 16 ha. Residential Area (Non processing Area). None Green Belt. Local trees proposed for plantation. Social Infrastructure. Under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) the felt needs of the nearby villages will be identified and accordingly social infrastructures will be developed. v) Connectivity (Traffic and Transportation Road/Rail/Metro/Water ways etc.) vi) The area is approachable from State Highway and Railway. Drinking Water management (Source & Supply of water) 17

vii) viii) Drinking Water Available from nearby villages. Sewerage System. Not required Industrial Waste Management. The total make up water required for the proposed plant will be 631 m 3 /day which will be met through tubewells. The water will be recycled and reused within plant premises. Process waste water from coal washing will be collected and treated in thickeners and will be re-circulated in coal washing process. The plant will operate on 'Zero Effluent Discharge' Principal. ix) Solid Waste Management. About 1.0 MTPA washery rejects will be generated during the coal washing process. The rejects will be sold to the nearby consumers. There will be not much any storage required for the coal rejects. No other solid waste is envisaged in the coal washing process. x) Power Requirement & Supply / Source. State Electricity Board 7 REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R &R ) PLAN i) Policy to be adopted (central/state) in respect of the project affected person including home oustees, land oustees and landless laborers (a brief outline to be given.) None 8 PROJECT SCHEDULE & COST ESTIMATES i) Likely date of start of construction and likely date of completion (Time schedule for the project to be given.) The operations shall be carried out after obtaining all statutory permissions as per the statutory guidelines. The commissioning of the plant is expected by end of 2016. ii) Estimated project cost along with analysis in terms of economic viability of the project. The total cost of proposed Coal Washery project 4 MTPA estimated as approx. Rs. 36.0 Crores. Budgetary provision of Rs.1.50 Crores has been made for implementation of Environmental Management Plan. 18

The project is economically viable considering the project cost, and environmental cost, and the various community improvement activities planned. 9 ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS) i) Financial and social benefits with special emphasis on the benefit to the local people including tribal population, if any, in the area. Financial & social benefits with special emphasis on the benefits to the local people including tribal population if any in the area. This Coal Washery will provide employment for around 116 people by direct employment which will include Engineers, Executives, Skilled, Semi- skilled and Unskilled labour and indirect employment to more than 120 persons, in contractual works & transport. The project proponent will extend social welfare activities like health, education, infrastructure development and environment conservation. 19