Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
|
|
- Preston Matthews
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 asic Concept of SAR: Consider fied array Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) L Angular resolution θ λ /L v(t i ) Σ Claim Equivalent to Moving Antenna: θ Assumes phase coherence in oscillator during each image v Lec.4-1 R1
2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Maintain coherence Ideal point reflector Typical CW pulse signal and echo, jφ Ee Received phase: v = t φ (t) π If scat f( angle): Phase φ (t) = f( λ, point source range) Lec.4- Process a "window" of data, e.g. Received magnitude: E θ R We seek -D source characterization: o, t σ = f(azimuth, range) s, t Magnitude E = f( point source σ s, range) R
3 Resolution of Unfocused SAR Reconstruction of image: first select R, o of interest W() L θ SAR λ L W() E() observed W E( ) = E( ˆ ) SAR angular resolution: θ λ L λ R θ = D R SAR SAR λ D Lec.4-3 R3
4 Resolution of Unfocused SAR SAR angular resol ution: θ λ / L λ / R θ = D / R SAR SAR Lateral spatia l resolution = θ SAR R D λ / D ( want smal l D, l arge θ, large L) Range resol ution ct / Note: If antenna is steered toward the target, increasing L, the lateral resolution can be < D. Then repeat for al l R, Lec.4-4 Yi elds image: R R ma min R R > D R ct R4
5 Phase-Focused SAR θ λ /D () R D L L R + = (R +δ ) R + λ / D λ L λ δ< δ 16 8R 16 L therefore R "farfield" λ δ R and focusing is unnecessary Phase focusing is required if δ >λ 16, so the target is in the S AR near fi eld, i.e., if R < L / λ = λ R / D where L =λ / = D. ( θ λ R/ ) SAR Lec.4-5 S1
6 Phase-Focused SAR Solution: W() W '() with phase correction φ (t) Pulse π o PRF must be higher; to reconstruct φ (t) we need at least samples per phase wrap. Note: With phase focusing, L increases and spatial resolution in ca be less than D, using beamsteering (e.g. a phased array), t Lec.4-6 Also: L.O. phase drift can be corrected if bright point sources eist in scene. S
7 Required Pulse-Repetition Frequency (PRF) L Ι () W() Ι ( ) Ι ( ) L λ / L W() Ι() E() ˆ Observed W( ) Ι ( ) E( ) = E ˆ PRF = v / L ( e.g., v = aircraft velocity) Want = λ / L >> λ / D, or D >> L Therefore want PRF >> v/d Lec.4-7 S3
8 PRF Impacts SAR Swath Width v R min R ma θ y Swath being imaged y Don't want echoes to overlap for successive pulses. Therefore let R 1 D R min / c < = L / v << PRF v ma Implies that large swath widths require large and yield poorer spatia l resolution. D v Lec.4-8 S4
9 Envelope Delay Focusing Range o Envelope-delay focusing required when δ R > R3 R R θ R θ δ R v Envelope delay R o c ( Target location) Compensation for both envelope delay and phase delay is needed for very high spatia l resolution.e., for smal arge ) and large R. [ i l R (l ] θ Lec.4-9 S5
10 SAR Intensity Estimates: Speckle For each SAR pie l, the estimated cross-section is: σ= ˆ K w ( i ) E i, j Many subscatters j per piel ij where K = range-dependent constant i = pulse number j = subscattering inde Simplifying: N N j ω+φ t k k k k= 1 k= 1 σ= ˆ ε = ae = r random variable uniformly over π typically P piel j j + 1 Scattering centers Ι m{ ε } k k Re { ε } Re { } ε = {} g.r.v.z.m. Ι m ε = g.r.v.z.m. Lec.4-1 v U1
11 p r = σ { } r / σ ε e "r " k SAR Intensity Estimates: Speckle Ι m{ ε } r Re { ε } p{r} σ r E[r] =σ π / =σ E r ( π / ) ε ecause we are adding (averaging) phasors, not scalars { } E r r σ / 3 f(n)! pr > r = e ( σ) Thus raw SAR images, ful l spatia l resolution, STD deviation σ / 3 have Q =.53 very grainy images mean intensi ty σ π / o o r / / Lec.4-11 U
12 Reduction of SAR Speckle Alternate ways to reduce "speckle" by averaging piel intensities: 1) lu r imag e by averaging M piels Q =.53 / M ( using large τ signals yields high resolution, c an be smoo the d) ) Average using spatia l diversity Q =.53 N L N = 3 or more looks possible. Trade against potential resolution in. Lec.4-1 U3
13 Reduction of SAR Speckle Alternate ways to reduce speckle by average piel intensities: 3) Average using frequency diversity, where each band yields an independent image. Note that the same total bandwidth could alternatively yield more range resolution and piels for averaging. Image 1 Image 3 Image Q =.53 N f N ands Lec.4-13 U4
14 Reduction of SAR Speckle 4) Time averaging works only if source varies. For eample a narrow swath permits high PRF and an increase in N, but unless the antenna translates more than ~λr/d between pulses [R = range, D = piel width (m)], then adjacent pulse returns are correlated. j D R θ λ In general, reasonably smooth images need > 8 levels, so Q = S.D./M (1/3)/4 levels = 1/1, versus Q 1/. To reduce standard deviation by 6, need N ~ > 6 = 36 looks. p D Lec.4-14 U5
15 Alternative SAR Geometries and Applications Case A. Source Stationary Case. Source Moves Case C. Source rotates ( e.g., geology) v (e.g. satellite) (e.g. moon or spacecraft) v Antenna Moves Antenna Stationary Antenna Stationary Velocity dispersion within inverse SAR (ISAR) source (e.g., a moving car) can displace its apparent position laterally. Lec.4-15 U6
16 ESTIMATION Eamples taken from Remote Sensing Principles are Nonetheless Widely Applicable Linear and Non-Linear Problems Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Statistics Professor David H. Staelin Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lec.4-16 A1
17 Linear Estimation: Smoothing and Sharpening Smoothing reduces image speckle and other noise; sharpening or deconvolution increases it. Sharpening can de-blur images, compensating for diffraction or motion induced blurring. Audio smoothing and sharpening are similar. Consider antenna response eample; we observe: 1 T A = G A s T s dω π A s 4 4 π Lec.4-17 A
18 Linear Estimation: Smoothing and Sharpening Consider antenna response eample; we observe: 1 T A A = G A s T s dωs 4 π 4 π 1 T A A G T ( sma ll soli d angles) 4π 1 T A f = G f T f 4π Cycles/Radian Antenna Spectral Response ( + y y ) i G (, ) e j π f f.e., G f d d, f = y y y Lec.4-18 A3
19 Eample: Square Uniformly-Illuminated Aperture Lec.4-19 D Aperture Try: D ˆT f 1 T A A G T ( sma ll soli d angles) 4 π 1 T A f = G f T f 4π Cycles/Radian Antenna Spectral Response = E, G ( f ) R G ( ) τ y λ τ λ,fy A 4π T f G f e.g. τ,f D λ λ y λ / D lurring Function This restores high-frequency components, but goes to zero for f > D / λ! A4
20 Eample: Square Uniformly-Illuminated Aperture ˆT f = A 4π T f G f This restores high-frequency components, but goes to zero for f > D / λ! A 4π T f Try: T ˆ f = W f G f W( f ) f y D λ f, τ λ cycles/radian The window function W f avoids the singularity. The "principal solutio n" uses a bocar W (s). Lec.4- A5
21 Eample: Square Uniformly-Illuminated Aperture =δ ( f ) = ˆ f = π f W f = W f, since T A f = G f T f 4 π ( ) = -D s nc funct on for a uniform nated rectangular Consi der the restored (sharpened) i mage of a point source, T : Then T 1, so T 4 T G f A ˆT i i ly illumi antenna aperture. y Can clip, transform, iterate ˆT = ˆT ( ) Zero at λ / D Predicts T <! ˆT f Lec.4-1 f Can set to zero (apriori information) A6
22 e.g. = A + N f ˆT f T f A Truth Sharpening Noisy Images T rms T A ( f ) N f Amplifies white noise ll N f for sma G f ˆT f for point source D/λ f ˆ = 4 πt A G f W f Tˆ f f /! Amplifier Noise D/ λ D/ λ f Lec.4- Therefore optimize W f A7
23 Sharpening Noisy Images 4π W f Minimize E T f T f + = Q Therefore optimize W f : ( N ( f )) A G f Q/ W = yields: W f optimum = 1 1 * E T f T f T f A o A o A o + N f + N f E T A f o + N f Lec.4-3 [ ] If E T A N =, then W optimum ( f ) A o 1 1 = N E N f S E T f A8
24 Sharpening Noisy Images [ ] If E T N A = The weighting is widely used W opt for N = : opt ( f ), then (1 + N / S) 1 W optimum ( f ) N A o 1 1 = N E N f S E T f W opt f D/ λ ( f ) W f wi der beam (lower spatia l resolution), lower sidelobes. f Lec.4-4 Can be used for restoration of blurred images of al l types: A ( ) A photographs TV, T maps, SAR images, filtered speech, etc. A9
Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy. Presentation Materials
Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Presentation Materials The Electromagnetic Spectrum E = hν ν = c / λ 1 Electronic Transitions in Formaldehyde 2 Electronic Transitions and Spectra of Atoms
More informationTwo primary advantages of radars: all-weather and day /night imaging
Lecture 0 Principles of active remote sensing: Radars. Objectives: 1. Radar basics. Main types of radars.. Basic antenna parameters. Required reading: G: 8.1, p.401-40 dditional/advanced reading: Online
More informationВведение в спутниковую радиолокацию: Радиолокаторы с синтезированной апертурой (РСА) Introduction to satellite radars: Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR)
Введение в спутниковую радиолокацию: Радиолокаторы с синтезированной апертурой (РСА) Introduction to satellite radars: Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) проф. Бертран Шапрон IFREMER / ЛСО РГГМУ Prof. Bertrand
More informationF en = mω 0 2 x. We should regard this as a model of the response of an atom, rather than a classical model of the atom itself.
The Electron Oscillator/Lorentz Atom Consider a simple model of a classical atom, in which the electron is harmonically bound to the nucleus n x e F en = mω 0 2 x origin resonance frequency Note: We should
More informationSTUDY OF IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON AZIMUTH IMAGING FOR MEDIUM-EARTH-ORBIT SAR
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 32, 215 228, 213 STUDY OF IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON AZIMUTH IMAGING FOR MEDIUM-EARTH-ORBIT SAR Liang Li 1, 2, 3, * and Jun Hong 1, 2 1 Institute of Electronics,
More informationS. Boyd EE102. Lecture 1 Signals. notation and meaning. common signals. size of a signal. qualitative properties of signals.
S. Boyd EE102 Lecture 1 Signals notation and meaning common signals size of a signal qualitative properties of signals impulsive signals 1 1 Signals a signal is a function of time, e.g., f is the force
More informationThu Truong, Michael Jones, George Bekken EE494: Senior Design Projects Dr. Corsetti. SAR Senior Project 1
Thu Truong, Michael Jones, George Bekken EE494: Senior Design Projects Dr. Corsetti SAR Senior Project 1 Outline Team Senior Design Goal UWB and SAR Design Specifications Design Constraints Technical Approach
More informationAliasing, Image Sampling and Reconstruction
Aliasing, Image Sampling and Reconstruction Recall: a pixel is a point It is NOT a box, disc or teeny wee light It has no dimension It occupies no area It can have a coordinate More than a point, it is
More informationToday. next two weeks
Today Temporal and spatial coherence Spatially incoherent imaging The incoherent PSF The Optical Transfer Function (OTF) and Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) MTF and contrast comparison of spatially
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS
APPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS Selection and use of Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducers The purpose of this application note is to aid the user in the selection and application of the Ultrasonic
More informationComputational Optical Imaging - Optique Numerique. -- Deconvolution --
Computational Optical Imaging - Optique Numerique -- Deconvolution -- Winter 2014 Ivo Ihrke Deconvolution Ivo Ihrke Outline Deconvolution Theory example 1D deconvolution Fourier method Algebraic method
More informationMeasuring Line Edge Roughness: Fluctuations in Uncertainty
Tutor6.doc: Version 5/6/08 T h e L i t h o g r a p h y E x p e r t (August 008) Measuring Line Edge Roughness: Fluctuations in Uncertainty Line edge roughness () is the deviation of a feature edge (as
More informationVectors VECTOR PRODUCT. Graham S McDonald. A Tutorial Module for learning about the vector product of two vectors. Table of contents Begin Tutorial
Vectors VECTOR PRODUCT Graham S McDonald A Tutorial Module for learning about the vector product of two vectors Table of contents Begin Tutorial c 2004 g.s.mcdonald@salford.ac.uk 1. Theory 2. Exercises
More informationDiffraction of a Circular Aperture
Diffraction of a Circular Aperture Diffraction can be understood by considering the wave nature of light. Huygen's principle, illustrated in the image below, states that each point on a propagating wavefront
More informationSignal Detection C H A P T E R 14 14.1 SIGNAL DETECTION AS HYPOTHESIS TESTING
C H A P T E R 4 Signal Detection 4. SIGNAL DETECTION AS HYPOTHESIS TESTING In Chapter 3 we considered hypothesis testing in the context of random variables. The detector resulting in the minimum probability
More informationRANDOM VIBRATION AN OVERVIEW by Barry Controls, Hopkinton, MA
RANDOM VIBRATION AN OVERVIEW by Barry Controls, Hopkinton, MA ABSTRACT Random vibration is becoming increasingly recognized as the most realistic method of simulating the dynamic environment of military
More informationRalph L. Brooker, Member, IEEE. Andrew Corporation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
Spectral-Null Pulse Waveform For Characterizing Gain and Phase Distortion in Devices with Uncorrelated Frequency Translation or Limited CW Power Capability Ralph L. Brooker, Member, IEEE Andrew Corporation,
More informationSatellite Altimetry Missions
Satellite Altimetry Missions SINGAPORE SPACE SYMPOSIUM 30 TH SEPTEMBER 2015 AUTHORS: LUCA SIMONINI/ ERICK LANSARD/ JOSE M GONZALEZ www.thalesgroup.com Table of Content General Principles and Applications
More informationAS COMPETITION PAPER 2008
AS COMPETITION PAPER 28 Name School Town & County Total Mark/5 Time Allowed: One hour Attempt as many questions as you can. Write your answers on this question paper. Marks allocated for each question
More informationAppendix D Digital Modulation and GMSK
D1 Appendix D Digital Modulation and GMSK A brief introduction to digital modulation schemes is given, showing the logical development of GMSK from simpler schemes. GMSK is of interest since it is used
More informationLecture 14. Point Spread Function (PSF)
Lecture 14 Point Spread Function (PSF), Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR), Contrast-to-noise Ratio (CNR), and Receiver Operating Curves (ROC) Point Spread Function (PSF) Recollect
More informationLecture 5 Least-squares
EE263 Autumn 2007-08 Stephen Boyd Lecture 5 Least-squares least-squares (approximate) solution of overdetermined equations projection and orthogonality principle least-squares estimation BLUE property
More informationSynthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors
Synthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors MediaRobotics Lab, February 2010 Proximity detection is dependent on the object of interest. One size does not fit all For non-contact distance measurement,
More informationPHASE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM FOR FREQUENCY HOPPED BINARY PSK AND DPSK WAVEFORMS WITH SMALL NUMBER OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
PHASE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM FOR FREQUENCY HOPPED BINARY PSK AND DPSK WAVEFORMS WITH SMALL NUM OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS Benjamin R. Wiederholt The MITRE Corporation Bedford, MA and Mario A. Blanco The MITRE
More informationRobotics. Lecture 3: Sensors. See course website http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ajd/robotics/ for up to date information.
Robotics Lecture 3: Sensors See course website http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ajd/robotics/ for up to date information. Andrew Davison Department of Computing Imperial College London Review: Locomotion Practical
More informationOscillations. Vern Lindberg. June 10, 2010
Oscillations Vern Lindberg June 10, 2010 You have discussed oscillations in Vibs and Waves: we will therefore touch lightly on Chapter 3, mainly trying to refresh your memory and extend the concepts. 1
More informationA Microphone Array for Hearing Aids
A Microphone Array for Hearing Aids by Bernard Widrow 1531-636X/06/$10.00 2001IEEE 0.00 26 Abstract A directional acoustic receiving system is constructed in the form of a necklace including an array of
More informationKinetic Theory of Gases. Chapter 33. Kinetic Theory of Gases
Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 33 Kinetic theory of gases envisions gases as a collection of atoms or molecules. Atoms or molecules are considered as particles. This is based on
More informationVarious Technics of Liquids and Solids Level Measurements. (Part 3)
(Part 3) In part one of this series of articles, level measurement using a floating system was discusses and the instruments were recommended for each application. In the second part of these articles,
More informationHunting Bats. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Ultrasound Real-time modality
Diagnostik Ultrasound Basic physics, image reconstruction and signal processing Per Åke Olofsson Dpt of Biomedical Engineering, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden Ultrasound Real-time modality 17-WEEK FETAL
More informationProbability and Random Variables. Generation of random variables (r.v.)
Probability and Random Variables Method for generating random variables with a specified probability distribution function. Gaussian And Markov Processes Characterization of Stationary Random Process Linearly
More informationEnhancing the SNR of the Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor using the LMS Algorithm
1 Enhancing the SNR of the Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor using the LMS Algorithm Hani Mehrpouyan, Student Member, IEEE, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario,
More informationLeast-Squares Intersection of Lines
Least-Squares Intersection of Lines Johannes Traa - UIUC 2013 This write-up derives the least-squares solution for the intersection of lines. In the general case, a set of lines will not intersect at a
More informationHow To Analyze Ball Blur On A Ball Image
Single Image 3D Reconstruction of Ball Motion and Spin From Motion Blur An Experiment in Motion from Blur Giacomo Boracchi, Vincenzo Caglioti, Alessandro Giusti Objective From a single image, reconstruct:
More informationFrequency-domain and stochastic model for an articulated wave power device
Frequency-domain stochastic model for an articulated wave power device J. Cândido P.A.P. Justino Department of Renewable Energies, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação Estrada do Paço
More informationAgilent AEDB-9140 Series Three Channel Optical Incremental Encoder Modules with Codewheel, 100 CPR to 500 CPR Data Sheet
Agilent AEDB-9140 Series Three Channel Optical Incremental Encoder Modules with Codewheel, 100 CPR to 500 CPR Data Sheet Description The AEDB-9140 series are three channel optical incremental encoder modules
More informationNumerical Methods For Image Restoration
Numerical Methods For Image Restoration CIRAM Alessandro Lanza University of Bologna, Italy Faculty of Engineering CIRAM Outline 1. Image Restoration as an inverse problem 2. Image degradation models:
More informationSpatial Statistics Chapter 3 Basics of areal data and areal data modeling
Spatial Statistics Chapter 3 Basics of areal data and areal data modeling Recall areal data also known as lattice data are data Y (s), s D where D is a discrete index set. This usually corresponds to data
More informationSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging using the MIT IAP 2011 Laptop Based Radar*
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging using the MIT IAP 2011 Laptop Based Radar* Presented at the 2011 MIT Independent Activities Period (IAP) Gregory L. Charvat, PhD 24 January 2011 *This work is sponsored
More informationSolution: F = kx is Hooke s law for a mass and spring system. Angular frequency of this system is: k m therefore, k
Physics 1C Midterm 1 Summer Session II, 2011 Solutions 1. If F = kx, then k m is (a) A (b) ω (c) ω 2 (d) Aω (e) A 2 ω Solution: F = kx is Hooke s law for a mass and spring system. Angular frequency of
More informationv w is orthogonal to both v and w. the three vectors v, w and v w form a right-handed set of vectors.
3. Cross product Definition 3.1. Let v and w be two vectors in R 3. The cross product of v and w, denoted v w, is the vector defined as follows: the length of v w is the area of the parallelogram with
More informationHigh Quality Image Magnification using Cross-Scale Self-Similarity
High Quality Image Magnification using Cross-Scale Self-Similarity André Gooßen 1, Arne Ehlers 1, Thomas Pralow 2, Rolf-Rainer Grigat 1 1 Vision Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, D-21079 Hamburg
More informationBIOMEDICAL ULTRASOUND
BIOMEDICAL ULTRASOUND Goals: To become familiar with: Ultrasound wave Wave propagation and Scattering Mechanisms of Tissue Damage Biomedical Ultrasound Transducers Biomedical Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasonic
More informationTime Domain and Frequency Domain Techniques For Multi Shaker Time Waveform Replication
Time Domain and Frequency Domain Techniques For Multi Shaker Time Waveform Replication Thomas Reilly Data Physics Corporation 1741 Technology Drive, Suite 260 San Jose, CA 95110 (408) 216-8440 This paper
More informationWeather Radar Basics
Weather Radar Basics RADAR: Radio Detection And Ranging Developed during World War II as a method to detect the presence of ships and aircraft (the military considered weather targets as noise) Since WW
More informationTTT4110 Information and Signal Theory Solution to exam
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Electronics and Telecommunications TTT4 Information and Signal Theory Solution to exam Problem I (a The frequency response is found by taking
More informationPhysics 41 Chapter 38 HW Key
Physics 41 Chapter 38 HW Key 1. Helium neon laser light (63..8 nm) is sent through a 0.300-mm-wide single slit. What is the width of the central imum on a screen 1.00 m from the slit? 7 6.38 10 sin θ.11
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-5. (Questions ITU-R 48/4 and ITU-R 70/4)
Rec. ITU-R S.524-5 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-5 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS OF OFF-AXIS e.i.r.p. DENSITY FROM EARTH STATIONS IN THE FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE TRANSMITTING IN THE 6 AND 14 GHz FREQUENCY BANDS
More informationFraunhofer Diffraction
Physics 334 Spring 1 Purpose Fraunhofer Diffraction The experiment will test the theory of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit by comparing a careful measurement of the angular dependence of intensity
More informationModelling, Extraction and Description of Intrinsic Cues of High Resolution Satellite Images: Independent Component Analysis based approaches
Modelling, Extraction and Description of Intrinsic Cues of High Resolution Satellite Images: Independent Component Analysis based approaches PhD Thesis by Payam Birjandi Director: Prof. Mihai Datcu Problematic
More informationPART 5D TECHNICAL AND OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE-SATELLITE SERVICES RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1188
Rec. ITU-R M.1188 1 PART 5D TECHNICAL AND OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE-SATELLITE SERVICES Rec. ITU-R M.1188 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1188 IMPACT OF PROPAGATION ON THE DESIGN OF NON-GSO MOBILE-SATELLITE
More informationChapter 9 Circular Motion Dynamics
Chapter 9 Circular Motion Dynamics 9. Introduction Newton s Second Law and Circular Motion... 9. Universal Law of Gravitation and the Circular Orbit of the Moon... 9.. Universal Law of Gravitation... 3
More informationDoppler. Doppler. Doppler shift. Doppler Frequency. Doppler shift. Doppler shift. Chapter 19
Doppler Doppler Chapter 19 A moving train with a trumpet player holding the same tone for a very long time travels from your left to your right. The tone changes relative the motion of you (receiver) and
More informationInterferometric Measurement of Dispersion in Optical Components
Interferometric Measurement of Dispersion in Optical Components Mark Froggatt, Eric Moore, and Matthew Wolfe Luna Technologies, Incorporated, 293-A Commerce Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 246 froggattm@lunatechnologies.com.
More informationClass Notes from: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering By Steven Kramer, Prentice-Hall. Ground motion parameters
These notes have been prepared by Mr. Liangcai He, 4 Class Notes from: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering By Steven Kramer, Prentice-Hall Ground motion parameters Ground motion parameters are important
More informationBlind Deconvolution of Barcodes via Dictionary Analysis and Wiener Filter of Barcode Subsections
Blind Deconvolution of Barcodes via Dictionary Analysis and Wiener Filter of Barcode Subsections Maximilian Hung, Bohyun B. Kim, Xiling Zhang August 17, 2013 Abstract While current systems already provide
More informationFiber Optics: Fiber Basics
Photonics Technical Note # 21 Fiber Optics Fiber Optics: Fiber Basics Optical fibers are circular dielectric wave-guides that can transport optical energy and information. They have a central core surrounded
More informationCourse 8. An Introduction to the Kalman Filter
Course 8 An Introduction to the Kalman Filter Speakers Greg Welch Gary Bishop Kalman Filters in 2 hours? Hah! No magic. Pretty simple to apply. Tolerant of abuse. Notes are a standalone reference. These
More information2/20/2009 3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides.doc 1/3. and Waveguides. Transmission Line A two conductor structure that can support a TEM wave.
2/20/2009 3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides.doc 1/3 Chapter 3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides First, some definitions: Transmission Line A two conductor structure that can support a TEM wave. Waveguide
More informationFrequency Response of Filters
School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:224 Principles of Electrical Engineering II Laboratory Experiment 2 Frequency Response of Filters 1 Introduction Objectives To
More informationAdvanced Micro Ring Resonator Filter Technology
Advanced Micro Ring Resonator Filter Technology G. Lenz and C. K. Madsen Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection
More informationTerrafirma Persistent Scatterer Processing Validation
Terrafirma Persistent Scatterer Processing Validation Nico Adam (1), Alessandro Parizzi (1), Michael Eineder (1), Michele Crosetto () (1) Remote Sensing Technology Institute () Institute of Geomatics Signal
More informationAdvanced Signal Processing and Digital Noise Reduction
Advanced Signal Processing and Digital Noise Reduction Saeed V. Vaseghi Queen's University of Belfast UK WILEY HTEUBNER A Partnership between John Wiley & Sons and B. G. Teubner Publishers Chichester New
More informationRadar Systems Engineering Lecture 6 Detection of Signals in Noise
Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 6 Detection of Signals in Noise Dr. Robert M. O Donnell Guest Lecturer Radar Systems Course 1 Detection 1/1/010 Block Diagram of Radar System Target Radar Cross Section
More informationGeography 403 Lecture 7 Scanners, Thermal, and Microwave
Geography 403 Lecture 7 Scanners, Thermal, and Microwave Needs: Lect_403_7.ppt A. Basics of Passive Electric Sensors 1. Sensors absorb EMR and produce some sort of response, such as voltages differences
More informationCharacteristic and use
. Basic principle A PSD basically consists of a uniform resistive layer formed on one or both surfaces of a high-resistivity semiconductor substrate, and a pair of electrodes formed on both ends of the
More informationFig. 1 :Block diagram symbol of the operational amplifier. Characteristics ideal op-amp real op-amp
Experiment: General Description An operational amplifier (op-amp) is defined to be a high gain differential amplifier. When using the op-amp with other mainly passive elements, op-amp circuits with various
More informationUses of Derivative Spectroscopy
Uses of Derivative Spectroscopy Application Note UV-Visible Spectroscopy Anthony J. Owen Derivative spectroscopy uses first or higher derivatives of absorbance with respect to wavelength for qualitative
More information3. Regression & Exponential Smoothing
3. Regression & Exponential Smoothing 3.1 Forecasting a Single Time Series Two main approaches are traditionally used to model a single time series z 1, z 2,..., z n 1. Models the observation z t as a
More informationMaking OSNR Measurements In a Modulated DWDM Signal Environment
Making OSNR Measurements In a Modulated DWDM Signal Environment Jack Dupre Jim Stimple Making OSNR measurements in a modulated DWDM signal environment May 2001 In a DWDM spectrum, it is desirable to measure
More informationReview A: Vector Analysis
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics 8.02 Review A: Vector Analysis A... A-0 A.1 Vectors A-2 A.1.1 Introduction A-2 A.1.2 Properties of a Vector A-2 A.1.3 Application of Vectors
More informationphysics 1/12/2016 Chapter 20 Lecture Chapter 20 Traveling Waves
Chapter 20 Lecture physics FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS a strategic approach THIRD EDITION randall d. knight Chapter 20 Traveling Waves Chapter Goal: To learn the basic properties of traveling waves. Slide
More informationDesign of FIR Filters
Design of FIR Filters Elena Punskaya www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205 Some material adapted from courses by Prof. Simon Godsill, Dr. Arnaud Doucet, Dr. Malcolm Macleod and Prof. Peter Rayner 68 FIR as
More informationBayesian Image Super-Resolution
Bayesian Image Super-Resolution Michael E. Tipping and Christopher M. Bishop Microsoft Research, Cambridge, U.K..................................................................... Published as: Bayesian
More informationIntroduction to Basic Reliability Statistics. James Wheeler, CMRP
James Wheeler, CMRP Objectives Introduction to Basic Reliability Statistics Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Correlation Coefficient Estimating MTBF Type I Censoring Type II Censoring Eponential Distribution
More informationDesigning Log Periodic Antennas
Designing Log Periodic Antennas By Glen Dash, Ampyx LLC, GlenDash at alum.mit.edu Copyright 2000, 2005 Ampyx LLC Lightweight and precise, the log periodic has become a favorite among EMC engineers. In
More information11. Rotation Translational Motion: Rotational Motion:
11. Rotation Translational Motion: Motion of the center of mass of an object from one position to another. All the motion discussed so far belongs to this category, except uniform circular motion. Rotational
More informationManufacturing Equipment Modeling
QUESTION 1 For a linear axis actuated by an electric motor complete the following: a. Derive a differential equation for the linear axis velocity assuming viscous friction acts on the DC motor shaft, leadscrew,
More informationChapter 2. Mission Analysis. 2.1 Mission Geometry
Chapter 2 Mission Analysis As noted in Chapter 1, orbital and attitude dynamics must be considered as coupled. That is to say, the orbital motion of a spacecraft affects the attitude motion, and the attitude
More informationQAM Demodulation. Performance Conclusion. o o o o o. (Nyquist shaping, Clock & Carrier Recovery, AGC, Adaptive Equaliser) o o. Wireless Communications
0 QAM Demodulation o o o o o Application area What is QAM? What are QAM Demodulation Functions? General block diagram of QAM demodulator Explanation of the main function (Nyquist shaping, Clock & Carrier
More informationMicrowave and Millimeter Wave Radiometry
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiometry A microwave radiometric sensor is a device for the detection of electromagnetic energy which is noise-like in character. The spatial as well as spectral characteristics
More informationPhysics 201 Homework 8
Physics 201 Homework 8 Feb 27, 2013 1. A ceiling fan is turned on and a net torque of 1.8 N-m is applied to the blades. 8.2 rad/s 2 The blades have a total moment of inertia of 0.22 kg-m 2. What is the
More informationElectrostatic Fields: Coulomb s Law & the Electric Field Intensity
Electrostatic Fields: Coulomb s Law & the Electric Field Intensity EE 141 Lecture Notes Topic 1 Professor K. E. Oughstun School of Engineering College of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences University
More informationANALYZER BASICS WHAT IS AN FFT SPECTRUM ANALYZER? 2-1
WHAT IS AN FFT SPECTRUM ANALYZER? ANALYZER BASICS The SR760 FFT Spectrum Analyzer takes a time varying input signal, like you would see on an oscilloscope trace, and computes its frequency spectrum. Fourier's
More informationSome stability results of parameter identification in a jump diffusion model
Some stability results of parameter identification in a jump diffusion model D. Düvelmeyer Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Mathematik, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany Abstract In this paper we discuss
More informationUnderstanding and Applying Kalman Filtering
Understanding and Applying Kalman Filtering Lindsay Kleeman Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Monash University, Clayton 1 Introduction Objectives: 1. Provide a basic understanding
More informationSection 5.0 : Horn Physics. By Martin J. King, 6/29/08 Copyright 2008 by Martin J. King. All Rights Reserved.
Section 5. : Horn Physics Section 5. : Horn Physics By Martin J. King, 6/29/8 Copyright 28 by Martin J. King. All Rights Reserved. Before discussing the design of a horn loaded loudspeaker system, it is
More informationNational Centre for Radio Astrophysics. Fitting Beamwidths for Broadband Feeds
National Centre for Radio Astrophysics Internal Technical Report GMRT/AST/001-Sep2012 Fitting Beamwidths for Broadband Feeds Authors Manisha S. Samble, Divya Oberoi Email:manisha@ncra.tifr.res.in, div@ncra.tifr.res.in
More information4F7 Adaptive Filters (and Spectrum Estimation) Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm Sumeetpal Singh Engineering Department Email : sss40@eng.cam.ac.
4F7 Adaptive Filters (and Spectrum Estimation) Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm Sumeetpal Singh Engineering Department Email : sss40@eng.cam.ac.uk 1 1 Outline The LMS algorithm Overview of LMS issues
More information6.025J Medical Device Design Lecture 3: Analog-to-Digital Conversion Prof. Joel L. Dawson
Let s go back briefly to lecture 1, and look at where ADC s and DAC s fit into our overall picture. I m going in a little extra detail now since this is our eighth lecture on electronics and we are more
More informationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Chapter 20. Traveling Waves You may not realize it, but you are surrounded by waves. The waviness of a water wave is readily apparent, from the ripples on a pond to ocean waves large enough to surf. It
More informationEECS 556 Image Processing W 09. Interpolation. Interpolation techniques B splines
EECS 556 Image Processing W 09 Interpolation Interpolation techniques B splines What is image processing? Image processing is the application of 2D signal processing methods to images Image representation
More informationA Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators
A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam
More informationDepartment of Information Engineering University of Pisa. Automotive Radar. Maria S. Greco. 2012 IEEE Radar Conference, May 7-11, Atlanta
Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa. Automotive Radar Maria S. Greco Automotive RADAR Why? Automotive RADARs as core sensor (range, speed) of driver assistance systems: long range
More informationPart II Redundant Dictionaries and Pursuit Algorithms
Aisenstadt Chair Course CRM September 2009 Part II Redundant Dictionaries and Pursuit Algorithms Stéphane Mallat Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées Ecole Polytechnique Sparsity in Redundant Dictionaries
More informationMUSICAL INSTRUMENT FAMILY CLASSIFICATION
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT FAMILY CLASSIFICATION Ricardo A. Garcia Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 0 Ames Street Room E5-40, Cambridge, MA 039 USA PH: 67-53-0 FAX: 67-58-664 e-mail: rago @ media.
More informationA Chaff Cloud Echo Modeling and Simulation Method Based on Coherent Scattering Model
Journal of Computational Information Systems 11: 5 (2015) 1579 1586 Available at http://www.jofcis.com A Chaff Cloud Echo Modeling and Simulation Method Based on Coherent Scattering Model Jianqiang ZHANG,
More informationSolutions to Problems in Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Second Edition. Chapter 7
Solutions to Problems in Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Second Edition Homer Reid April 21, 2002 Chapter 7 Problem 7.2 Obtain the Lorentz transformation in which the velocity is at an infinitesimal angle
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE AP050830
APPLICATION NOTE AP050830 Selection and use of Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducers Pro-Wave Electronics Corp. E-mail: sales@pro-wave.com.tw URL: http://www.prowave.com.tw The purpose of this application note
More informationUniversity of Maryland Fraternity & Sorority Life Spring 2015 Academic Report
University of Maryland Fraternity & Sorority Life Academic Report Academic and Population Statistics Population: # of Students: # of New Members: Avg. Size: Avg. GPA: % of the Undergraduate Population
More information