OBJECT-ORIENTED & OBJECT- RELATIONAL DATABASES CS561-SPRING 2012 WPI, MOHAMED ELTABAKH

Transcription

1 OBJECT-ORENTED & OBJECT- RELATONAL DATABAE C561-PRNG 2012 WP, MOHAMED ELTABAKH 1

2 Objec Oieed Dbe Hy Dbe HTORY OF DATABAE! Bck Begg file yem (1950)! e d fe poce ceed i h ceed ex hiechicl/ ewok (1960)!!!! cocuecy ecovey f cce complex ucue eliol ( )!!!! moe elibiliy le edudcy moe flexibiliy muliple view ODBM (1990)!!!!!!! bee imulio moe ( complex) d ype moe eliohip (e.g. ggegio, pecilio) gle lguge dbe AND pogmmg bee veiog o 'ecoucio' objec o OO dvge (eue, hece ec.) 2

3 3 oducio Dbe yem 2 TONEBRAKER APPLCATON MATRX ebke Applicio Mix No Quey Quey Complex D OODBM ORDBM imple D File yem RDBM : Mo pplicio will move uppe igh.

4 MOTVATON Reliol model (70 ): Cle imple. Ge dmive ciol d. No good o kd complex d (e.g., mulimedi, ewok, CAD). Objec-Oieed model (80 ): Compliced, bu flueil ide Objec Oieed Complex d ype. de: Build DBM bed o OO model. Pogmmg lguge hve evolved Pocedul Objec Oieed. o why o DBM??? 4

5 RELATONAL MODEL Relio e key cocep, eveyhg ele oud elio Pimiive d ype, e.g., g, ege, de, ec. Ge omlizio, quey opimizio, oy Wh mg?? Hlg complex objec Hlg complex d ype Code o coupled d No heece, ecpulio, ec. 5

6 ! Bck Begg Objec Oieed Dbe (ODBM) e d ge ppopie mehod RELATONAL MODEL OF A CAT cceg i i.e. ecpulio. Reliol dbe " hmme wold fl" by omlio. Reliol dbe c: A quey ime, y pu hg ge you w!!!! Objec-oieed dbe c: 6

7 OBJECT ORENTED MODEL OF A CAT Applicio! Bck Begg Objec-oieed dbe c: Objec Oieed Dbe! Th eble:! complex d ype be ed (e.g. CAD pplicio) hp:// (2 14) [10/13/ :48:18 AM] fi e whee ODBM e widely ued e:!!! CAE CAD CAM cegly ow ued :!!!! elecommuicio helhce fce mulimedi : Compue ided we egeeg : Compue ided deig : Compue ided mufcue ex/docume/quliy mgeme e e 'ex-geeio pplicio" whee diiol T exmple, i h bee eimed h up 90% d held lge mou d o 'ecod oieed'. 7

8 TWO APPROACHE Objec-Oieed Model (OODBM) Pue OO cocep Objec-Reliol Model (ORDBM) Exeded eliol model OO cocep 8

9 DATABAE DEGN PROCE Applicio Dom o Uivee Dcoue ug ER model o UML D Modellg Cocepul Model Logicl Dbe Deig ug D Model ge DBM Logicl Model Phyicl Dbe Deig DBM pecific eouce-bed opimizio Phyicl Model 9

10 LOGCAL & PHYCAL LAYER ER digm Reliol dbe deig Nomlizio & Phyicl deig QL ble defiio RDBM Mppg o Relio (o opeio) UML cl digm Mppg o Relio Objec ype Objec-Reliol dbe deig Nomlizio & Phyicl deig Exeded-QL ble defiio ORDBM Mppg diecly o ODL cle Objec-Oieed dbe chem ODL Opimizio OODBM 10

11 EXAMPLE OF UML CLAE Peo Cl Nme me: {finme: g, middlenme: g, lnme: g} dde: g bihde: de ge(): ege chgeadde(ewadd: g) Aibue Opeio p:peo A Peo objec me: {Nom, Willim, Pe} dde: ckpo bihde: 11-JUN-70 11

12 FRT APPROACH: OBJECT-ORENTED MODEL Relio e o cel cocep, cle objec e m cocep Objec-Oieed DBM(OODBM) e DBM bed o Objec- Oieed D Model pied by OO pogmmg lguge M Feue: Poful ype yem Cle Objec deiy hece OODBM e cpble g complex objec,.e., objec h e compoed o objec, /o muli-vlued ibue. 12

13 FEATURE 1: POWERFUL TYPE YTEM Pimiive ype ege, g, de, Boole, flo, ec. ucue ype Aibue c be ecod chem Collecio ype uc {ege x, g y} Aibue c be e, Bg, L, Ay o ype Refeece ype Aibue c be Poe o objec 13

14 FEATURE 2: CLAE A cl eplceme elio me cocep OO pogmmg lguge All objec belogg me cl he me popeie behvio A objec c be hough uple (bu iche c) Cle ecpule d + mehod + eliohip Ulike elio h co d oly OODBM objec e peecy (ulike OO pogmmg lguge) 14

15 FEATURE 3: OBJECT DENTTY OD uique ideiy ech objec egdle c Eve if ll ibue e me, ill objec hve diffee OD Eie A objec mde wo hg: e: ibue (me, dde, bihde peo) Behviou: opeio (ge peo compued bihde cue de) 15

16 FEATURE 4: NHERTANCE A cl c be defed em o. Peo upe-cl ude ub-cl. Peo me: {finme: g, middlenme: g, lnme: g} dde: g bihde: de ge(): ege chgeadde(ewadd: g) ude cl he ibue opeio Peo. ude egnum: g {PK} mjo: g ege(c: Coue): boole 16

17 TANDARD FOR OBJECT-ORENTED MODEL ODMG: Objec D Mgeme Goup (1991) povide d whee peviouly e w uppo pobiliy bee poduc dize model, queyg pogmmg ue Lguge pecifyg ucue objec dbe ODL: Objec Defiio Lguge OQL: Objec Quey Lguge ODL how imil DDL (D Defiio Lguge) QL 17

18 Oveview ODL & OQL 18

19 Figue 4.2: A ODL declio cl fi ibue, o le (2), med ile. ype g-. NTRODUCTON TO ODL 137 ce g ukow legh. U'e expec vlue ile ibue y objec be me movie. ex wo ibue, ye d mple legh 4.2: decled Fig. o 4.2 le (3) ODL (4), declio hve ege ype cl epee movie. o which complee declio; movie w mde hll dd legh moe i mue, le. Le epecively. (1) declw O e vie (5) be o cl. ibue Followg f ilmtype, le (1) which e ell declio whe movie fou ibue w filmed colo ll o blck--whie. objec will hve. ype eumeio, me umeio Film. Vlue eumeio ibue Keywod e choe ibue l le'el, 1) colo cl blckadwhie { h exmple. A objec 2) ibue cl g ile; hve defed i o f c be hough ecod 3) o ibue uple fou ege comp, ye; ech fou ibue. 4) ibue ege legh; 5) ibue ("G Wih eum Film Wd", Ccolo,blckAdMie) 1939, 231, colo) filmtype; ODL: CLAE & ATTRBUTE objec. 0 Two cle i ibue mple 4.3 Figue : Exmple 4.2: A 4.2, ODL ll declio ibue hve cl mic ype. Hee exmple omic ype. We c defe cl by fi ibue, o le (2), med ile. ype g- ce 1) g cl ukow C legh. U'e expec vlue ile ibue y 2) objec ibue be g me me; movie. ex wo ibue, ye legh 3) decled ibue o le uc (3) Add (4), hve ege ype epee which movie {g w ee, mde g legh ciy) mue, dde; epecively. O (5) o ibue f ilmtype, which ell whe movie w filmed colo o blck--whie. ype eumeio, me e meio (2) pecifie Film. ibue Vlue me eumeio ( ibue ) h e choe g. Le l (3) le'el, cifie o colo ibue blckadwhie dde. Th h ibue exmple. h ype h ecod A cue. objec me cl h ucue hve Add, defed i o f ype c co be hough wo ecod o uple fou comp, ech fou ibue. Aibue ucue 19

20 ,blck~dwhie~ filmtype; g ciy) dde; ed vie::; ODL: RELATONHP CHAPTER 4. OTHER DATA MODEL 4.2. NTRODUCTON TO OD 1. f hve my-my 1) cl C cl C ype el 2) ibue g ile; could b 3) ibue ege ye; 4) ibue ege legh; 2. f eliohip be my e 5) ibue eum Film {colo,blck~dwhie~ filmtype; iohip C ju D, wh 6) eliohip e<> Keywod eliohip Noe, 3. f eliohip my vee ::ed; Exm e eveed (2) bove. c 7) eliohip udio owedby Keywod e vee udio::ow; 4. f eliohip -o 1; D, D i ju C. 8) cl C Noe, h E/R model 9) ibue g me; clude ce whee o objec be 10) ibue uc Add ce, my- my elioh (g ee, g ciy) dde; vlue eliohip om 11) eliohip e<> ed Bg: e uoed could be ocied objec y u e vee ::; be empy D objec 3; poible duplicio (1 Exmple 4.6 : Fig. 4.3 h ucu 12) cl udio i udio. fi wo h L: e oed 13) ibue g me; 4.2 l 4.3.?Ve lo e dcued 14) ibue g dde; ce ech i my ue 15) eliohip e<> ow my eliohip bee Ay: e oed l ype i vee ::owedby; udio objec hve ibue 1; d by dex (14). Noice h yp( l ucue w ued 20 ype uc e ohg wog u D Noe, cl 3. c vlue o ::ed; By io::ow; 4. g ciy) dde; ed g ciy) dde; 4.2 vlue ed ; ie::; e: e uoed uique ce coulde ow vie::owedby; 2. Exm 4.2 ; ce w i eliohip ie::owedby;

21 ODL: RELATONHP & NVERE CHAPTER 4. OTHER DATA MODEL RELATONHP 4.2. NTRODUCTON TO OD 1. f hve my-my 1) cl C cl C ype el 2) ibue g ile; 3) ibue ege ye; 4) ibue ege legh; 2. f eliohip my 5) ibue eum Film {colo,blck~dwhie~ filmtype; iohip C ju D, wh 6) eliohip e<> 3. f eliohip my vee ::ed; 7) Keywod vee e eveed (2) bove. eliohip udio owedby vee udio::ow; 4. f eliohip -o 1; D, D i ju C. e ohg wog u 8) cl C Noe, h E/R model 9) ibue g me; clude ce whee o 10) ibue uc Add ce, my- elioh (g ee, g ciy) dde; vlue eliohip om 11) eliohip e<> ed could be ocied y e vee ::; be empy D objec 3; Exmple 4.6 : Fig. 4.3 h 12) cl udio i udio. fi wo h vee 13) ibue g me; ?Ve lo dcued 14) ibue g dde; ech ce o ech i ype ue 15) eliohip e<> ow my eliohip bee vee ::owedby; udio objec hve ibue 1; (14). Noice h yp ucue w ued 21

22 ODL: MULTPLCTY OF RELATONHP CHAPTER 4. OTHER DATA MODEL 4.2. NTRODUCTON TO OD 1. f hve my-my 1) cl C cl C ype el 2) ibue g ile; 3) ibue ege ye; Bed o ue collecio 4) ibue ege legh; ype (e, bg, 2. f ec.) eliohip my 5) ibue eum Film {colo,blck~dwhie~ filmtype; iohip C ju D, wh 6) eliohip e<> 3. f eliohip my vee ::ed; e eveed (2) bove. 7) eliohip udio owedby vee udio::ow; My--My eliohip 4. f eliohip -o 1; D, D i ju C. e ohg wog u 8) cl C Noe, h E/R model 9) ibue g me; clude ce whee o 10) ibue uc Add Oe--My ce, eliohip my- elioh (g ee, g ciy) dde; vlue eliohip om 11) eliohip e<> ed could be ocied y e vee ::; be empy D objec 3; Wh bou muliwy Exmple 4.6 : Fig. 4.3 h 12) cl udio i eliohip??? udio. fi wo h 13) ibue g me; ?Ve lo dcued 14) ibue g dde; --No uppoed ce ech i ype ue 15) eliohip e<> ow my eliohip bee --Need cove vee ::owedby; udio muliwy objec hve ibue muliple by 1; eliohip (14). Noice h yp ucue w ued 22

23 equivle hou. Noe h h mehod ke o pmee. objec which mehod pplied "hidde" gume, i h objec h poible implemeio 1eghHou ould ob legh movie mue^.^ hod 1eghHou my e excepio clled oleghfoud, Pely h excepio would be ed if legh ibue objec ODL: METHOD ue h could o epee vlid legh (e.g., egive umbe). 1) cl { 2) ibue g ile; 3) ibue ege ye; 4) ibue ege legh; 5) ibue eumeio(colo,blckadwhie) filmtype; 6) eliohip e<> vee ::ed; 7) eliohip udio owedby vee udio::om; 8) 9) flo leghhou() e(oleghf0ud); void Nme(ou e<g>); LO) void o(, ou e<>) e(ouch); e mehod declio Pmee e ei N, OUT, o NOUT Figue 4.4: Addg mehod igue cl Defiio (implemeio) o p cl le (9) ee o mehod igue, mehod clled Nme. Th mehod h o eu vlue bu h oupu pmee whoe ype e g. We peume h vlue oupu pme,e compued by Nme be e g h e vlue ibue me movie which mehod pplied. Hove, lwy e o guee h,he mehod defiio behve h picul wy. 23

24 h e objec e imil belog eeilly cpbiliy iple cog ODL oly decle cl. h movie, Thu, cl C, epee be ubcl movie udio, u o ly cl h D. We pid follow me by C udio declio cg h keywod h movie. exed e boh co me D. mude myeie, eed fouh cl e movie. Exmple cl 3.2 ubcle CoMudeMyey 4.10: Recll Exmple 2.10, whee decled co be ubcl movie, ddiiol ODL mu hei popeie boh Co MudeMyey, uggeed by popey Fig Th eliohip, ~omude- co : Le u e ecll dcuio h e ubcle "voice." e c E/R cee model ubcl ecio Co Myey hlovie objec e imil h ODL ll cpbiliy declio: popeie objec, plu eliohip ODL decle cl C be ubcl voice ibue po. ODL: NHERTANCE o cl D. We follow me C declio keywod cl Co exed i exed me D. me eliohip de e<> OO voice; pogmmg (C++ o Jv) Exmple 4.10: Recll Exmple 2.10, whee decled co be ubcl movie, ddiiol popey eliohip co Te : hve e o diced Plu h ddg e me "voice." ddiiol vee e c field cee eliohip ubcl voice, Co lhough echiclly mu do o. hlovie ODL declio: A ubcl he Co ll popeie MudeMyey upecl. Thu, ech co objec cl h ibue Co ile, exed ye, legh, i f ilmtype heied ~ovie (ecll Fig. eliohip 4.3), i he e<> eliohip voice; owedby, ddiio ow eliohip voice. Alo h emple. defed cl mude myeie ddiiol Te hve o diced CoMudeMye~ ibue me vee eliohip voice, lhough echiclly po. mu do o. A ubcl Figue MudeMyey he 4.7: ll Digm exed popeie howg muliple upecl. hece Thu, ech co objec h ibue g ile, ye, po; legh, f ilmtype heied ~ ovie (ecll Fig. 4.3), i he eliohip owedby, ddiio ODL, my ow follow eliohip keywod voice. exed by evel cle, eped uible Alo h declio emple. h defed ubcl. cl Ag, mude ll,he myeie popeie ddiiol movie e heied ibue by po. MudeMyey. ubcl he ll ibue, eliohip, mehod ome poible p. Dllow m gded. dice wh ubcl. F omce edg h would pec upec Co movie movie 3. Give ew voice chce ie ce hei pecify h vedic, w Couoom. by colo.3 Thu, my decle fouh cl by: Exe cl CoMudeMyey exed exed ibue MudeMyey g po; : Co; Keywod exed Whe uible cl declio C he h ubcl. evel cle, Ag, ll e,he popeie,he poeil movie e cofiie heied mog by popey MudeMyey. me. Two o moe upecle C my hve Mude movie movie po ued he wo o cle Whe ODL cl cl defiio give ime. elio 24

25 ibue (exe g key me; (ile, ye))... ibue g ile;... ODL: NTANCE & KEY could poible hve ued h key evel plce e ibue key, eve e hough key. oly f o, key followg decled. imilly, wod key() if me my plce key evel cl, key eped could by comm. beg A declio: uul, key h co moe h ibue mu hve pee oud l cl ibue, o c dmbigue key evel ibue evel key ce (exe ibue key ech. cl me) e ll objec cuely ex h cl Exmple DDTONAL 4.14 : ODL A ODL. h exmple CONCEPT clled iuio exe whee ( i ppopie give hve me) 153 moe h Key ibue key, e coide o g cl me; impo Employee, whoe complee efeecg e ibue objec ibue eliohip mg key. hll o f e decibe moe hee. h Hove, ibue uppoe h wo key, ibue ibue e Becue empd, mu... be uouded employee ech objec D, by pee. No, ledy ocil h key ecuiy declio uique umbe. elf OD e, log exe declio, ide pee h my follow Defg c decle ech key e ODL ibue opiol be key by elf me cl elf fi le declio. mple cl ODL 4.13 Employee : llow To decle defg h e muliple wo ibue key ile (Comm ye m eped) y cl poible (exe, h Employee evel could beg e key empd, ibue declio: No) e key. f o, followg wod cl key()... my plce evel key eped by comm. A uul, Keywod exe & key key h co (exe moe h key (ile, ibue ye)) mu hve pee oud Becue e e o pee oud l ibue, ODL epe l bove ibue, yg h o ech c dmbigue wo ibue key key evel by elf. ibue f pu evel ibue g ile; key pi (ile, ye) pee key oud... ibue l (empd, ech. No), ODL would epe wo Exmple ibue ge mg key. Th, implicio wig could hve 4.14 ued : A key exmple plce key, iuio eve hough whee oly i ppopie key decled. hve moe imilly, h cl if Employee me key, coide key cl, Employee, whoe could complee beg e declio: ibue eliohip cl (exe Employee hll o key decibe (empd, hee. No)) Hove, uppoe h wo ibue (exe e. empd,.. key employee me) D, No, ocil ecuiy umbe. key pi (empd, N) c decle ech e ibue be key by elf ibue g me;... cl Employee Two key empd N (exe Employee key empd, No)... poible h evel e ibue e key. f o, followg wod key() my plce evel key eped by comm. A uul, key h co moe h ibue mu hve pee oud Becue e e o pee oud l ibue, ODL epe 25

26 WHAT NEXT Fi Appoch: Objec-Oieed Model Cocep OO pogmmg lguge ODL: Objec Defiio Lguge Wh bou queyg OO dbe??? OQL: Objec Oieed Quey Lguge 26

27 OQL: OBJECT-ORENTED QUERY LANGUAGE OQL quey lguge deiged opee o dbe decibed ODL. Tie bg cocep eliol model ODBM E.g., ELECT eme, jo, ggegio, ec. Refeece cl popeie (ibue, eliohip, mehod) ug: Do oio (p.), o Aow oio (p->) OQL boh oio e equivle 27

28 f i mke ee, c m expeio evel do. Fo exmple, if my deoe movie objec, my. owedby deoe udio objec h ow movie, myovie. owedby.me deoe g h me h udio. OQL: EXAMPLE QUERE OQL elec-fom-whee Expeio NTRODUCTON TO OQL N N QUERY c l LANGUAGE ( e x e key ( i l e, y e ) ) C OQL pem u wie expeio ug elec--whee y imil QL' fmili quey m. Hee exmple kg ye 9.1. T O Refeece OQL movientroducton G Vzh Wd. exe (ce cl) ELECT m. yewhere boole-vlued expeio. Th expeio, 3. keywod m followg ELECT, my oly ue ope co F R O M expeio WHERE m. vible i l e = "G Wih h e Wd" hoe decled FROM clue. compo ope e like QL', excep h! =, h <>, ued "o equl elec ye movie wd Xoice h,logicl ecep double-quoe NO g co, QL'.h quey ope e G AND, oud O R, T, like could be QL h OQL. quey poduce bg objec. We compue h bg by coide geel, OQL elec--whee expeio co : ll poible vlue vible FROM clue, eed loop. f 9.1. NTRODUCTON TO OQL combio vlue e vible fie codiio WH 1. keylvod ELECT follolved by l expeio. clue, objec decibed by ELECT clue dded bg Fo ech movie oe vible declio. 2. keyvod FRO M follod m, l moe 3. keywod W H E RE byboole-vlued expeio. Th expeio, eul elec--whee eme. h movie (follow eliohip) expeio followg ELECT, my oly ue ope co d vible decled by givg Exmple 9.2 :vible Hee decled moe complex OQL quey: compo ope hoe FR OM clue. he do. Th coveio e like QL', excep h! =, h <>, (). A expeio whoe vlue h collecio ype, e.g.ued e o "o bg. equl 430 CH..PTER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON,V QUERY LANGUAGE c l do. Fo exmple, h evel.me ELECT ow boh ob compo logicl ope e AND, OR, NOT, like QL'. ( e x e key me). owedby deoe udio (b) opiolm, key-od F ROM m. A, ow < do ope hve edby.me deoe g W H ER E m. i l e =vible. "Cblc" me. 111i bc, u eexpeio i g me; quey poduce bg objec. We compue h bg by coide me (c) Aleive Fom FROM L i bupoe e u c Add pec p be ll poible vlue vible FROM clue, eed loop. f { i g e e, i g c i y ) d d e ; Thelec quey k me vible Cblc. Noice equ f h ucue. cl, uch Typiclly. expeio () Cblc exe me movie eleme vlue fie codiio WH ddiio combio QL-yle FROe M clue, whee collecio e l i o h i p e<> e d em F R O M clue. Fi defe m be biy objec o OQL clue, objec decibed by ELECT clue dded bg exe cl exmple bove. A exe vee ::; by me by ypicl eleme, OQLexe llo~v compleely follo~vedcl, yg m h cl, which. T log eul elec--whee elio QL FRO Meme. clue. i poible 1; ec--whee y imil m. c give Hove, ypicl equivle, moeech logicl, ye le Ao oio mql-11 le be We objec e m. vlue ue keywod vible y collecio-poducg expeio, uch ple kg ye eleme me, N declio, me collecio. movie m. Th -e coide wo eed loop ll pi (m, ) uch h Exmple 9.2 :, Hee flly moe complex OQL quey: o elec--whee expeio. Fo ce, c l udio movie h movie. evluio c be keched : h evel(do. e x e Fo u d i exmple, o key me) ELECT.me. owedby deoe udio C FR O R m i m, R O M m N,. N m. O Mech m DO i b u e i g g me; edby.me deoe FOR ech = i m. DO W H E R E m. i l e "Cblc" i b u e i g dde; equivle FROM clue 9.2. F mquey. i l e Exmple = "Cblc" THEN e l i o h i p e<> ow dd.me o h e oupu bg Th quey k me Cblc. Noice i v e e ::owedby; 28 equ he g co, h quey em F R O M clue. Fi defe m be biy objec ; o OQL WHERE eic hoewhich pi h hve mte cl, byclue yg m ou coideio exe h cl,. ibue g i l e ; i b u e ege ye; i b u e ege legh; he do. Th (colo,blckadwhie> filmtype; i b ucoveio e eum Film e l b i o h i p compoe<> ow boh i v ehve e ::ed; ow do ope e l i o h i p u d i o owedby me. 111 C, expeio i v e e udio::ow; pec p be poe f l o leghhou() i e ( o ~ e g h F 0 u d ) ; N Nh QUERY LANGUAGE f ucue. void Nme(ou e < i g > ) ; void o(, o u e<>) e(ouch); ; -

29 ppeed evel Dey movie. llow vible epeeg ypicl eleme h collecio ech membe collecio. ELECT DTNCT.me FROM m, m. Exmple 9.6 : Le u edo quey Exmple 9.3, which k To mke eul l, dd = ORDER BY clue ed quey, WHER E m. owedby. me "Dey" movie mde by Dey. Fi, e Dey movie co g QL. by quey, w ued Exmple 9.4. OQL: EXAMPLE QUERE NTRODUCTON TO OQL egy h quey imil h Exmple 9.2. We g ELECT m wo eed loop coide pi will movie yx. h movie followgll exmple illue coec m h "Dey" pi (m, ) Exmple 9.2. Bu ow; codiio o hfrom WHERE m.owedby.me "Dey" Exmple 9.3: Le u k me Dey me udio whoe u d i o objec m. owedby.movie. = followg quey doe job, elimg dupliceweme ue h iuio c ow quey whee ubquey defe e ove w ORDER BY clue OQL quie imil me clue QL. d. epeeg Dey movie; c ge. ppeed evel Dey movie. Keywod ORDER BY e follod by l expeio. fi e ELECT DTNCT expeio evlued ech objec eul.me quey, objec ELECT DTNCT.me FROM (ELECT m efrodeed by h vlue. Tie, if y, e boke by vlue ecod C OM m, m. FROM m ibue g i l e ; expeio. hid, o o. By deful, ode cedg. bu WHERE m.owedby.me = "Dey") d, WHERE m. owedby. me = "Dey" i b u e ege ye; choice cedg o decedg ode c be d. diced by keywod AC i b u e ege legh; o DEC, epecively. followg ibue. QL AiTRODUCTON TO OQL 43 1 NTATON,V LANGUAGE egy h quey imil hth expeio Exmple9.2. We g Film (colo,blckadwhie> filmtype; QUERY i b u e eum quey "Fd Dey movi elec dc me movie owed by Dey coide ll pi : Le movie e h movie movie, wo eed loop 9.3. be eliohip e<> Exmple 9.4 u fd Dey le eul lle o. Ho uccc h hbu Exmple pehp vee ::ed; illue m buildg queie vilble OQL. h 9.2. Bu ow; codiio h pi (m, ) ew h "Dey" Exmple fi hee le, coide ech objec m. f me legh be movie. odeed by legh. f e ie, le movie equl i o h i p u d i o owedby FROM complee clue h wo eedmloop. fi, vibl odeed lphbeiclly. quey: udio h m FROM e ll oxwhoe h movie "Dey," objec become me udio u d i o objec m. owedby. ubquey i v e e udio::ow; Dey movie, eul ubquey FROM clue membe oupu bg. fouh llle pecifie h objec, m f l o leghhou() i e ( o ~ e g h F 0 u d ) ; loop, eed clue fi, vible ge ove ll ELECT m ORDER BY clue OQL quie imil me FROM clue, whee collecio poduced by elec--whee quey e be by QL. vlue oue qu void Nme(ou e < i g > ) ; lovie d. odeed oice hfi o WHERE clue eeded F R O M m eleme, OQL llo~v compleely Keywod ORDER BY e follod by l expeio. fi e void o(, o u e<>) m. l e gwhere h (i.e., m.owedby.me legh movie), if e e ie, by vlue = "Dey" i e ypicl (ouch); -11 m. We c give expeio evlued ech objec eul quey, objec R ld ee (i.e., ile movie). m. i O R BY m.legh, m. i l e vlue poduced by h quey ; me collecio. d flly e odeed vlue. Tie, if y, e boke by vlue ecod objec. hu lby h c l ( e x e key ( i l e, y e ) ) ' cl, N m. (ex e key me) < uey Exmple i b9.2. u e i g me; i b u e u c Add {g e e, i g c i y ) dde; e l i o h i p e<> e d RDER BY clue ed i v e equey, ::; 1; e coec yx. c l udio ( e x e Dey u d imovie. o key me) C me iuio whee duplice i b u e i g me;. y" i b u e i g dde; e l i o h i p e<> ow i v e e ::owedby; ; expeio. hid, o o.by By Dey deful, bed ode o cedg. ode movie owed leghbu ile choice cedg o decedg ode c be diced by keywod A C Complex Oupu Type o DEC, epecively. followg ibue. QL. eleme ELECT clue eed o be imple vible. y c Fo Exmple 9.4 : Le u fd eexpeio Dey movie, le eul be l be y expeio, cludg buil bu ug ype couc. exmple, movie. odeed legh. f e ie,couc le movie equl legh be u ce ype evel expeio Repo cbypply e ucue odeed lphbeiclly. quey quey h : poduce e o bg ucue. ge elec--whee ELECT 9.5: m Exmple uppoe w e pi livg me FROM \ie dde. c mge h e quey: Jo wo cle WHERE m.owedby.me = "Dey" ELECT DTNCT m. iucl e ( l : l, 2 : 2 ) BY m.legh, ORDER FROM l, 2 WHERE l. d d e = 2. d d e AND 1.me < 2.me Th, 1%-ecoide ll pi, l dde WHERE clue check Repo pi who hve 2. me h y hve me dde. lo check h me fi 29 p~ecede me ecod lphbeic ode, o ~3-edo' poduce pi

30 ddiio QL-yle eleme FROM clue, whee collecio poduced exmple, by c elec--whee pply uc que yp follo~ved by me ypicl eleme, OQL llo~v compleely m. ge legh elec--whee (i.e., legh quey h movie po equivle, To mke moe eul logicl, l, ye dd le QL-11 ORDER BY m. clue We c give ed ypicl quey, m. ile (i.e., ile movi eleme g me, QL. keywod N, flly me collecio. Exmple 9.5: uppoe w ER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON,V QUERY LANGUAGE 9.1. AiTRODUCTON TO OQL hu l objec. Fo ce, dde. \ie c ge h e followg exmple will illue coec yx. OQL OUTPUT fi hee le, coide m N, N m ech ELECT Complex objec DTNCT m. Oupu f uc me ( Typ o Aleive Exmple 9.3: Fom Le u FROM k L me Dey movie. udio h ox h movie "Dey," FROM complee l, objec 2 m bec followg quey doe job, elimg duplice me iuio whee membe oupu bg. fouh eleme WHERE le l.dde pecifie ELECT h = 2.dd clue objec QL-yle ppeed eleme equivle evel FROM clue, Dey whee movie. quey collecio Exmple 9.2. poduced by elec--whee be quey y e expeio, be odeed cludg fi by expei vl me ypicl eleme, OQL llo~v compleely m. legh (i.e., legh movie) exmple, Th, 1%-e, c coide if pply e ll e pi ie, uc by yp v oe logicl, ELECT ye le QL-11 DTNCT m..me We c give ypicl m. ile (i.e., ile ge h movie). y elec--whee hve vlue poduced me quey dde. by h h que po, keywod FROM N, m, flly m. me collecio. hu l objec. p~ecede me ecod lp WHERE To mke m. owedby. eul me l, = dd "Dey" ORDER BY clue ed quey, cog me ~vice g Ulike QL. QL which poduce elio, OQL Exmple poduce 9.5: uppoe w egy h quey imil h Exmple 9.2. We g wo diffee ode. FROM m N, N m Complex Oupu dde. Type \ie c ge h e coide ll pi movie h movie wo eed loop Fo evey pi h pe ~ followg collecio exmple will illue (e, coec bg, yx. l) objec eleme ELECT clue Exmple 9.2. Bu ow; codiio o h pi (m, ) h "Dey" ype eed h o ucue be imple vible. ecod y FROM clue quey Exmple 9.2. be y expeio, cludg expeio ELECT DTNCT uc ( me Exmple 9.3: udio Le whoe u k udio objec me m. owedby. Dey movie. ype ech buil field ug ype cl couc.. exmple, c pply uc FROM l, 2 followg quey doe objec job, elimg c duplice be me y iuio ype ype 2 couc h povide vlue evel expeio 9.1. AiTRODUCTON TO OQL 43 ORDER BY clue OQL quie imil me clue whee 1 wo QL. ge elec--whee quey h ucue poduce WHERE e l.dde o bg ucue. = 2.dde e eul Keywod l, ppeed dd ORDER ORDER BY evel e BY clue follod Dey by movie. ed l quey, expeio. fi e QL. expeio fi hee evlued le, coide ech objec ech objec eul m. f quey, me objec Exmple 9.5: uppoe w Th, e uc(1: 1%-e pi coide ll, pi livg 2: udio e odeed h ELECT ox by h DTNCT h vlue. movie.me Tie, "Dey," if y, e boke complee by objec vlue m become ecod dde. \ie c ge h e quey: mple h y hve me dde. expeio. membe will illue FROM oupu coec hid, m, bg. m. yx. o o. fouh By le deful, pecifie ode h e cedg. objec, g m bu p~ecede ype me eul ecod quey lp ELECT DTNCT uc (l : l, 2: 2) Le u poduced choice k WHERE by cedg me m. elec--whee owedby. o decedg me = quey Dey "Dey" ode e movie. c be be odeed diced fi by by keywod vlue AC FROM l, 2 cog me ~vice o DEC, epecively. followg ibue. QL. e<uc{l:, oe m. legh job, elimg (i.e., duplice legh me movie) iuio, whee if e e ie, by vlue WHERE l.dde = 2.dde egy h quey imil h Exmple 9.2. We g wo diffee AND 1.me ode. < 2.me evel m. Dey ile movie. (i.e., ile movie). vlue poduced by h quey Exmple coide ll 9.4 pi : Le u fd movie e Dey h movie, bu le wo eed eul loop be l Fo evey pi h pe ~ hu l objec. Th, 1%-e coide ll pi, l 2. WHERE clue ch TNCT Exmple movie..me odeed 9.2. Bu by ow; legh. codiio f e e o ie, h le pi (m, movie ) h equl "Dey" legh be ype h ucue ecod odeed lphbeiclly. quey : h y hve me dde. lo check h me fi ie m, me m. udio whoe udio objec m. owedby. ype ech field cl Complex Oupu Type p~ecede me ecod lphbeic ode, o ~3-e do' poduce wedby. me = "Dey" ELECT m h ubqueie cog me ~vice do' povide poduce vlue me pi wo eleme FROM ORDER BY m clue ELECT clue OQL eed quie o imil be imple vible. me clue y c QL. h quey imil h Exmple 9.2. We g wo diffee ode. Ue ucue c ue elec--whee expe be movie Keywod y WHERE expeio, ORDER m.owedby.me h BY cludg e movie follod expeio = wo "Dey" by eed buil l loop ug expeio. ype couc. e fi objec Fo e Fo ype evey pi h pe \Ye ~ hll e, o give poduce exmple: ecod ucue. ow; exmple, expeio codiio ORDER c BY o evlued m.legh, pply h pi uc (m, m.ile ) ech ype h objec "Dey" couc eul evel expeio quey, objec ype h ucue ecod ubquey wo uc(1: field, ue ppe med l, ecio 2: io whoe ge e udio odeed elec--whee objec by h m. vlue. owedby. quey Tie, h poduce if y, e e boke o bg by ucue. vlue ecod ype ech field cl. ce h ype vible expeio. hid, o o. By deful, ode cedg. bu 2 h povide vlue wo ype field. Th eul. mlly, quey ype o Y clue Exmple OQL choice 9.5: quie cedg uppoe imil o decedg w me ode e clue c pi QL. be diced livg by keywod me AC ucue BY e follod by l expeio. dde. o DEC, \ie epecively. c ge h followg e ibue. quey: fi e QL. e<uc{l:, lued ech objec eul quey, objec uc(1:, 2: ) vlue. Tie, Exmple ELECT if y, 9.4 DTNCT e boke : Le u uc by fd (l vlue e : Dey l, 2: ecod movie, 2) bu le eul be l hid, o o. By deful, ode cedg. bu movie. FROM odeed l, by legh. 2 f e e ie, le movie equl legh be e ype ucue eul quey e e ucue, h : dg o decedg ode c be diced by keywod AC odeed WHERE lphbeiclly. l.dde = 2.dde quey : AND 1.me < 2.me ely. followg ibue. QL. e<uc{l:, 2: )> ubqueie 30 e u Th fd, ELECT 1%-e e coide Dey m ll movie, pi bu, le l eul be 2. l WHERE clue check d by legh. h y f e hve e ie, me le dde. movie lo equl check legh h be me fi

31 HAVNG <codiio> io p) fi elize h vible p gc ucue GROUP BY m uc (m: o), +-hee o e efe NTRODUCTON h objec TO OQL o. Thu. h objec e bg legh movie vlue "Dey" y h om bg legh pply cl UM ope h bg goup. (exe Thu, key membe (ile, ye)) C ibue g ile; ibue ege ye; ibue ege legh; ey movie ibue eum Film (colo,blckadwhie> filmtype; eliohip e<> vee ::ed; uliple eliohip Collecio udio owedby ible FROM clue. vee udio::ow; f e ~ flo leghhou() e(o~eghf0ud); e ecey, bu pciple void Nme(ou e<g>); bove. uppoe h vible void o(, ou e<>) xk. : e(ouch); ; eve elime goup ceed by GROUP BY. codiio pplie vlue piio field ech ucue emedie collecio. f ue, h ucue poceed ecio 9.2.3, m ucue oupu collecio. f fle, h ucue doe o coibue oupu collecio. OQL: AGGREGATON Exmple 9.11 : Le u epe Exmple 9.10, bu k um legh movie oly hoe udio ye uch h udio poduced lew movie ove 120 mue. quey Fig. 9.7 doe job. Noice h HAVNG clue ued me quey ELECT clue ob bg le~lgl movie give udio ye. HAVNG clue, ve ke mximum hoe legh Aggege compe ove i 120. piio ELECT do, y, umlegh: UM(ELECT p.m.legh FROM piio p) FROM m GROUP BY do: m.owedby.me, y: m.ye HAVNG MAX(ELECT p.m.legh FROM piio p) > 120 Figue 9.7: Reicg goup coideed cl (exe key me) < ibue g me; ibue uc Add {g ee, g ciy) dde; eliohip e<> ed vee ::; 1; cl udio (exe udio key me) C ibue g me; ibue g dde; eliohip e<> ow vee ::owedby; ; emedie eul uc{ do:, y:, piio: bg(uc {m: }) }; Bg ucue membe follow wh FROM clue Goupg field 31

32 Re excepio oe if hip FOR ALL x N : C(x) e, pplyg mehod hip, e b, povided piciped h ble. icipe NTRODUCTON if hip did TO o OQL figh ble OQL: COLLECTON OPERATOR EXT x N : C(x) hed pmee, dd hip h me mehod pplied. cl (exe key (ile, ye)) f C ug le ubquey ibue g ile; ibue ege ye; ibue ege legh; hem Fig. 9.3, xvic ibue eum Film (colo,blckadwhie> filmtype; eliohip e<> vee ::ed; eliohip udio owedby hip le e gu. vee udio::ow; flo leghhou() e(o~eghf0ud); void Nme(ou e<g>); void o(, ou e<>) e(ouch); ip me) le e gu. h dplceme ude 30,000. Nke ; lie luch ye fi, if e e ie. eul h expeio TRUE if evey x fie C(x) FALE owe. imilly, expeio h vlue TRUE if e le x uch h C(X) TRUE i h vlue FALE owe. Exmple 9.7 : Ao wy expe quey "fd ll Dey movie" how Fig Hee, focu o k if y e movie h Dey movie. Le (3) ell u coide ll movie m e movie. ed, which e movie which ppeed. Le (1) k whe movie m Dey movie. f fd eve uch movie m, vlue EXT expeio le Like QL, hve ANY, ALL, EXT (3) (4) TRUE; owe i FALE. OQL h imil ope 1) ELECT 2) FROM 3) WHERE EXT m N.ed : 4) m. owedby.me = "Dey" cl e e hip (exe (i.e., hip key me) me cl). e e < wed, o me hip. ibue g me; ibue uc Add {g ee, g ciy) dde; eliohip e<> ed vee ::; which hip le wo diffee which 1; o hip w led dmged. cl udio QQL (exe Expeio udio key me) C ibue g me; o ope, beide elec-ibue g dde; u build expeio. eliohip e e<> ope ow d e-ex - ggegio ope, - ; uio, eecio, diffeece. vee ::owedby; elec who piciped Figue 9.4: Ug exeil ubquey movie mde by Dey 438 CHAPTER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATlOiV N QUERY LANGUAG Exmple 9.8 : Le u ue -ll ope wie quey kg h hve ppeed oly Dey movie. Techiclly, h e clude.'" who ELECT ppe o movie ll ( f c ell ou dbe). poible FROM dd o codiio ou quey, equig h ppe WHERE le FOR ALL ovie. m N bu.ed TW lel h : impoveme il exece. Figue 9.5 how m. owedby quey.. me = "Dey" elec who piciped oly Aggegio Figue 9.5: Ug Expeio ubquey uivel quificio movie mde by Dey OQL ue me five ggegio ope h QL doe: AVG, COUNT. 32 UM. MN. pplyg MAX. Hove, deiged while colum e ope ble, QL me my ope be hough OQL p

33 ELECT DTNCT m. We c ue ile ( bek 44.1 CHAPTER 9. OBJECT- 0RENT;LTON N QUERY LANGUAGE 9.3. ie) OBJECT ye AGA1ENT movie, ce FROM m -4ND CR ie mde bee ype e<>. (ile, ye) key. eme vible me ype, WHERE my m.ye wie < 1920 Exmple 9.15: uppoe w l ll movie objec cl. We c ue Aigg Vlue Ho-Lguge Vible ile ype ( bek ie) vible ye movie, ce moviel = ELECT m exp poduce e ll hoe movie mde bee ype e<>. (ile, ye) legl. key. eme FROM m TNCT Ulike m QL, which eed NTEGRATNG f old move d ho-lguge bee vible comp me ype, uple OQL my wie ho- & ORDER EXTERNAL BY m.ile, m.ye; lguge m vible, OQL f ( C++ ully exeded OQL): ho lguge. Th : moviel = ELECT m expeio OQL h hve leed, uch elec--whee, poduce Obg Ech Membe < 1920; ig ho-lguge vible moviel FROM l m objec vlue. poible old = ig ELECT DTNCT y ho-lguge LANGUAGE m ll objec, vible oed by ile ye. Obg ORDER BY m.ile, ech m.ye; membe e o bg become pope ype e vlue e h objec. eul FROM e m OQL expeio. cuo-bed lgoihm eeded WHERE m.ye < 1920; Oce x-e hye l, oed ig o o. ho-lguge c o bg cce vible ech moviel eleme l. l \Ye by ll umbe; do o objec, e Exmple 9.13 : Collecio OQL expeio ih eleme l L oed obed by ile by ORDER L[i ye. vlue old will become e e objec BY. Noe Recll h l ecio y h ELECT OQL DTNCT f m ully OO e uled ho umbeed lguge g 0, l C o C++. goup-by expeio ech poduce collecio Oce x-e hye l, oed o eleced o. c cce objec ech eleme o vlue. by umbe; e mu do FROM hg ex m if w Excg gle Eleme Collecio Exmple 9.16 : uppoe w ih eleme wie WHERE Reued m.ye < 1920 Exmple l C++ L obed fucio 9.15: by L[i uppoe h Noe p h l w y l eme ue eve if hve collecio objec e iged ile. ye, legh ech vible e movie. uled umbeed -1. kech g We 0, c fucio C ue o C++. how ile ( be eleme. OQL povide ope ce elec--whee ELEMENT goup-by expeio ech poduce collecio poduce e ll hoe movie mde bee ype Fig. e<> l membe. Th ope - c ei be e, pplied. bg, o l - mu do hg ex if w gle (ile, ye) key. f old ho ho-lguge pogm Exmple 9.16 : uppoe w wie C++ fucio h p ey h kow eu eleme gle. vible h collecio. Th eme me ype, ue eve if hve my collecio wie ile. ye, legh ech ( C++ exeded OQL): moviel movie. -1 kech = ELECT fucio m how h -e e ue co oly eleme. OQL povide ope 1) ELEMENT moviel = ELECT Fig. m 9.9. uld like ig vible gww. ype FROM m ype) old objec epeeg = ELECT u DTNCT gle collecio movie G m l membe. Th ope c be pplied. FROM m ce, eul quey h kow eu gle. ORDER BY m.ile, m.ye; ORDER BY m.ile, e quey FROM m 2) umbe0f = ~0UNT(); 1) moviel = ELECT m WHERE Exmple m.ye 9.14 < : uppoe 1920; would like ig vible gww. 3) ype (i=o; i<umbeof; ig i++) FROM ho-lguge vible movie ( m oed by ile ye. vlue old will (i.e., become cl e ype) e objec epeeg objec. movie 4) G movie = moviel [i] ; ORDER BY m.ile, m.ye; Wih Vible Wd" ho lllh Wd. eul quey 5) cou << movie.ile 2) umbe0f << " ' << = movie. ~0UNT(); ye << ' " Oce x-e hye l, oed o o lguge Excg (C++ o Jv) 6 << movie. legh 3) (i=o; << "\l' i<umbeof; ; i++) ( Eleme ELECT m Collecio ih eleme l L obed b e objec. 11-e co ig h bg vible 1 4) movie = moviel [i] ; FROM m e uled umbeed g 0, i ge ce ype elec--whee eo. Hove. Ay if xe pply goup-by objec expeio ype ech poduce collecio 5) WHERE m.ile = "G Wih Wd" cou << movie.ile << " ' << movie. ye << ' " - ei e, bg, o l - mu do hg ex if w gle 6 Figue 9.9: Exlg Exmple << movie. legh pg ech 9.16 << movie : "\l' uppoe ; w w eleme h collecio. Th eme ue eve if hve collecio m bg cog ju h objec. 11-e co ig h bg vible 1 ile. ye, legh ech movie. - vie h -e e ue co oly eleme. OQL povide ope ELEMENT m gvv diecly, becue -ould ge ype eo. Hove. if Le xe pply (1) o ee cl, ove plcg l Fig. eul 9.9. ul vible wy moviel,.ile u gle collecio l membe. Th ope c be pplied. = "G Wih Wd" ELEMENT ope fi, ~vhoe ype L<>. Le (2) compue umbe movie. ug ce, eul quey h kow eu gle. Figue 9.9: Exlg pg ech movie OQL ope COUNT. Le (3) hough (6) e -loop which ege gww = ELEMENT(ELECT m 1) moviel = ELECT m Exmple 9.14 : uppoe would like FROM ig m vible gww. ype Le (1) o cl, plcg eul FROM vible moviel, m (i.e., cl ype) WHERE objec m.ile epeeg = "G Wih Wd" movie G ~vhoe ype L<>. Le (2) compue umbe ORDER movie. BY ug m.i lllh Wd. eul quey 1; OQL ope COUNT. Le 2) (3) umbe0f hough (6) e -loop = which ~0UNT(Mo ege 3) (i=o; i<umbeof ELECT m 4) movie = moviel FROM m 33 [i] ; 5) WHERE m.ile = "G Wih Wd" cou << movie.ile <

34 WHAT NEXT Fi Appoch: Objec-Oieed Model Cocep OO pogmmg lguge ODL: Objec Defiio Lguge Wh bou queyg OO dbe??? OQL: Objec Oieed Quey Lguge ecod Appoch: Objec-Reliol Model 34

35 ECOND APPROACH: OBJECT- RELATONAL MODEL Objec-oieed model ie bg m cocep eliol model OO dom he OO cocep exeio Objec-eliol model ie bg m cocep OO dom eliol model he eliol model exeio Exeio hough ue-defed ype 35

36 CONCEPTUAL VEW OF OBJECT- RELATONAL MODEL Relio ill fudmel ucue Reliol model exeded followg feue Type yem pimiive ucue ype (UDT) cludg e, bg, y, l collecio ype cludg ucue like ecod Mehod pecil opeio c be defed ove ue-defed ype (UDT) pecilized ope complex ype, e.g., imge, mulimedi, ec. deifie uple Uique ideifie eve ideicl uple Refeece evel wy de- 36

37 cod h elio evel ddee. chem c wie: (me, dde(ee, ciy), bihde, movie(ile, y.>, legh)) CONCEPTUAL VEW OF OBJECT- RELATONAL MODEL A exmpl( F poible elio eed elio how g We v h elio wo uple, Cie Fhe Mk Will. vluc comp e bbevied coeve pce, d dhed le epg uple e oly coveiece hve o iol igificce. 1 Fhe ime 1 dde bihde 1 ovie 1 1 ee ciy 9 / 9 /99 mi ifle ye :-% W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j Refeece fc h movie like W will vlue movie ibue e dcy. effec, chem Exmple 4 o beg BCNF. Hove, decompoi e edudcy. R, eed ll movie elio, movie ppe To cue poblem, objec-elio o uple : h copo ou model ddiiol ducive ule: uple give chem. f ibue. h ype h elio chem med R, how Xoice h h iuio logou R; i.e., i coec gle objec y ype h e uple chem A({*R)). Th iuio e h ype e<r>. Exmple 4.24: A ppopie wy Repeg movie ue ~vo ide elio. o W will be ody elio ~vih m ecod edudcy Empie Exmple elio xvill elio h exmple. bu m Reu e uple. T (me, dde(ee, ciy), bihde, To void edudcy, hu: ue poe Figue 4.17: A eed elio i movie 170 movie(ile, ye, legh)) CH-dPTER 4. OTHER DATA MODEL () 4.5. THE OBJECT-RELAT (ile, ye, legh) Cie Fhe uple, ee he me. mic vlue, follo~ved (me, dde (ee, ci elio vlue dde comp. Th elio h wo movie(i*3> 1. \ Allow eed elio efce, which e eeil o "efce" ecio 4.3 cle h hei h h me, ODL fe whe i come hg ie did o dcu ue Hove, pcice, Q eliol ide llow m ocied y 37 cl.

38 UPPORT FROM VENDOR evel mjo we compie cludg BM, mix, Mico, Ocle, ybe hve ll eleed objec-eliol veio i poduc Exeded QL d clled QL-99 o QL3 38

39 QL-99: QUERY LANGUAGE FOR OBJECT- RELATONAL MODEL Ue-defied ype (UDT) eplce cocep cle Cee elio o p UDT Muliple elio c be ceed o p me UDT Cee Type <me> A (ibue mehod declio) 39

40 TYPE T A <ibue mehod declio> ; p poio plied objec. defiio mehod, ELF efe hdevoed uple, if h Th, defiio ype T h m Exmple \-ee 9.21:'123 LeMple u exe ecey. comp Fig mehod hou Exmple 9.20:?Ve c cee ype epeeg movie, logou eved ype defiio hu m TYPE A OQL <ibue mehod declio> ; co Exmple 9.21: Le u exed defiio p ype AddeType poio devoed cl foud T exmple Fig Hove, Fig mehod houenumbe h exc ee com TYPE AddeType epee diecly e movie field uple. Thu, hll comp \-ee '123 Mple bue mehod declio> ; ee h p poio devoed houe dde. Fo eved ce, if ee CHAR(501, oly?ve me dde comp Exmple 9.20: c cee ype epeeg movieuple., logou ype defiio comp \-ee '123 Mple. ', houenumbe hould eu '123'. ciy CHAR(20) To cl oe foud ype OQLexmple Fig Hove, co elf uple, beg, h dde Fig. ype epeeg movie, logou eved ype defiio hu: 1 TYPE AddeTy Thu, field Thu, hll epee diecly ee e movie ciy. eed wo uple. ype defiio, comp exmple Fig Hove, co eehouenumbe CHAR(501, 9.4. UER-DEFZXED TYPE N QL 451 METHOD oly me dde comp uple. ddee o. eceydefiio e how TYPEAddeType A ( field uple. Thu, hll ciy CHAR(20) Fig. To uple, beg, oe h ype dde Fig. 9.1 elf ee CHAR(501, comp uple. We ee keywod METHOD, follo ee Ue-Defed Type ciy. Thu, eed wo ype defiio, Mehod comp ciy CHAR(20) f dde Fig. 9.1 elf uple, ized l gume METHOD houenumbe ddee o. ecey defiio e1 how declio mehod eemble wy fucio PM odced;. Thu, eed wo ype A ( bu pee e ill ee TYPEdefiio, AddeType Fig. METHOD houenumbe () RETURN CHAR(^^) ; eeecey ecio e o log P1 pocedue mehod. Th,. defiio e how hve ppeed, follo~ved by i We ee keywod METHOD, foll ee CHAR(~O), Ceg ype dde evey mehod eu vlue ype. While fucio declio l gume ciy CHAR(20) We ee keywod METHOD, follo-edby me ized mehod eed p combed, mehod eed boh declio, defiio Phf e epely, defe bu pee e ill TYPE AddeType A ( ); ized l gume i ype. h ce, e e o gume, e defiio ype, epe defiio, METHOD eme. io co : follo~vedby i hve ppeed, ee CHAR(~O), bukey pee e ill eeded. Hd e bee11 gume, y would ( X mehod declio look like P1 fucio declio, hve ppeed, follo~vedby i ype. uch ( NT, b CHAR(^)). 0 TYPE Type ciy CHAR(20) A ( 1.epely, keywod METH wod METHOD eplcg FUNCTON. Hove, QL mehod ypiclly eed def CHAR(30), ) ; me phve o gume; y e pplied ow, ju ODL mehod e epely, io co eed defe meliod. -1imple mmehod : mehod defidde AddeType 2. me. gume plied objec. defiio mehod, ELF efe h uple, if io co : TYPE Type A ( declio ecey.) ; 1. keywod ME me CHAR(30), A hiechy ype 1. keywod METHOD gum lic AddeType keywod mehod FOR me. Exmple 9.21:dde Le u exed defiio ype AddeType (hece) Figue 9.10: Two ype defiio declcd. ; mehod houenumbe h exc ee com declio 2. mehod me. gume i ype, RETURN clue, h Fig ) p poio devoed houe dde. Fo ce, if ee declio mehod FOR mehod. body keywod l h uple ypemple AddeType h wo comp, comp \-ee '123. ', houenumbe hould euwhoe '123'.ibue e bodie PJ fucio. Figue 9.10: Two ype defiio keywod which mehod ee ype leghfor lic me UDT declcd. eved ypeciy. defiio hu: e comp e chce3.g Two ype50defiio 20, epecively. A uple ype Type lo h -odeclcd. comp. could Fo ce, 4. body defe mehod TYPE ibue whoe 30-chce g, ibue ecod e hfi uple AddeType ype me, AddeType h wo comp, whoe A ( ype Addg mehod declio 4. body mehod. \vhich ~vic bodie me lguge PJ fucio. wo comp, whoe ibue e dde, whoe ype elf UDT hchce, uple ee eeee ciy. ype eaddetype. comp e g legh CHAR(501, METHOD houenmb bodie PJ fucio. ype (o defiio) comp eciy chce g ciy comp. C]Alegh 50 20, epecively. uple ype Type lo h -o comp. CHAR(20) FOR AddeType could defe h Fo ce, (Ecpulio) ype Type h -o comp. fi1lo ibue me, whoe ype 30-chce g, ecod Fo ce, could defe mehod houenumbe Exmple 9.21 : e 30-chce g, ecod dde, whoe ype elf UDT AddeType. h, uple ee METHOD houenumbe () RETURN CHAR(^^) ; METHOD houen AddeType. h, uple ee RETURN CHAR (10) METHOD9.houeNmbe 452 CHAPTER OBJECT-ORENTATON N LANGU.4G ciy comp. C] FORQUERY AddeType We ee keywod METHOD, follo-edby me mehod pi-for AddeType BEGN ized l gume i ype. h ce, e e o gume,... bu pee e ill eeded. Hd e bee11 gume, y would E N D ; hve ppeed, follo~vedby i ype. uch ( NT, b CHAR(^)) CREATNG UDT \Ve hve omied body mehod becue ccomplhg ed epio g i g eded oivil, eve PM.

41 COLLECTON AND LARGE OBJECT Book Type co collecio Ay uho à cpue ode uho e keywod cee ype Book " (ile vch(20), " uho-y vch(20) y [10], " pub-de de, " publhe Publhe, " keywod-e ef(vch(20)))" Lge objec ype CLOB: Chce lge objec book-eview CLOB(10KB) BLOB: by lge objec imge BLOB(10MB) movie BLOB(2GB) Uully povide mehod ide UDT mipule CLOB & BLOB 41

42 Th, defiio ype T h m TYPE T A <ibue mehod declio> ; CREATNG RELATON Exmple 9.20:?Ve c cee ype epeeg movie, logou cl foud OQL exmple Fig Hove, co epee diecly e movie field uple. Thu, hll oly me dde comp uple. To beg, oe h ype dde Fig. 9.1 elf uple, Oce ype e ceed, c cee elio 1 comp ee ciy. Thu, eed wo ype defiio, ddee o. ecey defiio e how Fig geel, TYPE AddeType A ( c cee ble ou ype ); ee CHAR(~O), ciy Bu CHAR(20) ype povide ecpulio, hece, ec. TYPE Type A ( me CHAR(30), dde AddeType ); ecey. Cee Tble OF Type; Exmple 9.21: Le u exed Fig mehod houen p poio devoed comp \-ee '123 Mple. eved ype defiio hu TYPE AddeType ee CHAR(501, ciy CHAR(20) METHOD houenumbe ( We ee keywod METHOD, follo ized l gume i bu pee e ill eed hve ppeed, follo~ved by i epely, eed defe io co : 1. keywod METHO 2. mehod me. gume declio Figue 9.10: Two ype defiio How defe key eliohip??? h uple ype AddeType h wo comp, whoe ibue e ee ciy. ype e comp e chce g legh 50 20, epecively. A uple ype Type lo h -o comp. fi ibue me, whoe ype 30-chce g, ecod dde, whoe ype elf UDT AddeType. h, uple ee ciy comp. C] 3. keywod FOR lic declcd. 4. body mehod. \v bodie PJ fucio. Fo ce, could defe METHOD houenmb FOR AddeType 42

43 1. keywod TYPE, declio mehod eemble 2. A me ype, ee ecio e o log 3. keywod A, CREATNG RELATON evey mehod eu vlue om defiio Phf e combed, m defiio ype, epe d 4. A peized, comm-eped l ibue i ype. 454 CHAPTER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON N QUERY X mehod LAXGU-AGE declio look like wod METHOD eplcg FUNC 5. A comm-eped l mehod, cludg i gume y pe(), hve o gume; y e pplied eu ype. plied objec. defiio 1) TYPE Type A ( A gle pimy key c 2 be ile defed CHAR(30) ug, Pimy ecey. Key ye NTEGER, keywod Mehod Ue-Def Th, defiio ype T h m 3, 4) colo BOOLEAN Exmple 9.21: Le u exed 1 ; Fig mehod houenumb TYPE T A <ibue mehod 454 declio> CHAPTER ; 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON N QUERY p LAXGU-AGE poio devoed h 5) OF Type ( comp \-ee '123 Mple. ', Exmple 9.20: To?Ve c cee ype o epeeg movie elio 6) R, R movied h YTEM be GENERATED,, logou ble eved ype defiio hu: 1) 7) PRMARY TYPE Type KEY (ile, A ye) ( cl ug foud OQL keywod exmple Fig Hove, co epee diecly e movie field 2 uple. 1; Thu, ile hll CHAR(30), TYPE AddeType A ye NTEGER, oly me dde comp uple. Tuple c be d ug ibue ee CHAR(501, 454 CHAPTER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON N QUERY 3, 4) LAXGU-AGE colo BOOLEAN 9.5. OPERATON ON OBJECT-RELATONA To beg, oe h ype dde Fig elf Figue movied uple, 9.11: (yem Ceg geeed) ble ble ciy CHAR(20) ; comp ee ciy. Thu, eed wo ype defiio, 1 * b) PeoType, me peo 1) ddee TYPE Type o. A ( ecey defiio 5) e how METHOD houenumbe () R GENERATED" by "DERVED," OF ew Type uple would ( ge e i i vlue mo movied f. You mu ue Fig ile CHAR(30), by 6) clculio, pemed movied by YTEM yem, GENERATED, o declio. vlue pimy-key ye NTEGER, We ee keywod METHOD, follo-ed ibue 7) ile PRMARY ye KEY (ile, me ye) uple. 3, 4) colo BOOLEAN 1; c) MigeType, ized l gume de i mi y 1 ; TYPE AddeType A ( Exmple 9.25 : Now, le u ee how epee b my-my bu Defe wife. pee eliohip pimy key e ill eeded ee CHAR(~O), bee movie Cee ug ble. Peviouly, hve epeeed ppeed, follo~ved h by i yp 5) Cee ciy ype CHAR(20) movie OF Type ( eliohip by Figue elio 9.11: like Ceg h ble co uple ble 9.4.2: Redeig key ou ug poduc 6) movied YTEM GENERATED,. A leive, ce my defe ue epely, ype declio hve eed defe ); 7) PRMARY KEY (ile, ye) uple e-wo elio. picul, io co elio : PC: Lpp, GENERATED" by "DERVED," ew uple would 1; ibue ge be i vlue movied Fi, eed edefe o i ble ble, huly: Poduc uple h TYPE Type A ( by clculio, pemed by yem, o vlue 1. pimy-key keywod METHOD. me CHAR(30), ibue ile ye OF me Type uple.! ( 9.4.3: Refeeceble, bu o uggeed dde Figue AddeType 9.11: Ceg ble ble D YTEM GENERATED ble PC, Lpp, pimy 2. mehod key Pe me. could gume be efee Exmple 9.25 : Now, le u ee how epee ble. my-my i lo poible eliohip ); 1; declio mke model ib me bee movie ug. Peviouly, uple epeeed elio h h ype poduc GENERATED" by "DERVED," ew uple would ge i eliohip vlue, by movied elio like h co uple 3. keywod key Cee ype Cee my decle elio ble hve wo ibue, ~vhich FOR 43 lic by clculio, pemed Figue by 9.10: yem, Two ype o defiio vlue e, pimy-key. A movie uple leive, * my defe uple : Hee declcd. Redeig diec hve ou ug bleh

44 DEFNNG RELATONHP Exmple 9.25 : Now, le u ee how epee my-my eliohip bee movie ug. Peviouly, epeeed h eliohip by elio like h co uple key. A leive, my defe hve 9.1. UER-DEFNED TYPE A QL 453 uple e-wo elio. Oe--my O -- Fi, eed edefe o i ble ble, huly: A (T) COPE R Plug i ide exg ype f o cope pecified, c go y elio ype T My--my Exmpe 9.23 : Refeece ibue e o ufficie ecod e ll movie y ed, bu y le u ecod be movie ech. Aume h hve decled elio, h ype h elio UDT Type; hll defe boh Type le, Fig followg ew defiio Type h clude 11 ibue be h movie. Cee ew ype o ew ble efeecg exg ype TYPE Type A ( me CHAR(30), dde AddeType, be (Type) COPE > ; Fo ech, keep ow, if elio defed hve UDT bove, ech uple will hve comp h efe uple - ' be be movie (-my) movie. e, -e mu ge h ble uch Exmple 9.23 will hve colum. uch ble id be ble. eme -hee ype ble UDT ( ecio COPE 9.4.3), po my ble ble pped clue m: ibue me> <how geeed, GENERATED" by "DERVED," ew uple would ge i vlue movied by clculio, pemed by yem, o vlue pimy-key ibue ile ye me uple. OF Type ( D YTEM GENERATED 1;, my decle elio hve wo ibue, ~vhich e, movie uple uple. Hee diec defiio h elio: ( (Type1 COPE, movie (Type1 COPE 1; Opiolly, Tble could ech hve defed piciped UDT bove, decled be which ble movie h ype. (my-my) ecio : Wie ype declio followg ype: ) NmeType, comp fi, middle, l me ile. ibue me me give colum h will eve "objec ideifie" uple..-how geeed" clue ypiclly ei: 44

45 WHAT NEXT Fi Appoch: Objec-Oieed Model Cocep OO pogmmg lguge ODL: Objec Defiio Lguge Wh bou queyg OO dbe??? OQL: Objec Oieed Quey Lguge ecod Appoch: Objec-Reliol Model Cocepul view D Defiio Lguge (Ceg ype, ble, eliohip) Queyg objec-eliol dbe (QL-99) 45

46 QUERYNG OBJECT-RELATONAL DATABAE Mo eliol ope wok o objeceliol ble E.g., elecio, pojecio, ggegio, e opeio ome ew ope ew yx exg ope QL-99 (QL3): Exeded QL opee o objeceliol dbe 46

47 TYPE9.Type A ( 454 1) CHAPTER OBJECT-ORENTATON N QUERY LAXGU-AGE 2 i l e CHAR(30), ye NTEGER, 1) TYPE Type A ( 3, 4) i c o l o BOOLEAN 2 1; ile CHAR(30), * b) PeoType, me peo 9.5. ON OBJECT-RELATONAL e ioperaton mo f. You mu ue ype declio. * b) PeoType, me peo ef de mige c) MigeType, e i mo f. You mu ueefee wife. b declio. EXAMPLE ye NTEGER, OBJECT-ORENTATON NNQUERY 454 5) 4) CHAPTER 9. OBJECT-ORENTATON QUERYLAXGU-AGE LAXGU-AGE 3,CHAPTER i c o l o BOOLEAN OF Type ( 1; movied YTEM GENERATED, 6) 7) PRMARY KEY ( i l e, yae )( 1)5) 1) TYPE TYPEType Type A ( AOFQL Type (.1. UER-DEFNED TYPE Q1: 453 Fd 1; 2 6) i l e CHAR(30), 2 i le movied CHAR(30), YTEM GENERATED, ye NTEGER, ye 7) PRMARY KNTEGER, EY ( i l e, y e ) A (T) COPE R 3,4) 4) i coc lool o BOOLEAN 3, 1; ifigue 9.11:BOOLEAN Ceg ble ble OPERATON ON OBJECT-RELATONA 9.5. OPERATON ON OBJECT-RELATONA : Redeig ou ug poduc MigeType, de dbe mige c) wife. b ce ue ype declio ibue wh **b)b) PeoType, me PC: Lpp, i e mk picul, elio PeoType, me Ppeo peo 9.4.2: Redeig ou ug poduc e i mo f. You mu ue Poduc uple h model. ibue be e i mo f. You mu ue ye movie ce Kg Kog ue ype declio declio. declio. PC: Lpp, P 9.4.3: picul, elio! uggeed h model MigeType, de mi c) Poduc uple h ibue be MigeType, de mi c) ble PC, Lpp, P i e could be uple 1 ;1; elec m.ye wife. b ble. i lob poible wife. mke model ibue Podu f o cope pecified, c go y elio ype T! 9.4.3: uggeed h PC,elio h o wh Fom m upleble 9.4.2: Redeig ug poduc Lpp, Pype i feou poduc? could bewhy Figue Ceg ble ble 9.4.2: Redeig ou ug poduc OFOF Type 5)5) GENERATED" by "DERVED," ew uple ge( (i vlue movied 9.11: Type Exmpe 9.23 : Refeece ibue ewould o ufficie ecod ble. i lo poible mke model ibue ce ype declio y movied GENERATED, ce ue ue ype declio Whee m.ile *= Kg Kog ; 6)6) movied YTEM GENERATED, yhe clculio, pemed by YTEM yem, o pimy-key e ll movie ed, bu y levlue u ecod be movie 9.4.4: Redeig ou ug blehip dbe uple elio h ype poduc? W PC: Lpp, P picul, elio PC: Lpp, picul, elio 7) KEKY ( (decled me ew )would l by e PRMARY y e uple. ibue 7) iaume PRMARY EY i l el e, uple,y yeeelio ) h hve, vlue h movied ype ch. ue ype declio ibue wh ce GENERATED" "DERVED," ge i uple ibue be Poduc Poducwhee upleefee h h ibue 1;1; Type; yem, hll defe boh Type h elio UDT hould chem be by clculio, pemed by o vlue pimy-key * 9.4.4: Redeig ouugge ug blehip Exmple : Now, ley followg u ee howme epee my-my eliohip e, Fig. ew defiio Type h clude ueful.!ce Look my- uggeed epee i l e e uple. ibue : ue ype declio y eliohip field! 9.4.3: uggeed epeeed h Vible m impo ee movie ug. Peviouly, 11 ibue be h movie. ibue ype. ugge whe chem PC, ieehould could be ble Figue 9.11: Ceg ble ble PC, Lpp, Lpp, PP9.1.3 could be efee efee ble Figue 9.11: ble ble Ceg how h co uple key eliohip elio like Exmple by 9.25 : Now, le u ee epee my-my eliohip ueful. Look my- eliohip y ble. i lo poible mke model ib ble. i lo poible mke model ib TYPE A. (. A ug leive, my defe epeeed hve h bee movie Type Peviouly, ibue ype. uple elio h ype poduc? uple elio h ype poduc CHAR(30),ew elio. ew uple uple h would co uple key eliohip "DERVED," elio like efeece me uple e-wo 9.5 be Opeio ocy Objec-Reliol GENERATED" byby i Q2: GENERATED" by"derved," wouldge ge ivlue vlue movied movied Fd ile movie Jim dde AddeType,. A byby leive, defe huly: pimy-key pimy-key hve Fi, clculio, eed edefe oyem, i ble ble, y clculio, pemed oomy * 9.4.4: Redeig by pemed yem, vlue vlue * 9.4.4: Redeig ou ou ug ug blehi bleh be (Type) COPE uple e-wo elio ppopie QL opeio peviou chpe pply 9.5 Opeio o Objec-Rel i l e y e me uple. ibue ue ype declio ce ibue i l e y e me uple. ce ue ype declio ; OF Type Fi, eed edefe o i( ble ble, huly: UDT o h hve ibue whoe ype w decled hould hould ugge ugge w chem chem elec.be->ile -111 ppopie QL opeio peviou chp Exmple 9.25 uuee how : Now, Dlele YTEM Exmple 9.25 :Now, eegenerated howepee epee my-my my-myeliohip eliohip ew opeio c ue, uch lo eiely ueful. Look my- eliohip y ueful. Look my- eliohip y ow, if elio defed hve ech OF Type ( UDT bove, h hve ibue whoe decled UDT oepecilly epeeed h bee. Peviouly, Fom epeeed h eve, bee movie ug ug. Peviouly, 1;willmovie fmili opeio. ibue ibue ype. ype.hoe h cce o uple hve comp h efe uple ' be D YTEM GENERATED ew opeio lo eiely h co uple key eliohip by elio like key.me =\\-hoe eliohip by elio like h co uple ype UDT, volve ew yx. c ue, uch movie. Whee Jim Cy ;, my decle elio hve wo ibue, ~vhich 1; eve, fmili opeio. epecilly hoe h.. A Aleive, leive, my mydefe defe hve hve \\-hoe UDT, volveo ew Objec-Re yx. e, ge movie uple uple. Hee 9.23 diec efeece uple e-wo elio. 9.5 uple e-wo elio. 9.5ypeOpeio Opeio, e, -e h ble uch Exmple will~vhich hve mu my decle elio hve wo ibue, Followg Refeece o Objec-Re efiio h elio: Fi, eed edefe o i ble ble, huly: Fi, eed edefe ble ble, e colum. uch ble id o beible. Hee CR EA TEhuly:, movie uple uple. diec -111 QL opeio peviou ch QL opeio peviou ch Followg Refeece eme -hee ype ble UDT ( ecio 9.4.3), my uppoe9.5.1 x-111 ppopie ppopie vlue ype (T). x efe defiio h elio: OFOFType (( ( Type UDT o h hve ibue who decled Follow (poe) UDT o h hve ibue wh decled pped clue m: We c ob uple elf, o comp : by wo me uppoe xope eiely vlueew ype (T). x efe (Type1 D YTEMCOPE GENERATED, GENERATED opeio c uch lo ew opeio c ue, ue, uc lo eiely ug à D YTEM ( We c ob uple elf, o comp : (Type1 COPE 1;1;movie R E F ibue me> <how geeed, eve, fmili opeio. epecilly hoe eve, fmili opeio. epecilly hoe 1. Ope -> h eeilly me meg h by oph (Type1 COPE, \\-hoe ype UDT, volve ew yx. 1; volve yx. Th\\-hoe if ype x upleew. me movie decle (Type1 COPE hve wo ibue, ~vhich 1.,Ope -> UDT, h eeilly elio colum 47 meg,my my decle give elio hve ibue, ~vhich, ibue me me h willwo eve "objec x-> vlue ibue uple. 1; Th, if x uple. e defed movie uple uple. Hee e,, hve movie bove, uple.ei: Hee diec.-how geeed" clue ypiclly deifie" could uple. Opiolly, uple UDT decled diec >