1. The diagram below shows the synthesis of a polynucleotide by the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
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1 1. The diagram below shows the synthesis of a polynucleotide by the formation of a phosphodiester bond. Which statement best describes how the nucleotides are joined to form the polynucleotide? (A) The phosphate group gives up an H + ion and forms an ionic bond with the deoxyribose sugar. This answer suggests the student may understand that phosphate groups can lose an H + ion and form ionic bonds with other substances, but does not understand that this would not occur with a deoxyribose molecule because these groups are covalently bonded by dehydration reactions. (B) A hydrogen atom and a hydroxide group are removed from the phosphate and deoxyribose molecules, and a covalent bond is formed via dehydration synthesis. This answer suggests the student understands that DNA nucleotides are attached to form a DNA polymer (sequence of nucleotides) by means of dehydration reactions between phosphate and deoxyribose groups. Page 1 of 7
2 (C) The phosphate group is strongly electronegative and forms a hydrogen bond with a positively charged region on the deoxyribose sugar. This answer suggests the student may understand that phosphate groups are electronegative and can form hydrogen bonds with polar molecules, but does not understand that this would not form a strong helix because the hydrogen bond is weak and easily separated. (D) A water molecule is split via hydrolysis, and the phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar are covalently linked. This answer suggests the student may understand that a water molecule is involved in the synthesis of a polymer, but does not understand that water is a product of the dehydration synthesis of a polynucleotide because a molecule of water is formed when the hydroxyl group ( OH) from both the phosphate group and the deoxyribose combine to form a covalent bond, while the separation of polymers into monomers is achieved through hydrolysis (the addition of water). 2. The diagram below represents the replication of a DNA strand. Page 2 of 7
3 Which statement best explains how the DNA polymerases will interact with the DNA strands? (A) As the replication fork opens, both DNA polymerases will continue to move toward the replication fork and attach complementary DNA nucleotides to each template strand, because DNA can only be replicated by enzymes moving toward the replication fork, in either the 3' 5' or 5' 3' direction. This answer suggests the student may understand that replication in the direction of the replication fork is most efficient, but does not understand that this cannot occur on the right strand because DNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand. (B) As the replication fork opens, only the DNA polymerase on the left strand of the molecule will be able to place complementary bases on the DNA template, because DNA can only be replicated by enzymes moving in the 3' 5' direction on the template strand. This answer suggests the student may understand that, during replication, DNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand, but does not understand that this would mean that the DNA polymerase on the right template would move away from the replication fork because it also has to move in the 3' 5' direction. (C) As the replication fork opens, the DNA polymerase on the left strand of the molecule will place complementary bases on the DNA template moving toward the replication fork, and the DNA polymerase on the right strand of the molecule will replicate moving away from the replication fork, because DNA can only be replicated by enzymes moving in the 3' 5' direction on the template strand. This answer suggests the student understands that DNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand and that the enzyme on the left strand moves toward the replication fork and the enzyme on the right strand moves away from the replication fork. (D) As the replication fork opens, the DNA polymerase on the left strand of the molecule will place complementary bases on the DNA template strand moving away from the replication fork, and the DNA polymerase on the right strand of the molecule will replicate moving toward the replication fork, because DNA can only be replicated by enzymes moving in the 5' 3' direction. Page 3 of 7
4 This answer suggests the student may understand that DNA is replicated in antiparallel directions, but may not understand that DNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction. 3. The diagram below shows parts of a structural gene. Which statement most accurately describes how the gene will be transcribed by RNA polymerase? (A) The RNA polymerase will only transcribe the nucleotides on strand B from the transcription start site to the termination site and will produce an mrna transcript in the 5' 3' direction. This answer suggests the student understands that RNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction from the transcription start site to the termination site on the DNA, so strand B must be the coding strand of the gene and the mrna transcript produced will be in the 5' 3' direction. (B) The RNA polymerase will only transcribe the nucleotides on strand A from the promoter region to the termination site and will produce an mrna transcript in the 3' 5' direction. This answer suggests the student may understand that transcription occurs along one DNA strand and that the mrna molecule is synthesized in an antiparallel fashion, but does not understand that this cannot occur on strand A because DNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand. Page 4 of 7
5 (C) The RNA polymerase will transcribe the nucleotides on strand B from the promoter to the termination site and then will transcribe strand A back to the promoter region to produce a complete mrna transcript. This answer suggests the student may understand that, during transcription, RNA polymerase can only move in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand, but does not understand that the non-template strand (strand A) would not be transcribed because strand A is non-coding in protein synthesis. (D) The RNA polymerase will transcribe the nucleotides in the exon regions of strand A and strand B, beginning at the transcription start site and ending at the termination site, to produce the correct mrna transcript. This answer suggests the student may understand that only some regions of the gene sequence are translated into a polypeptide and that genes contain many non-coding regions, but does not understand that the non-coding strand (strand A) would not be transcribed because transcription only occurs in the 3' 5' direction on the DNA template strand. 4. The diagram below represents a nucleic acid found in a cell. Page 5 of 7
6 Which statement best describes what the role of this molecule will be in protein synthesis? (A) The anticodon on the mrna in the diagram will bind to the trna triplet 5'-UUC-3' in a ribosome and place a specific amino acid onto the polypeptide being assembled. This answer suggests the student may understand that the anticodon 3'-AAG-5' pairs with the codon 5'-UUC-3', but does not understand that the nucleic acid pictured in the diagram is trna, because the student does not recognize the unique structure of trna, including the anticodon that is located opposite the attachment site and that enables trna to read mrna and place the correct amino acid in the polypeptide chain. (B) The anticodon on the mrna in the diagram will bind to the trna codon 5'-UUC-3' in a ribosome and signal to the trna to place the appropriate amino acid onto the polypeptide chain. Page 6 of 7
7 This answer suggests the student may understand that the anticodon 3'-AAG-5' pairs with the codon 5'-UUC-3', but does not understand that the nucleic acid pictured in the diagram is trna, because the student does not recognize the unique structure of trna, including the anticodon that is located opposite the attachment site and that enables the trna to read mrna and place the correct amino acid in the polypeptide chain. (C) The anticodon on the trna in the diagram will bind to the mrna codon 5'-UUC-3' in a ribosome and signal to the mrna to place the appropriate amino acid onto the polypeptide chain. This answer suggests the student may understand that the anticodon 3'-AAG-5' on the trna pictured in the diagram pairs with the mrna codon 5'-UUC-3', but does not understand that mrna is not involved in forming peptide bonds because that is the role of the trna molecule. (D) The anticodon on the trna in the diagram will bind to the mrna codon 5'-UUC-3' in a ribosome and place a specific amino acid onto the polypeptide being assembled. This answer suggests the student understands that the anticodon 3'-AAG-5' on the trna pictured in the diagram pairs with the codon 5'-UUC-3' on mrna because it is the complementary sequence, and when this occurs, a specific amino acid will be placed on the polypeptide chain. Page 7 of 7
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