GCSE Physical Education Glossary- Important terms and definitions

Transcription

1 GCSE Physical Education Glossary- Important terms and definitions Term Definition Abduction Movement of limb away from the mid-line of the body Adduction Movement of limb towards mid-line of body Adenosine triphosphate Chemical substance that provides all the energy needs of the body. Must be replenished constantly Adrenaline Hormone that causes rapid increase in heart rate Aerobic energy System used when sufficient oxygen is available to meet the demands of working muscles and s Agility Ability of body to change direction at speed Alveoli Small air sacs in the lungs where gas is exchanged Anaerobic energy Production of energy without the use of oxygen Antagonist Muscles that work with the prime mover/agonist to control movement at joints. As the prime mover contracts the agonist relaxes- VICE VERSA Antibodies Chemicals in white blood cells that fight infection and disease Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood at high pressure away from the heart Autonomic Part of nervous that automatically controls bodily functions, e.g. digestion, breathing nervous Balance Ability to maintain body s position above the centre of gravity Blood pressure Force of blood exerted against walls of arteries during pumping of blood about body Body composition Relationship between fat and lean tissue of body Body type Use of somatotyping to describe and rate body shape- endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph, - (1-7) Capillaries Microscopic blood vessels that link arteries to veins Carbohydrate loading Increased intake of carbohydrate before endurance events, leads to increased amounts of glycogen in muscles Cardiac muscle Heart muscle, beats without tiring Cardiac output Amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute Cartilage Tough soft tissue covering and protecting ends of bones, providing shape for parts of the body,

2 Central nervous Circumduction Closed skills Concentric Continuous training Coordination Creatine phosphate energy Dehydration Doping Eccentric Ectomorph Electrolytes Endocrine glands Endomorph Enzyme Exercise Expiration Extension Fartlek Fast twitch Fatigue Feedback acting as shock absorber Made up of brain and spinal cord. It analyses information, makes decisions, and starts action Circular movement of limb about a joint Skills not affected by the environment Isotonic where the muscle shortens Working for sustained periods of time Ability to perform complex movements easily System that provides energy instantly but it s stores are limited, and used up quickly Loss of body fluids, usually when working extremely hard Use of illegal substances to obtain an unfair advantage Isotonic where the muscle lengthens Body type with little fat, or muscle and a narrow shape Essential dissolved substances that maintain fluid balance Glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream when required A body type, pear shaped, fat Chemicals produced in the body that help in many bodily processes and reactions Physical activity aimed at improving health Breathing air and waste products out form the lungs Limb movement, straightening of the joint Speed play- method of training in which we vary the pace and training conditions Muscle fibres that are used for anaerobic activity mainly. They provide fast, powerful s, but tire easily Tiredness as a result of physical activity, caused by a build up of lactic acid in the body Information about the outcome of a performance

3 Flexibility Range of movement possible at a joint Flexion Limb movement, bending of the joint Glucose Simple sugar used for energy in the body Glycogen Chemical substance used to store glucose in the body Goal An ambition, or target that we set ourselves Haemoglobin Oxygen carrying substance in red blood cells Health-related Fitness necessary to maintain good health fitness Health State of complete total physical, social, and mental well being Heart beat One complete of the heart Heart rate Number of heartbeats per minute Hormones Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands Hygiene Good habits to keep ourselves clean and healthy Input All information about a situation, from the senses Inspiration Breathing air into lungs Interval training Any training using alternating periods of very hard exercise and rest Involuntary muscle Muscles that work automatically Isometric Muscular that results in no movement at a joint, muscle contracts but fibres remain the same length Isotonic Muscular that causes movement at a joint. The movement can be concentric or eccentric Lactic acid Waste product of muscular action that builds up if oxygen is not available Lactic acid energy Provides energy to working muscles when oxygen is not immediately available. Lactic acid builds up in working muscles Leisure time Free time after we have taken care of our bodily needs, our work and our duties Ligament Elastic tissue connecting bone to bone, stabilising movement at joints Maximum strength Maximum force that can be exerted against a fixed immovable resistance Mesomorph Body type, muscular, wedge shaped Minute volume Amount of air breathed in, in one minute Motor nerves Carry information to effector organs from the central nervous

4 Muscular endurance Nutrient Obesity Open skills Ossification Output Overload Oxygen debt Peripheral nervous Physical fitness Plyometrics Power Prime movers Progression Pulmonary circulation Pulse Reaction time Recreation Repetition max Residual volume Resistance Respiratory rate Reversibility Rotation Ability of muscle or muscle group to work very hard for long periods of time Basic food element that provide nourishment for the body More than 20% over the standard weight for our height- our BMI Skills that are affected by whole sporting environment Growth and development of bones Actions decided by central nervous Principle of training that states that we must work our body s harder than normal in order to improve them The way we pay back oxygen deficit built up during anaerobic exercise once exercise stops Nerves and sense organs that send information to central nervous and send orders to working muscles Ability of body to carry out everyday activities with little fatigue and enough energy left for emergencies Training method using explosive movements to develop muscular power, i.e. hopping, bounding Ability to contract muscles with speed and force in one explosive act Or AGONISTS, muscles that are responsible for movement at joints Principle of training that states the amount of work we do must be gradually increased Movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and oxygenated blood is returned to the heart Beating of heart, felt at arteries near surface of body Ability to respond to a stimulus quickly A way of relaxing and enjoying ourselves during our leisure time The maximum weight we can lift a specified number of times Amount of air left in lungs after we breathe out as hard as possible Weight or load against which muscles have to work Number of breaths per minute Principle of training that states that any effects of training are not permanent and will be lost when training stops Turning movement of a body part about the long axis of the joint

5 Sensory nerves Carry information from receptor organs to the central nervous Skeletal muscle Muscles of the skeleton that are under voluntary control Skill The learned ability to chose and perform the right techniques at the right time, effectively and constantly within a competitive game or activity Slow twitch Muscle fibres designed for aerobic work. Provide slower, less powerful s but can keep working for long periods of time Smooth muscle Muscles of the internal organs which work automatically Somatotyping Method of classifying body types Specificity Principle of training that states the training must be closely resemble the sporting activity Speed Ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible Stamina Ability of heart and lung s to cope with prolonged activity Strength Ability of muscles or muscle group to overcome a resistance Stroke volume Amount of blood pumped out of heart each beat Synovial joint Joint containing synovial fluid to reduce friction, allowing a wide range of movement Systemic circulation Movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart Tedium Principle of training that states training must be varied to prevent boredom and overuse injuries Tendons Elastic connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones Tidal volume Amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing Total lung capacity Vital capacity added to residual volume Training Regular physical activity aimed at specific improvements Training zone Range of heart rate within which specific training effects will take place Veins Less elastic blood vessels that contain valves preventing back flow that return blood to heart Vertebral column Vertebrae of spine which protect spinal cord Vital capacity Maximum amount of air we exhale after inhaling deeply VO2 max Maximum amount of O2 that can be transported to and used by muscles during 1 min of exercise Voluntary muscle Muscles that work under our direct control Weight training Using weights as a form of resistance training

6 More information An excellent website that has definition a computer that will speak the definition and also quizzes you can take to test yourself A website full of GCSE AQA PE information, key terms, tests, revision and fun/games. GCSE PE bitesize website The GCSE PE AQA specification here you can find past exam papers with answers, information on everything we do on the course and help for when you sit the exam Remember the theory is 40% of the exam you will do very well on the practical however you must continuously revise for the exam.