Transcription and Translation. Chapter Ten
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1 Transcription and Translation Chapter Ten
2 Central Dogma DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein
3 Definitions Transcription To copy down, within the same language Language = Nucleic Acids DNA to RNA Translation To translate from one language to another From Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids RNA to Protein
4 DNA vs. RNA
5 Note Where Things Happen
6 RNA polymerase Transcription Double Stranded DNA Promoter opens initiation elongation termination single stranded mrna
7 Important Players Template Strand = DNA 3 to 5 direction Promoter = specific sequence of DNA that signals transcription start site Transcription Factors = proteins that attract the RNA polymerase and regulate RNA Polymerase = Enzyme that completes process of transcription mrna = messenger RNA Copy of template strand that makes protein
8 Transcription Initiation
9 Transcription Elongation
10 Transcription Termination At end of gene DNA has a terminator Sequence that signals end of transcription RNA polymerase disassociates from DNA ss mrna floats away
11 Processing mrna 1. 5 cap added to beginning of mrna Methyl groups are added to act as initiation site for translation 2. Poly-A tail added to end of mrna A couple hundred A s are added to end Stabilizes mrna s structure 3. Splicing out of introns Introns are removed at splice sites Leaving only exons for translation
12 Alternative Splicing Many mrna sequences can be spliced differently Thereby producing more than one protein from same sequence Promoter A B C D E A B C E A C D E
13 Translation...AGAGCGGAATGGCAGAGTGGCTAAGCATGTCGTGATCGAATAAA... AGAGCGGA.AUG.GCA.GAG.UGG.CUA.AGC.AUG.UCG.UGA.UCGAAUAAA MET.ALA.GLU.TRP.LEU.SER.MET.SER.STOP 4 Nucleotides 20 amino acids 1 base codon = 4 possible amino acids 2 base codon = 16 possible amino acids 3 base codon = 64 possible amino acids
14 Codon (3 bases) Translation trna amino acid single stranded mrna
15 The Genetic Code Phe Leu Leu Val Ile Met Ser Pro Thr Ala UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG Tyr Stop His Gln Asn Lys Asp Glu Cys Arg Ser Arg Gly Stop Trp UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG UAU UAC UAA UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG
16 Important Players trna = transfer RNA Binds codon on one side and aa on other Ribosome = enzyme that gathers the correct trna and makes the peptide bond between two amino acids Initiator trna = aa Met; begins translation Stop codons = stop translation Peptide = the newly formed sequence of aa s
17 Translation Note: Actually a different trna for each different codon
18 Question One: How many bases specify one amino acid? 4 bases and 20 amino acids If a codon was only 1 base only get 4 amino acids If codon was 2 bases get 16 aa s 4 2 = 16 If codon was 3 bases get 64 possible aa s 4 3 = 64
19 Question One: How many bases specify one amino acid? Reading frame the correct frame to read the aa s in Example read sentence one letter off Remove one, two or three bases Only by removing three bases is the reading frame unchanged A: Therefore, a codon must be three bases.
20 Question Two: Is sequence overlapping or not? Easy enough to test because amino acids would always follow each other in specific order Ex. AUG would always be followed by an amino acid that starts with UG A: Sequence is not overlapping.
21 Question Three: Can mrna encode anything other than amino acids? Knew mrna provides the words of the sentence Also, provides the punctuation as well Start and Stop codons A: Yes, Start and Termination signals.
22 Question Four: Do all species use same genetic code? Turns out the code is Universal A: Yes, all species use the same universal genetic code. Perhaps evidence of our common evolution?
23 Question Five: Which codons specify which amino acids? 1. Build all possible mrna codons in lab 2. Test which peptides are formed Deciphered the entire Genetic Code A: The genetic code is completely known.
24 The Genetic Code Phe Leu Leu Val Ile Met Ser Pro Thr Ala UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG Tyr Stop His Gln Asn Lys Asp Glu Cys Arg Ser Arg Gly Stop Trp UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG UAU UAC UAA UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG
25 Summary 1. Codons are 3 bases encode one amino acid 2. DNA and RNA sequence is non overlapping 3. mrna is sentence and punctuation 4. Genetic Code is universal 5. We know what amino acid every codon encodes for
26 Translation Initiation
27 Translation Elongation Ribosome complex of proteins working together to complete process of translation 1. Brings correct trna to matching codon 2. Forms peptide bonds between aa s P site Holds growing Peptide A site Accepts next Amino Acid, and Attaches it to peptide
28 Translation Elongation
29 Peptide Bonds Peptide bonds form between two amino acids:
30 Translation Termination Simple as reading a stop codon UAA, UAG or UGA Ribosome releases peptide
31 Proteins Protein Sequence = order of the amino acids Sequence Structure Function
32 Protein Folding Proteins are the functional part of a cell Cellular machinery or tools Cannot function as a flat chain of amino acids Instead need to fold in very specific confirmations in order to function properly
33 Protein s Structure Four levels of structure: 1. Primary (1 ) = amino acid sequence (order) 2. Secondary (2 ) = loops, helixes, pleats, etc. Caused by interactions between aa s 3. Tertiary (3 ) = overall structure of entire protein Caused by interactions with water 4. Quaternary (4 ) = peptide subunits come together
34 Protein Structure
35 Quality Control Misfolded proteins can cause disease and death 1. Chaperone proteins 2. Countless enzymes 3. Ubiquitin A tag added to a misfolded protein Identifies that the protein is wrong Attracts Proteasome Proteasome degrades misfolded protein
36 Proteins Sometimes protein sequence can fold in more than one way Sequence Structure 1 Function A Structure 2 Function B
37 Transcription DNA Central Dogma RNA RNA2 Translation Protein Protein2 Protein3
38 Go over Pedigrees Turn in at end of class
39 Next Class: Read Chapter Eleven Homework Chapter Ten Problems; Review: 1,3,4,6,7,9,12,14,18,19 Applied: 2,4,15
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