Road vehicles Fuel use and emissions: standards and driving cycles. Gonçalo Duarte
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1 Road vehicles Fuel use and emissions: standards and driving cycles Gonçalo Duarte
2 Context in road transport (LDV) CO2
3 Context in road transport (LDV) Pollutants Stringent rules on regulated pollutants CO, HC, NO x, PM Imposed by regulators (European Commission, US EPA) Contribution to better local air quality Significant efforts from vehicle manufacturers Engine design, exhaust gas treatment, etc.
4 Context in road transport (LDV) Pollutants
5 Europe
6 Context in road transport (LDV) Since 1970 measures to reduce air pollution have been adopted in by the Economic European Community Regulations for positive-ignition vehicles, according to regulation 70/220/EC Similarly on US Pollutants have been a priority 2 fronts: CO 2 /fuel use Pollutants
7 European emission standards EURO standard Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM PN g/km #/km Compression Ignition (Diesel) EURO 1* (3.16) (1.13) (0.18) -- EURO 2 (IDI) EURO 2 (DI) a EURO EURO EURO 5a b f -- EURO 5b c f 6.0x10 11 EURO f 6.0x10 11 Positive Ignition (Gasoline) EURO 1* (3.16) (1.13) EURO EURO EURO EURO b d e,f -- EURO d e,f 6.0x10 11,g * Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits a until (after that date DI engines must meet IDI limits) b for all models c for all models d NMHC = g/km e applicable only to vehicles using DI engines f g/km using the PMP measurement procedure g 6.0x10 12 /km within first three years from Euro 6 effective dates
8 European emission standards Euro 1 standards: Directives 91/441/EEC Euro 2 standards: Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC Euro 3/4 standards (2000/2005): Directive 98/69/EC, further amendments in 2002/80/EC Euro 5/6 standards (2009/2014): Regulation 715/2007
9 European emission standards More stringent fuel regulations Diesel minimum diesel cetane number of 51 (year 2000) maximum diesel sulfur content of 350 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005 Gasoline maximum sulfur content of 150 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in Sulfur-free diesel and gasoline fuels ( 10 ppm S) mandatory from 2009.
10 European emission procedures Type I - NEDC Emissions are tested over the NEDC (ECE 15 + EUDC) Chassis dynamometer Cold start Emissions are expressed in g/km Test procedure
11 European emission procedures Vehicles are tested with at least 3000 km Controlled room conditions 20 C and 30 C Absolute humidity between 5.5 and 12.2 g H 2 O/kg dry air Preconditioning of the vehicle Soaking for at least 6 hours to assure that cooling water and engine oil are within the range of 20 to 30 ºC. Tire pressure is also adjusted to the manufacturers settings.
12 European emission procedures
13 European emission procedures NEDC Top Speed (km/h) 120 Av. Speed (km/h) 34 Distance (km) 11 Time (s) 1180 # Stops 12 Idling time (%) 23 Lab. Temperature (ºC) 20-30
14 European emission procedures Strict procedure of gear ratio changes and tolerances of speed, acceleration and time delay
15 European emission procedures
16 European emission procedures Drive wheels are placed on a chassis dynamometer Dynamometer imposes resistance proportional with speed Rolling and aerodynamic resistance Vehicle weight
17 European emission procedures
18
19
20 European emission procedures EUDC Vehicle Speed (km/h) x ECE Time (s) Continuous exhaust gas sampling Constant-volume sampling (CVS) is used in one or more bags Volume is measured at the end of the test
21
22 European emission procedures Exhaust gas is stored in bags The bags are also preconditioned Special care with HC losses (to not exceed 2% of the initial value over a period of 20 minutes) Analysis of the bags should be done immediately and no later than 20 minutes after the filling of the bag Volume should be measured as soon as the gases reach room temperature.
23 European emission procedures Measurement of the bag volume is corrected for temperature and pressure V m is the measured volume of the bag, expressed in liters T m is the arithmetic mean temperature between the beginning and ending of emptying p m is the arithmetic mean pressure between the beginning and ending of emptying p H is the saturated water vapor pressure at T m 273 V = V m p m p H T m 760
24 European emission procedures Total mass of gases is calculated using: mass = dcv C is the pollutant content by volume d for Carbon Monoxide and for Hydrocarbons V the corrected bag volume
25 European emission procedures VehicleSpeed(km/h) xECE-15 EUDC Time(s) EURO standard Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM PN g/km #/km Compression Ignition (Diesel) EURO 1* (3.16) (1.13) (0.18) -- EURO 2 (IDI) EURO 2 (DI) a EURO EURO EURO 5a b f -- EURO 5b c f 6.0x10 11 EURO f 6.0x10 11 Positive Ignition (Gasoline) EURO 1* (3.16) (1.13) EURO EURO EURO EURO b d e,f -- EURO d e,f 6.0x10 11,g
26 US
27 Context in road transport (LDV) Since 1965 measures to reduce air pollution have been discussed by the US Clean Air Act Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act Pollutants have been a priority 2 fronts: CO 2 /fuel use Pollutants
28 Certification also requires vehicles to meet supplemental exhaust emission standards Manufacturers must comply with 4000 mile and full useful life SFTP (supplemental federal test procedure) standards Full usefull life calculated by: SFTP Standard = Tier 1 SFTP - [0.35 (Tier 1 FTP - Tier 2 FTP)] Weights: 0.35(FTP) (US06) (SC03)
29 FTP-75 US emission standards
30 US emission standards FTP-75 Top Speed (km/h) 90 Av. Speed (km/h) 34 Distance (km) 18 Time (s) 1872 # Stops 23 Idling time (%) 18 Lab. Temperature (ºC) 20-30
31 US-06 US emission standards
32 US emission standards US-06 Top Speed (km/h) 129 Av. Speed (km/h) 78 Distance (km) 13 Time (s) 594 # Stops 4 Idling time (%) 7 Lab. Temperature (ºC) 20-30
33 SC-03 US emission standards
34 US emission standards SC-03 Top Speed (km/h) 88 Av. Speed (km/h) 34 Distance (km) 6 Time (s) 594 # Stops 5 Idling time (%) 19 Lab. Temperature (ºC) 35
35 US emission procedures VehicleSpeed(km/h) xECE-15 EUDC Time(s)
36 Rest of the world
37 World emission standards
38 Future
39 Future driving cycles WLTP Top Speed (km/h) 131 Av. Speed (km/h) 47 Distance (km) 23 Time (s) 1800 # Stops 6 Idling time (%) 13 Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP)
40 % time on VSP (Power) mode How representative are driving cycles? FTP-75 SC 03 US 06 NEDC WLTP VSP (Power) Mode NEDC FTP-75 US-06 SC-03 WLTP Top Speed (km/h) Av. Speed (km/h) Distance (km) Time (s) # Stops Idling time (%) Lab. Temperature (ºC)
41 How representative are driving cycles? % time on VSP (Power) mode FTP-75 SC 03 US 06 NEDC WLTP Lisbon VSP (Power) Mode
42 Cumulative % time on VSP (Power) mode How representative are driving cycles? NEDC FTP-75 US 06 WLTP Lisbon VSP (Power) Mode
43 Future options Real driving emissions (RDE) Portable emission monitoring systems (PEMS)
44 Questions?
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