50ppm Target Date Since 1 January 2010, only 10 ppm sulfur imported fuels

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1 Albania* (since July 2005) ppm legislated in 21 March 2007 with Decision Nr. 147 of the Prime Minister EN 228 and EN 590 adopted, fuel is imported from Italy and Croatia but quality is inconsistent due to lack of monitoring. Investments of US$250 million are planned through 2017 to bring domestic fuel production to 10ppm. None Armenia Azerbaijan (since Oct 2001) (since 1995) Since 1 January 2010, only 10 ppm sulfur imported fuels The Azerbaijan Standardization and Certification Institute announced in 2013 that the quality of the fuel produced in Azerbaijan will be brought up to Euro- 3 standard by late 2014, Euro 5 by ( html, html) All vehicles to be produced or to be imported into the country from 1 January 2010, depending on groups and fuel types, must comply with the norms of the following UN ECE regulations: N level B, N24-03, N level B, CO - 4 g / kwh, CmHn- 0,55 g / kwh, NOx - 2 g / kw h (UNECE rules N ESC test cycle) Vehicles (M 1, more than 3.5 tons of maximum mass, M 2, M 3, N 1, N 2, N 3, gas and diesel engine) to be produced or imported into the country, after 1 January 2015, must comply with the norms of the following UN ECE regulations (5- the ecological class): UNECE rules N of the B levels ( ) UNECE rules N 24-03, addendum 1 (only for diesel engines) Euro 4 for LDV, HDV standards unknown. On 15 January 2014 Azerbaijani Prime Minister Artur Rasizade signed the Order No 2 on the country's transition to Euro 4 (amending AZS state standard Road Transport. Ecological Classes has been confirmed under the order of the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Patent). According to the decision, the Euro 4 standard enters into force from 1 April 2014 ( ECC%20Newsletter%20January- February% pdf,

2 Bosnia and Herzegovina* Bulgaria Croatia* Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Georgia (since 1998) (since 2011) (since 2004) (since 2006) (since 2004) (since 2000) STB Fuels for internal combustion engines/ petrol/ Technical conditions adopted 1 July 2011 the maximum allowable sulfur level in petrol is 10ppm for fuel type I and for fuel type II. The standard STB 1658/PR Fuels for Internal combustion engines/euro Fuel/Technical conditions came into force on January 1, 2013 and defines the maximum allowable sulfur level in diesel as 10ppm for fuel type I and for fuel type II. See Mozyr refinery product specs: National legislation sets fuel quality at Euro 3 standards. However, the situation at the pump is significantly better. 186 million was spent on Brod refinery upgrades between As a result the refinery is able to produce some fuel in compliance with Euro 5 quality (10 ppm). However, it still needs to bring down aromatics for petrol BMB 98 and will invest an additional 732 million in 2015 in rehabilitation to nameplate capacity of 64,000 b/d, add an isomerisation unit, as well as a 45 kb/d hydrocracker by Independent pump testing revealed 10 ppm sulfur in fuels in all cases tested. See for more info the Technical Regulation of the Customs Union 018/2011 On Safety of Wheel Motor Vehicles will come into force. The Regulation envisages a Euro 5 vehicle standard for all vehicles but without determining the terms of introduction. There are no plans for Euro VI HDV standards. ditor/uploads/files/eng_report_concor dance%20table%20and%20recommend ations_2_ni.pdf Euro 5 LDV for new vehicles, Euro 3 for used vehicles since ("OGRM of BiH", No. 89/10). HDV standards unknown EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV No date Imports fuel None: At present, Georgia is not ready for European emission standards. Such

3 /georgian- news/item/ ministry- of- economy- georgia- not- ready- for- euro- level- vehicle- emissions Hungary EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV (since 1999) Kazakhstan Euro 4 or 50 ppm fuel from 1 January Euro 4 for vehicles to be imported (as of Req 2016 July 2013). Euro 4 for vehicles for domestically produced vehicles as of July Kyrgyzstan In 2008 Gazprom introduced 150 ppm for Unknown (since 2002) petrol, 350 ppm for diesel. The country imports fuel from Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Majority of fuel sold meets Euro 2 and Euro 3 fuel standards. Latvia EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV Lithuania EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV Montenegro* Fuel importer. Low sulfur fuel since Euro 5 LDV from Jan HDV January unknown. Poland EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV Moldova (since 2002) No date All major fuel distributors (Lukoil, Petrom, Rompetrol) sell Euro 5- grade diesel and petrol fuel (10 ppm). However, national fuel quality legislation does not support clean fuels. GOST R Motor Vehicles Equipped with Compression- Ignition Engines. Opacity of Exhaust Fumes. Norms and Methods of Control adopted by the Resolution of Gosstandard (State Committee for Standards) of Russia # 375- st of harmonized with Directive 72/306/EEC. The Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Moldova On Adoption of Rules Related to Harmonisation of National Standards and Ecological irements to Emissions and Noise from Motor Vehicles with EU Standards is drafted.

4 Russia* Serbia* (since 2011) Various fuel grades available with low sulphur fuels (50 ppm and below) available in major cities. In accordance with the Governmental Decree (Technical Regulation) it is prohibited from 01/01/2013 to produce diesel fuel with sulphur levels above 350 ppm throughout Russia, with the exception of some situation of realization of old reserves of fuels with higher sulphur content (up to 2000 ppm) in some rural areas. Low sulphur diesel (50 ppm and 10 ppm) has a lower excise tax than higher sulphur diesel (350 ppm). Euro 2 fuel was banned and Euro 3 fuel was introduced from January Euro 4 fuel planned from 1/1/2015 and Euro 5 fuel from 1/1/16. Delays anticipated in implementation of this timeline As of July 2013, 10 ppm fuels available as upgrades completed at Pancevo refinery. Over 540 million were invested into the modernization of NIS refining capacities. Euro 4 standard for new manufactured and imported LDV and Euro IV HDV introduced in 1/1/2010. For all LDV and HDV in force from 1/1/2013, allowed until 12/31/2015. Euro 5 for new LDV vehicles from 2011, Euro 3 for used vehicles since HDV standard unknown. Slovakia Slovenia Tajikistan The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia* Turkey* Turkmenistan Ukraine* (since 1995) (since 2010) (since 2009) (since 2006) EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV EU Member State Euro 5 LDV/Euro V HDV Most imported fuel meets Euro 2 standard. formation OKTA Macedonia produces 10ppm fuel. Euro 4 for new vehicles from 2009, Euro 2 for used vehicles Major regional refiner. Euro 5 LDV from 2010, Euro VI HDV effective January 2015 ( tr/) formation On 31 December 2013 Naftogaz Ukrayiny, Ukraine's national oil and gas company, announced that its largest oil refinery by capacity, located in Kremenchuk, has Euro 4 LDV as of January 1, 2014; HDV standard unknown

5 (since 2010) Notes: * The UNECE Working Party on Pollution and Energy on 19 January 2012 approved a proposal to align the requirements on emissions from heavy-duty vehicle engines entered into force in the European Union (EU) in January The amendment to Regulation Nº 49 ( Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against engines and positive-ignition engines for use in vehicles which covers the emission of pollutants by heavy duty vehicle engines) of the 1958 UNECE agreement on vehi here: will allow all non-eu parties to the agreement, including Albania, Belaru the Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine to accept type-approval certificates awarded European legislation. ( **The information in this document represents our best available knowledge at this time. We welcome corrections and updates; please contact elisa.dumitrescu[at]une References: Regional Environmental Center (REC) and Caucasus Environmental NGO Network research staff. UNEP national questionnaires, national ministries, fuel distributor and producer websites. Trade publications, Delphi Vehicle Standards Booklet; Michael Walsh CarLines: The Association of Emission Control by Catalyst Newsletter,