Energy Transfer, PE, KE and Efficiency
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1 ENERGY Part of our everyday lives: Energetic people Food that is full of energy High cost of electric energy Risks of nuclear energy Energy: An ability to accomplish change When anything happens in the physical world, energy is somehow involved.
2 Work Definition: A measure of the change a force produces: The work done by a force acting on an object is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance through which the force acts. W = Fd
3 Work Work is done by a force when the object it acts on moves when the force is applied. NO work is done by pushing against a stationary wall. Work IS done throwing a ball because the ball MOVES while being pushed during the throw.
4 Work Equation for work: In words: w.d. = F x d Work Done = Force x Distance through which the force acts The direction of the force (F) is assumed to be the same as the direction of the distance (d) A force perpendicular to the direction of motion of an object cannot do work on the object
5 The Joule joule (J) The SI unit of work Amount of work done by a force of one Newton when it acts through a distance of one meter: 1 Joule = 1 Newton-metre Example: Push a box 8 m across the floor with a force of 100 N (22.5 lbs) performs 800 J of work: W = Fd = ( 100N)(8m) = 800N m = 1J
6 Direction of Force When a force and the distance through which it acts are parallel, the work done is equal to the product of F and d If the forces are NOT parallel, work done is equal to the product of d and the projection of F in the direction of d.
7 Power The RATE of Doing Work Rate is the amount of work done in a specified period of time The more powerful something is, the faster it can do work Power = P = W t = work done time interval
8 Units of Power Standard (SI) unit of power is the watt 1 watt (W) = 1 joule/second (J/s) Example: 500W motor can perform 500J of work or 250J of work in 0.5 s or 5000J of work in 10 s Watts are very small units Kilowatts are used most commonly 1 kilowatt = 1000W
9 Energy Definition: Energy is that property something has that enables it to perform work If something has energy, it is able (directly or indirectly) to exert a force on something else and perform work. Types of Energy Kinetic Energy of Motion Potential Energy of Position - Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred from one or to another
10 Energy Transfer and Transformations Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat)
11 Energy Transfer and Transformations Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Light Bulb
12 Energy Transfer and Transformations Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Electrical energy or power in Light Bulb Light energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out
13 Energy Transfer and Transformations Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Electrical energy or power in Light Bulb Light energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out Loudspeaker
14 Energy Transfer and Transformations Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Electrical energy or power in Light Bulb Light energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out Electrical energy or power in Loudspeaker Sound energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out
15 Energy Transfer and Transformations Microphone
16 Energy Transfer and Transformations Sound energy or power in Microphone Useful electrical energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or work or power out
17 Energy Transfer and Transformations Sound energy or power in Microphone Useful electrical energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or work or power out Generator
18 Energy Transfer and Transformations Sound energy or power in Microphone Useful electrical energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or work or power out Kinetic energy in Generator Electrical energy out Non-useful heat and sound energy or power out
19 Energy Transfer and Transformations Sound energy or power in Microphone Useful electrical energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or work or power out Kinetic energy in Generator Electrical energy out Non-useful heat and sound energy or power out Spring
20 Energy Transfer and Transformations Sound energy or power in Microphone Useful electrical energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or work or power out Kinetic energy in Generator Electrical energy out Non-useful heat and sound energy or power out Kinetic energy in Spring Strain potential energy out Non-useful heat and sound energy out
21 Kinetic Energy Every moving object has the capacity to do work Moving objects can exert forces on other moving or stationary objects Kinetic energy depends on the mass and speed of a moving object KE = 1 mv 2 2 Note that v 2 factor means that KE increases VERY rapidly with increasing speed
22 Kinetic Energy Variation of equation for acceleration Example Kinetic energy of a 1000kg car moving at 10 m/s is 50kJ 50kJ of work must be done to start the car from a stop, or stop it when it is moving
23 Force on a Nail When a hammer strikes a nail, the hammer s kinetic energy is converted into work, which pushes the nail into the wood
24 Force on a Nail Example: Using a hammer with a 600g head to drive a 5mm nail into a piece of wood, what is the force exerted on the nail on impact? KE of hammer head = work done on nail 1 2 mv 2 = Fd F = mv 2d 2 = (0.6kg)(4m / s) 2(0.005m) 2 = 960N = 216lbs
25 Potential Energy The Energy of Position When a stone is dropped, it falls (accelerates) towards the ground, until it hits the ground If the ground is soft, the stone will make a small depression in the ground In its original position, the stone had the capacity to do work, even though it is not moving and has no kinetic energy.
26 Potential Energy When a stone is held above the ground, it has POTENTIAL ENERGY because if it is dropped, it can do work on the ground (making the hole
27 Gravitational Potential Energy Determining PE of something near the earth s surface W = Fd = mgh Work (force/distance) = (weight/height) Potential energy = PE = mgh
28 Potential Energy Example Potential energy of a car pushed off a 45m cliff Compare with amount of KE done by a car moving at 30m/s 2 PE = mgh = (1000kg)(9.8m / s )(45m) = 441kJ
29 Examples of Potential Energy Examples are almost everywhere Book on the table Skier on the top of a slope Water at the top of a waterfall Car at the top of a hill A stretched spring A nail near a magnet
30 Potential Energy is Relative Gravitational PE depends on the level from which it is measured Book dropped onto table Book raised over head and dropped to floor True gravitational PE?? Gravitational PE is relative Difference between two PE values is important because this difference can be converted from PE to KE.
31 Potential Energy is Relative Amount of potential energy is a function of the relative height of the objects
32 Energy Transformations Most mechanical processes involve conversions between KE, PE, and work A car rolling down a hill into a valley PE at the top of the hill is converted into KE as the car rolls down the hill KE is converted to PE as the car rolls up the other side Total amount of energy (KE+PE) remains constant
33 Energy Transformations
34 Other Forms of Energy Chemical Energy Gasoline converted to energy in a car Food converted to energy in our bodies Heat Energy Heat from burning coal or oil to make steam to drive power turbines Electric Energy Electricity turns motors in homes and factories Radiant Energy Energy from the sun Evaporates water to form clouds Provides plants with energy to grow Creates temperature differences that make the wind blow
35 Conservation of Energy Fundamental Law of Nature Potential energy Skiing down a hill What happened to PE that the skier had at the top of the hill? Driving a car, but shutting off the engine and coasting to a stop What happened to the KE that the car had while moving Energy is never lost, but it can be converted from one form to another
36 Conservation of Energy The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be changed from one form to another. This principle has the widest application to all science Applies equally to distant stars and biological processes in living cells.
37 Energy Demand and Type
38 The Energy Problem Limited Supply, Unlimited Demand The sun source of most of our energy Food, wood, plants Water power The hydrological cycle Wind power Temperature changes Fossil Fuels Originally plants and animals dependent on the sun Nuclear and hydrothermal power Not related to the sun
39 Solar Cells Variation due to climate and latitude 100/watt in 1960, 10/watt today Economics still limit widespread application
40 Fossil Fuels Limited Supply Most large deposits of oil and gas found Remaining reserves = 100 years?? No new deposits being formed Problems with coal Mining needed to extract from earth Air pollution dangerous to health All Fossil Fuels Adds CO 2 to atmosphere greenhouse effect
41 Hydroelectric Power Kinetic energy of falling water converted into electricity using turbines New hydro projects unlikely due to environmental and land-use constraints Two-sided arguments Environmental concerns Development concerns
42 Wind Energy Advantages Non-polluting Don t contribute to global warming Renewable resource Disadvantages Only work where winds are powerful and reliable Take up a lot of space Noisy, some environmental concerns
43 Other Energy Sources Geothermal Energy Nuclear Energy Tidal Energy
44 Future Energy Supplies Fusion Energy Technology may be many years into the future Most alternate energy sources are very expensive Cost of fossil fuels is still the lowest and easiest to distribute
45 Efficiency and Energy Transfer Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat)
46 Efficiency and Energy Transfer Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Electrical energy or power in Light Bulb Light energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out
47 Efficiency and Energy Transfer Total energy or work or power in Machine Useful energy or work or power out Non-useful energy or work or power out (usually heat) Electrical energy or power in Light Bulb Light energy or power out Non-useful heat energy or power out 100W or 100J/s Light Bulb 40W or 40 J/s 60W or 60 J\s
48 Efficiency and Energy Transfer 100W or 100J/s Light Bulb 40W or 40 J/s 60W or 60 J\s Efficiency = useful energy/work/power out x 100 % total energy/work/power in Efficiency of light bulb = 60 x 100 % = 60 % 100
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