Open Textbook: Italian Grammar

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1 Table of Contents: I. Verbal Group Auxiliary Verbs Essere (esserci) Idiomatic expressions using essere Avere Idiomatic expressions using avere Regular -ARE verbs (first-conjugation verbs) Regular -ERE verbs (second-conjugation verbs) Regular -IRE verbs (third-conjugation verbs) Irregular Verbs Stare (stare vs. essere) Andare Venire Bere Fare (idiomatic expressions with fare) Volere (volerci) Dovere Potere Sapere (sapere vs. conoscere) Uscire Dare (idiomatic expressions with dare) Dire Rimanere Piacere (to be pleasing to) Modal verbs (i verbi modali) Reflexive verbs (i verbi riflessivi) I. Verbal Group Use (uso): o The present indicative is used to express actions occurring in the present or very near future. o In simple sentences in the present indicative, there is no need to use subject pronouns. The form of the verb already indicates the subject of the sentence. The pronoun is normally only used for clarity or stress, generally after words like anche (also), ma (but), però (but), e (and), o (or). 1

2 Form (forma): o Italian verb infinitives end in -are (parlare), -ere (prendere) and -ire (sentire). Infinitive Stem + ending English equivalent parlare parl + are to speak scrivere scriv + ere to write finire fin + ire to finish o The present tense in Italian is equivalent to the following in English: I speak/i am speaking. Valeria parla inglese e italiano. Oggi parla con la sua amica. Valeria speaks English and Italian. Today, she is speaking to her friend. o The present tense may also be used in Italian to express actions intended or planned for the near future (I will study). Studio per l esame di storia domani. Telefoni a Maria domani? I will study for the History exam tomorrow. Will you call Maria tomorrow? o In double-verb constructions, the first verb is conjugated and the second one is not (it remains a dependent infinitive), as in English. Desideri mangiare una pizza? Mi piace cantare. Do you want to eat a pizza? I like to sing. o To make a sentence negative, use the word non before the verb. Non prendo niente. Non apriamo il regalo. I am not having anything. We did not open the present Auxiliary Verbs (essere, avere) Essere (to be) Essere, which means to be, is one of the most commonly used verbs in Italian. io sono (io) sono di Roma. I am from Rome. noi siamo (noi) siamo italiani. We are Italian. tu sei (tu) sei un vero amico. voi siete (voi) siete di New York. 2

3 You are a true friend. lui è (lui) è americano. He is American. lei è (lei) è di Napoli. She from Naples. Lei è (Lei) Signora, Lei è francese? Ms.,(sing., pol.) are you French? You (pl.) are from New York. loro sono (loro) sono canadesi. They are Canadian. Loro sono (Loro) sono di Firenze. from Florence. Esserci = essere + ci (there is/there are) C è Bruno? Ci sei? Ci sono Carlo e Alessandra? Is Bruno there? Are you there? Are Carlo and Alessandra there? Ecco o Ecco is used to point out someone. Esserci Nel bar c è Franca. Franca is in the bar. Ci sono anche Giacomo e Cristina. Giacomo and Cristina are also there. Ecco Ecco Franca! There is Franca! Ecco Giacomo e Cristina! Here are Giacomo and Cristina Idiomatic expressions using ESSERE esserci (l )afa C è l afa! It s muggy! esserci (la) nebbia C è la nebbia! It s foggy! esserci (il) sole C è il sole! It s sunny! esserci il/un temporale C è il temporale! There s a storm! esserci la/una tempesta C è la tempesta! There s a bad storm! esserci vento/tirare (il vento) C è vento/tira il vento! It s windy! essere sereno È sereno! It s clear! Avere (to have) The verb avere indicates possession. However, it also means to be in many idiomatic expressions that will come up later, such as avere anni (to be years old). 3

4 io ho (io) ho un panino. I have a sandwich. noi abbiamo (noi) abbiamo un appuntamento. We have an tu hai (tu) hai una cugina qui. You have a cousin here. lui ha (lui) ha un cane. He has a dog. lei ha (lei) ha un gatto. She has a cat. Lei ha (Lei) Dottore, Lei ha una macchina qui? Dr. do you (sing., pol.) have a car here? appointment. voi avete (voi) avete uno zio a Roma. You (pl.) have an uncle in Rome. loro hanno (loro) hanno un amica italiana. They have an italian friend. Loro hanno (Loro) hanno due case. You (pl., pol.) have two houses Idiomatic expressions using AVERE o The verb avere also means to be in many other idiomatic expressions. For example, avere anni (to be years old). Luisa ha solo sei anni e ha un cellulare! Other expressions: avere bisogno di (+ noun or infinitive) avere caldo avere fame avere freddo avere fretta avere paura di (+ noun or infinitive) avere pazienza avere ragione avere sete avere torto to need, have need of to be/feel hot to be hungry to be/feel cold to be in a hurry to be afraid of to be patient, to have patience to be right to be thirsty to be wrong 4

5 avere voglia di (+ noun or infinitive) to want, feel like 1.2. Regular -ARE verbs (first-conjugation verbs) o Infinitives in -are are the most numerous. The present tense of regular -are verbs is formed by removing -are and then adding the endings: o, -i a, -iamo, -ate, -ano to the infinitive stem. ASPETTARE to wait io aspetto (io) aspetto il professore. I am waiting for the teacher. noi aspettiamo (noi) aspettiamo in gelateria. We are waiting at the tu aspetti (tu) aspetti un amico. You are waiting for a friend. lui aspetta (lui) aspetta il cameriere. He is waiting for the waiter. lei aspetta (lei) aspetta Carlo. She is waiting for Carlo. Lei aspetta (Lei) Signore, Lei aspetta la dottoressa? Mr., (sing., pol.) are you waiting for the doctor? ice-cream parlor. voi aspettate (voi) aspettate Laura. You (pl.) are waiting for Laura. loro aspettano (loro) aspettano un amica. They are waiting for a friend. Loro aspettano (Loro) aspettano al ristorante. waiting at the restaurant. o Note: the verbs ascoltare (to listen to), aspettare (to wait for), cercare (to search for), guardare (to look at), pagare (to pay for) do not require a preposition after the verb as their English equivalents often do. Ascoltano la radio. Paga il conto. They are listening to the radio. He/She pays for the bill. o Verbs ending in care and gare, like cercare (to look for) and pagare (to pay for), add an h to the infinitive stem in the tu and noi forms so that the hard sounds of the c and g are retained. 5

6 CERCARE to look for io cerco (io) cerco la mia macchina. I am looking for my car. noi cerchiamo (noi) cerchiamo il telecomando. We are looking for the tu cerchi (tu) cherchi il canale. You are looking for the channel. lui cerca (lui) cerca l edicola. He is looking for the newsstand. lei cerca (lei) cerca il cane. She is looking for the dog. Lei cerca (Lei) Signorina, Lei cerca il professore? Miss, (sing., pol.) are you looking for the teacher? remote control. voi cercate (voi) cercate il cameriere. You (pl.) are looking for the waiter. loro cercano (loro) cercano l acqua. They are looking for the water. Loro cercano (Loro) cercano la pizzeria. looking for the pizza parlor. PAGARE to pay io pago (io) pago il conto. noi paghiamo (noi) paghiamo il I am paying (for) the bill. mutuo. We are paying the tu paghi (tu) paghi il biglietto del cinema. You are paying for the movie ticket. lui paga (lui) paga la multa. He is paying the ticket. mortgage. voi pagate (voi) pagate i biglietti per l opera. You (pl.) are paying for the opera tickets. loro pagano (loro) pagano l affitto. They are paying rent. lei paga (lei) paga la bolletta dell ettricità. She is paying the electricity bill. Lei paga (Lei) Signore, Lei paga il Loro pagano (Loro) pagano il biglietto aereo. paying for the plane ticket. 6

7 conto? Mr., (sing., pol.) are you paying for the bill? o Verbs ending in iare, like cominciare (to begin), studiare (to study), mangiare (to eat), drop the i from the infinitive stem in the tu and noi forms. COMINCIARE to begin io comincio (io) comincio il lavoro domani. I am starting the job tomorrow. noi cominciamo (noi) cominciamo l esame. We are starting the exam. tu cominci (tu) cominci a studiare. You are starting to study. lui comincia (lui) comincia a giocare. He is starting to play. lei comincia (lei) comincia a leggere. She is starting to read. Lei comincia (Lei) Signorina, Lei comincia la lezione adesso? Miss, (sing., pol.) are you starting the lesson now? List of common regular are verbs: voi cominciate (voi) cominciate la storia domani. You (pl.) are starting the story tomorrow. loro cominciano (loro) cominciano a scrivere. They are starting to write. Loro cominciano (Loro) cominciano a mangiare. starting to eat. arrivare aspettare cenare chiacchierare desiderare entrare mangiare pensare* pranzare to arrive to wait (for) to have dinner to chat to wish (for) to enter to eat to think to have lunch 7

8 presentare to introduce *Note: the verb pensare (to think), when followed by the preposition a, means to think about someone/something. When followed by the preposition di, it means to think of doing something. Claudio pensa a Marianna. Claudio is thinking about Marianna. Pina pensa di andare in centro. Pina is thinkg of going downtown Regular -ERE verbs (second-conjugation verbs) o The present tense of regular -ere verbs is formed by removing -ere and then adding the endings: o, -i e, -iamo, -ete, -ono to the infinitive stem. SCRIVERE to write io scrivo (io) scrivo un libro. I am writing a book. noi scriviamo (noi) scriviamo un tema. We are writing a tu scrivi (tu) scrivi una lettera. You are writing a letter. lui scrive (lui) scrive tutti i giorni. He is writing/writes everyday. lei scrive (lei) scrive sempre. She is always writing. Lei scrive (Lei) Signora, Lei scrive molti libri? Ms., (sing., pol.) are you writing/do you write many books? composition. voi scrivete (voi) scrivete un saggio. You (pl.) are writing an essay. loro scrivono (loro) scrivono una storia. They are writing a story. Loro scrivono (Loro) scrivono al professore. writing to the teacher. o Note that unlike are verbs, -ere verbs do not undergo spelling changes. For example: (io) leggo (tu) leggi (lui) legge I read you read he reads 8

9 (lei) legge (Lei) legge (noi) leggiamo (voi) leggete (loro) leggono she reads you (pol.) read we read you (pl.) read they read List of common regular ere verbs: chiedere (a) chiudere conoscere leggere mettere ripetere rispondere (a) scrivere (a) vedere vendere vivere* to ask to close to know someone/be familiar with to read to put to repeat to answer to write to see to sell to live *Vivere is used as a synonym for the verb abitare as in: Io abito/vivo in una casa. It also means to live (in general): Anna vuole vivere a lungo (Anna wants to live a long time) Regular -IRE verbs (third-conjugation verbs) o The present tense of regular -ire verbs is formed by removing -ire and then adding the endings: o, -i e, -iamo, -ite, -ono to the infinitive stem. o There are two types of regular ire verbs: those like dormire (to sleep) and those like capire (to understand). o The endings are the same for both groups, but verbs like capire, add isc (ex. capisco), but not in the noi and voi subjects. Category A: DORMIRE to sleep io dormo (io) dormo alle undici. I sleep at eleven o clock. noi dormiamo (noi) dormiamo a mezzanotte. We sleep at midnight. tu dormi (tu) dormi in classe. voi dormite (voi) dormite poco. You are sleeping in class. lui dorme (lui) dorme molto. He is sleeping/sleeps a lot. You (pl.) sleep little. loro dormono (loro) dormono alle otto. They sleep at eight o clock. 9

10 lei dorme (lei) dorme alle nove. She sleeps at nine o clock. Lei dorme (Lei) Signora, Lei dorme molto? Ms., (sing., pol.) do you sleep a lot? Loro dormono (Loro) dormono con il mio gatto. You (pl., pol.) sleep with my cat. Category B: CAPIRE to understand io capisco (io) capisco i compiti. I understand the homework. noi capiamo (noi) capiamo la storia. We understand the tu capisci (tu) capisci l italiano. You understand Italian. lui capisce (lui) capisce molto. He understands a lot. lei capisce (lei) capisce la lezione di grammatica. She understands the grammar lesson. Lei capisce (Lei) Dottore, Lei capisce questa situazione? Doctor, (sing., pol.) do you understand this situation? List of common regular ire verbs: story. voi capite (voi) capite tutto. You (pl.) understand everything. loro capiscono (loro) capiscono la lezione di matematica. They understand the math lesson. Loro capiscono (Loro) capiscono la professoressa. You (pl., pol.) understand the teacher. aprire dormire offrire partire servire soffrire to open to sleep to offer to leave, depart to serve to suffer 10

11 1.5. Irregular Verbs Stare (to stay/to be) o Stare in the sense of to be, is used with expressions of health. Come stai? How are you? Come state? How are you (pl.)? Sto bene, grazie? I am fine, thanks. Stiamo male. We are not well. STARE to stay/to be io sto (io) sto molto bene. I am very well. noi stiamo (noi) stiamo bene. We are well. tu stai (tu) stai bene. You are well. voi state (voi) state male. You (pl.) are not well. lui sta (lui) sta così così. He is so so. loro stanno (loro) stanno molto male. They are really not lei sta (lei) sta benissimo. She is very well. Lei sta (Lei) Professoressa, Lei sta bene? Professor, (sing., pol.) are you well? Stare vs. Essere well. Loro stanno (Loro) stanno molto bene. very well. o Note that essere, means to be or to exist, while stare means to stay, or to be in certain idiomatic expressions. o Stare is used for expressing feelings (sto bene, sto male) whereas essere indicates being in a state, such as a state of anger, sadness, etc., (sono arrabiato, sono triste). 11

12 Stare Sto molto bene. I am very well. Stai così così. You are so so. Essere Sono malato. I am sick. Sei stanco. You are tired Andare (to go) ANDARE to go io vado (io) vado all università. I am going to the university. noi andiamo (noi) andiamo in centro. We are going tu vai (tu) vai in macchina. You are going by car. lui va (lui) va al supermercato. He is going to the supermarket. lei va (lei) va in bici. She is going by bicycle. Lei va (Lei) Professore, Lei va a scuola? Professor, (sing., pol.) are you going to school? downtown. voi andate (voi) andate in vacanza. You (pl.) are going on vacation. loro vanno (loro) vanno al cinema. They are going to the movie theatres. Loro vanno (Loro) vanno al centro commerciale. going to the mall Venire (to come) VENIRE to come io vengo (io) vengo con la mia famiglia. I am coming with my family. noi veniamo (noi) veniamo in gelateria. We are coming to the ice cream parlor. tu vieni (tu) vieni al bar. You are coming to the bar. voi venite (voi) venite la prossima settimana. You (pl.) are coming 12

13 lui viene (lui) viene alla festa. He is coming to the party. lei viene (lei) viene domani. She is coming tomorrow. Lei viene (Lei) Signore, Lei viene con un amico? Mr., (sing., pol.) are you coming with a friend? next week. loro vengono (loro) vengono con Luigi. They are coming with Luigi. Loro vengono (Loro) vengono al ristorante coming to the restaurant. o Both andare and venire require the preposition a before an infinitive. Oggi vado a studiare all università. La mia amica ed io veniamo a mangiare in centro con voi Bere (to drink) BERE to drink io bevo (io) bevo una limonata. I am drinking a lemonade. noi beviamo (noi) beviamo un cappuccino. We drinking a tu bevi (tu) bevi un caffè. You are drinking a coffee. lui beve (lui) beve un tè. He is drinking a tea. lei beve (lei) beve un espresso. She is drinking an espresso. Lei beve (Lei) Signorina, Lei beve cappuccino. voi bevete (voi) non bevete niente. You (pl.) are not drinking anything. loro bevono (loro) bevono una Coca-Cola. They are drinking a Coca-Cola. Loro bevono (Loro) bevono un aranciata. drinking an orangeflavoured soda. 13

14 Fare (to do/to make) acqua gassata? Miss, (sing., pol.) are you drinking sparkling water? FARE to do/to make io faccio (io) faccio una torta. I am making a cake. noi facciamo (noi) facciamo il tiramisù. We making the tu fai (tu) fai un tè. You are making a tea. lui fa (lui) fa un caffè. He is making a coffee. lei fa (lei) fa un dolce. She is making a dessert. Lei fa (Lei) Signora, Lei fa una pizza? Ms., (sing., pol.) are you making a pizza? Idiomatic expressions that use FARE: tiramisu. voi fate (voi) fate qualcosa. You (pl.) are doing something. loro fanno (loro) non fanno niente. They are not doing anything. Loro fanno (Loro) fanno i compiti doing homework. fare bel tempo fare caldo fare freddo fare una passeggiata fare due passi fare una gita fare un viaggio fare una domanda fare colazione fare una fotografia to be nice (weather) to be hot (weather) to be cold (weather) to go for a walk to go for a short walk to take a short trip to take a longer trip to ask a question to eat breakfast to take a picture 14

15 Volere (to want) VOLERE to want io voglio (io) voglio una nuova macchina. I want a new car. noi vogliamo (noi) vogliamo andare al ristorante. We want to go to the tu vuoi (tu) vuoi le risposte per l esame. You want the answers for the exam. lui vuole (lui) vuole mangiare. He wants to eat. lei vuole (lei) vuole una moto. She wants a motorcycle. Lei vuole (Lei) Dottoressa, Lei vuole un caffè? Doctor, (sing., pol.) do you want a coffee? Volerci restaurant. voi volete (voi) non volete niente. You (pl.) do not want anything. loro vogliono (loro) vogliono bere una limonata. They want to drink a lemonade. Loro vogliono (Loro) vogliono un dolce. You (pl., pol.) want a dessert. o This expression renders the idea of something being needed/to take. It has the same features as the verb piacere, and thus the same rules apply. Singular Ci vuole tempo. C è voluto tempo. Plural Ci vogliono due ore per arrivare. Ci sono volute due ore per arrivare. Time is needed/it takes time. Time was needed/it took time. Two hours are needed to arrive/it takes two hours to arrive. Two hours were needed to arrive/it took two hours to arrive. 15

16 Dovere (to have to) DOVERE to have to io devo (io) devo preparare la cena. I have to make dinner. noi dobbiamo (noi) dobbiamo aprire la finestra. We have to open the tu devi (tu) devi studiare molto. You have to study a lot. lui deve (lui) deve prendere l autobus. He has to take the bus. lei deve (lei) deve chiedere aiuto. She has to ask for help. Lei deve (Lei) Signore, Lei deve uscire oggi? Mr., (sing., pol.) do you have to go out today? window. voi dovete (voi) dovete mangiare le verdure. You (pl.) have to eat the vegetables. loro devono (loro) devono bere un caffè. They have to drink a coffee. Loro devono (Loro) devono andare in centro. You (pl., pol.) have to go downtown Potere (to be able to/can) POTERE to be able to/can io posso (io) posso comprare il regalo. I can buy the present. noi possiamo (noi) possiamo chiudere la porta. We can close the door. tu puoi (tu) puoi finire la scrittura. You can finish the composition. voi potete (voi) potete telefonare a Maria. You (pl.) can call lui può (lui) può pulire tutto. He can clean everything. lei può (lei) può guidare la mia macchina. She can drive my car. Maria. loro possono (loro) possono andare a casa. They can go home. Loro possono (Loro) possono pagare il conto. You (pl., pol.) can pay the bill. 16

17 Lei può (Lei) Signora, Lei può venire con l avvocato? Ms., (sing., pol.) can you come with the lawyer? Sapere (to know) SAPERE to know io so (io) so leggere molto bene. I know how to read very well. noi sappiamo (noi) sappiamo la risposta. We know the answer. tu sai (tu) sai scrivere. You know how to write. lui sa (lui) sa guidare. He knows how to drive. lei sa (lei) sa cucinare bene. She knows how to cook well. Lei sa (Lei) Signorina, Lei sa fare una torta? Miss, (sing., pol.) do you know how to make a cake? Sapere vs. Conoscere (verbo regolare) voi sapete (voi) sapete scrivere bene. You (pl.) know how to write well. loro sanno (loro) sanno cantare. They know how to sing. Loro sanno (Loro) sanno usare il computer. You (pl., pol.) know how to use the computer. Sapere to know a fact how to speak a language how to play an instrument how to play a sport how to do something, in general Io so suonare il piano. I know how to play the piano. Conoscere to know, to be acquainted with/be familiar with someone something a place Io conosco Paolo. I know Paolo. 17

18 Lei sa parlare italiano. She knows how to speak Italian. Noi conosciamo quel ristorante. We know that restaurant Uscire (to go out) USCIRE to go out io esco (io) esco con le mie amiche. I am going out with my (girl)friends. noi usciamo (noi) usciamo stasera. We are going out tonight. tu esci (tu) esci oggi. You are going out today. lui esce (lui) esce con noi. He is going out with us. lei esce (lei) esce con Maria e Carlo. She is going out with Maria and Carlo. Lei esce (Lei) Professore, Lei esce con gli studenti? Professor, (sing., pol.) are you going out with the students? voi uscite (voi) uscite con i ragazzi. You (pl.) are going out with the boys. loro escono (loro) escono con il Signor Bruni. They are going out with Mr. Bruni. Loro escono (Loro) escono adesso. going out now Dare (to give) DARE to give io do (io) do un regalo a Marianna. noi diamo (noi) diamo la torta per la festa. I am giving a present to Marianna. We are giving the cake for the party. tu dai (tu) dai i libri agli studenti. You are giving the books to the students. voi date (voi) date un bel regalo. You (pl.) are giving a nice present. 18

19 lui dà (lui) dà dei bei regali. He gives some nice presents. lei dà (lei) dà i piatti al cameriere. She is giving the plates to the waiter. Lei dà (Lei) Professoressa, Lei dà una matita alla bambina? Professor, (sing., pol.) are you giving a pencil to the little girl? loro danno (loro) danno un computer alla nonna. They are giving a computer to grandma. Loro danno (Loro) danno un bracciale alla donna. giving a bracelet to the woman. o Dare is also used with other expressions: Dare un esame (to take a test) Dare del tu (to be informal/ use the tu form with someone) Dare del lei (to be formal/ use the lei form with someone) Dire (to say/to tell) Dire to say/to tell io dico (io) dico la verità. I am telling the truth. noi diciamo (noi) non diciamo niente quando parla la professoressa. We do not say anything when the tu dici (tu) non dici mai niente in classe. You never say anything in class. lui dice (lui) dice sempre quello che pensa. He always says what he thinks. lei dice (lei) dice che ha bisogno del formaggio per fare la pizza. She says she needs some teacher is talking. voi dite (voi) dite una bugia. You (pl.) are telling a lie. loro dicono (loro) non dicono mai la verità. They never tell the truth. Loro dicono (Loro) dicono molte cose. saying many things. 19

20 cheese to make the pizza. Lei dice (Lei) Signore, Lei cosa dice a mio fratello? Mr., (sing., pol.) what are you saying to my brother? Rimanere (to remain) RIMANERE to remain io rimango (io) rimango a casa. I am staying at home. noi rimaniamo (noi) rimaniamo in Italia. We are staying in tu rimani (tu) rimani a scuola oggi. You are staying at school today. lui rimane (lui) rimane al centro commerciale fino alle sei. He is staying at the mall until six o clock. lei rimane (lei) rimane in pizzeria. She is staying at the pizza parlor. Lei rimane (Lei) Signora, Lei rimane a casa da solo? Ms., (sing., pol.) are you staying home alone? Italy. voi rimanete (voi) rimanete sempre a casa. You (pl.) always stay home. loro rimangono (loro) rimangono in campagna. They are staying in the countryside. Loro rimangono (Loro) rimangono al cinema. staying at the movie theatres Piacere (to be pleasing to/to like) Uso: o The verb piacere is used in either a singular or plural form, agreeing with the number of the noun. 20

21 Forma: Singolare Plurale Mi piace il cane. piacciono i cani. Ti piace il dolce. piacciono i dolci. Gli piace la limonata. piacciono le limonate. Le piace la scarpa. piacciono le scarpe. Le piace il gatto. piacciono i gatti. Ci piace il film. piacciono i film. Vi piace quel gioco. piacciono quei giochi. Gli piace la canzone. piacciono le canzoni. Gli piace questa lingua. piacciono queste lingue. Singolare Mi piace l italiano. I like Italian. (agreement with l italiano) Teresa, ti piace il Canada? Teresa, do you (informal) like Canada? (agreement with il Canada) Signora Ricci, Le piace la pasta? Mrs. Ricci, do you (formal) like pasta? (agreement with la pasta) Plurale Non mi piacciono le motociclette. I don t like motorycles. (agreement with le motociclette) Mama, ti piacciono gli italiani? Mom, do you (informal) like Italians? (agreement with gli italiani) Signor Rossi, Le piacciono i dolci? Mr. Rossi, do you (formal) like sweets? (agreement with i dolci) 1.7. Modal verbs (i verbi modali) o A modal verb is a helping verb that is most often used in conjuction with another verb. o The 3 common ones are: volere (to want to), potere (can/to be able to) and dovere (to have to/must). o The modal verb is conjugated, however the second verb remains in the infinitive form. Voglio guardare la partita alle nove. Possiamo uscire con voi? I want to watch the game at nine. Can we go out with you? 21

22 1.8. Reflexive verbs (i verbi riflessivi) Uso: o Reflexive verbs are defined as verbs that refer back to the subject. They are made up of two parts: the reflexive pronoun and the conjugated verb. Forma: Mi sveglio presto ogni mattina perché ho lezione alle 8. I wake (myself) up early every morning because I have class at 8. La mia famiglia non si alza mai presto. My family does not ever get up early. Reflexive Pronouns 1 st person singular mi 1 st person plural ci 2 nd person singular ti 2 nd person plural vi 3 rd person singular si 3 rd person plural si o Some verbs may have reflexive and non-reflexive forms (depending on the action). A reflexive action-type verb can be recognized from the si attached to the end of the infinitive. alzarsi to lift/get oneself up = alzare + si lavarsi to wash oneself = lavare + si mettersi to put on, to wear = mettere + si vestirsi to get dressed = vestire + si annoiarsi to get bored = annoiare + si sentirsi to feel = sentire + si divertirsi to enjoy oneself, to have fun = divertire + si chiamarsi to be called, to call oneself = chiamare + si Alzarsi Mettersi Divertirsi io mi alzo mi metto mi diverto tu ti alzi ti metti ti diverti lui/lei/lei si alza si mette si diverte noi ci alziamo ci mettiamo ci divertiamo voi vi alzate vi mettete vi divertite 22

23 loro si alzano si mettono si divertono o Reflexive verbs that generally only refer to reciprocal actions, such as each other or one another are also common. abbracciare (to hug someone) amare (to love someone) telefonare (to call someone) abbracciarsi (to hug each other) amarsi (to love one another) telefonarsi (to call each other) 23

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