adamianis uflebebi da qartuli kultura

Transcription

1 adamianis uflebebi da qartuli kultura Tbilisi 2004 weli 1

2 adamianis uflebebi da qartuli kultura avtorebi: levan berzenisvili, zurab bragvaze, giorgi gvaxaria, zaza daraselia, levan TaqTaqiSvili, fridon sayvarelize gamocemis mtavari redaqtori: levan berzenisvili dizaini da dakabadoneba: kaxa baxtaze gamocemulia ass-is saertasoriso ganvitarebis saagentos (USAID) da merilendis universitetis IRIS Center-is finansuri mxardawerit (kontraqti #114-C ). gamocemasi gamotqmuli mosazrebebi ekutvnit mat avtorebs da SesaZloa ar emtxveodes USAID-is Tvalsazriss. ganvitarebisa da TanamSromlobis centri _ pluralizmis centri, Tbilisi, saqartvelo HUMAN RIGHTS AND GEORGIAN CULTURE Authors: Levan Berdzenishvili, Zurab Bragvadze, Giorgi Gvakharia, Zaza Daraselia, Levan Taktakishvili, Fridon Sakvarelidze Editor in chief: Levan Berdzenishvili Published with the financial support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the IRIS Center at the University of Maryland (contract #114-C ). Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID. Center for Development and Cooperation Center for Pluralism, Tbilisi, Georgia 2

3 Sinaarsi Sesavali 4 qartuli saxelmwifos istoria da adamianis uflebebi zurab bragvaze 7 adamianis uflebebi da qartuli samartlis Zeglebi fridon sayvarelize 36 adamianis uflebebi qartul literaturasi levan berzenisvili 60 `kavkasiuri kosmopolitizmi~ _ qartuli kinoavangardis arcevani giorgi gvaxaria 83 adamianis uflebebi qartuli periodikis sataveebtan levan TaqTaqiSvili 104 adamianis uflebebi qartul ritorikasi zaza daraselia 126 adamianis uflebebi qartul yofit kulturasi levan berzenisvili 159 3

4 Sesavali ukanasknel xanebsi qartul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikur wreebsi seriozulad dgeba sakitxi qartuli kulturisa da adamianis uflebebis umarlesi Rirebulebebis Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb. qartul inteleqtualur, ZiriTadad ki humanitarul da akademiur wreebsi, araertgzis gamotqmula mosazreba, rom unikaluri da ZirZveli qartuli kultura `ver hguobs~ axal da ucxo Rirebulebebs da rom adamianis uflebebi da liberaluri Rirebulebebi Tavisi arsit SesaZloa miurebeli iyos saukuneta ganmavlobasi Camoyalibebuli qartuli mentalobisatvis. amave dros, saqartvelos, rogorc gaeros wevr damoukidebel qveyanas, deklarirebuli aqvs dasavluri arcevani, qveyana gaxda evrosabwos wevri, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs adamianis uflebata da liberalur RirebulebaTa upirobo ariarebas. xom ar gvaqvs aq Rirebulebebisa da arcevanis kolizia, Sinagani konfliqti, romelmac sazogadoebrivi rrveva SeiZleba gamoiwvios? winamdebare krebulis mizania, warmoacinos adamianis uflebebi rogorc qartuli kulturistvis sruliad misarebi fenomeni da misi bunebrivi da aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili. am TvalsazrisiT, avtorta koleqtivis mier detalurad aris Seswavlili qartuli istoria, samartlis Zeglebi, literaturuli nawarmoebebi, kino, publicistika, ritorika da yofiti kultura. avtorebi sargeblobdnen sxvadasxvagvari masalit, romelsic liberaluri Rirebulebebi gansxvavebuli intensivobit aris asaxuli; avtorebi, bunebrivia, iyenebdnen kvlevis gansxvavebul metodebs, magram yvela avtori mainc mivida msgavs daskvnamde, rom miuxedavad kulturis fenomenis garkveuli unikalurobisa, adamianis uflebebi principulad Tavsebadia qartuli kulturis TiToeuli ganakvetisatvis. 4

5 nebismieri donis pirvelive miaxloeba qartul kulturastan avlens mis askarad Ria, liberalur, humanistur da evropul xasiats, mis ertgulebas liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi, mis samoqalaqoobas da swrafvas individualuri Tavisuflebisadmi. am SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad ismis kitxva: mas, saidan modis zemoxsenebuli skefsisi da moaruli azrebi TiTqosda qartuli kulturis aradasavluri da araliberaluri xasiatis Sesaxeb? SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavcet Cveni drois am ert-ert mnisvnelovan axal kitxvas. qartuli kulturis kvlevisas gansakutrebuli yuradreba daimsaxura `ucxos~ fenomenma. ucxo gaxlavt sarke, romelsic Cven vcanvart. ucxos uflebebis dacva aris uflebata dacva par exellence. am saqmes gansakutrebuli gaazreba swirdeba, aq ki gvaqvs kidev erti mnisvnelovani problema, es gaxlavt aqtiuri moqalaqeobis inteleqtualuri mxardaweris problema ganatlebuli sazogadoebis mxridan. sayoveltaod cnobilia, rom Cveni inteleqtualebi sabwota drosi daadgnen ara disentis, aramed Sinagani emigraciis gzas. es gansakutrebit itqmis Cvens humanitarul da teqnikur inteligenciaze, bunebrivia, im xalxis garda, vinc pirveli mdivnebis e. w. `amala~ Seadgina da xandaxan matzec ki. sauketeso SemTxvevaSi Cveni inteleqtualebi SeZlebisdagvarad ar monawileobdnen tyuilsi, magram yvelanairad gaurbodnen sajaro protestis formebs. am wreebsi Cveni disidentebis saqmianoba ar sargeblobda ramenairi mxardawerit. es inercia grzeldeba dresac: uflebadacviti saqmianoba Cveni inteleqtualebis udidesi nawilisatvis kvlav rceba cxovrebis gaugebar da miurebel stilad, Tumca isic unda arinisnos, rom amgvari saqmianobit ZiriTadad mainc `axali~ inteleqtualebi arian dakavebuli, magram isinic miu-rebeli arian Cveni inteleqtualebis, ZiriTadad `namdvili~ universitetis profesuristvis. Cveni krebulis ZiriTadi amocana iyo miaxloeba qartuli kulturis RirebulebiT struqturastan, rac man, metnaklebi warmatebit mokrzalebulad Seasrula. levan berzenisvili 5

6 qartuli saxelmwifos istoria da adamianis uflebebi zurab bragvaze sakitxi, romlis ganxilvasac vapirebt, uarresad sayuradreboa, radgan saqartvelos istoria aseti kutxit TiTqmis aravis ukvlevia. am vitarebas SeiZleba hqondes obieqturi pirobebi. Tema imdenad rtuli da sapasuxismgebloa, rom misi Seswavla mravali aspeqtis gatvaliswinebas moitxovs. upirveles yovlisa, sawiroa arsebobdes myari wyarotmcodneobiti baza, radgan amosavali istoriul analebsi Semonaxuli cnobebi unda iyos. sayoveltaod cnobilia, rom saqartvelos istoriis uzvelesi periodis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri werilobiti cnobebi moipoveba. gansakutrebit mzafrad wyaroebis ukmarisoba igrznoba antikuri da adre Sua saukuneebis istoriastan dakavsirebit, sadac mxolod TiTebze CamosaTvleli sarwmuno dokumentebi mogvepoveba. ertaderti werilobiti wyaro, romelsic gadmocemulia winaqristianuli xanis saqartvelos istoriis met-naklebad mwyobri surati, aris leonti mrovelis `cxovreba qar- TuelTa mefetasa da pirveltaganta mamata da natesavta~ da isic Tanadrouli movlenebidan sakmaod gvian, XI saukunesia Seqmnili da cxadia, zustad ver asaxavs im obieqtur realobas, rac xdeboda antikuri xanis qartlisa da kolxetis samefoebsi; magram erti ram ki askaraa, rom qveynis ganvitarebis zogadi istoriuli surati leonti mrovels sworad aqvs gadmocemuli da amitomac vendobit mas, rodesac aset Soreul warsulze vmsjelobt. Tumca, am nasromis Seswavlisas mainc rceba ukmarisobis gancda, radgan massi yuradreba gamaxvilebulia sazogadoebis warcinebul fenebze (samefo dinastiaze, eristavta da spaspetta socialur institutebze da sxv.) da xalxi, zogadad sociumi avtors TiTqmis ar ainteresebs. amitom verc ert konkretul SemTxvevas ver vipovit, sadac saubari iqneba zogadad adamianze, Tu igi mefe, eristavi an spaspeti ar aris, magram es garemoeba ar gvislis xels, mtlianobasi 6

7 gaviazrot, ra tipis sazogadoeba arsebobda antikuri xanis qartlis samefosi da ra prioritetebs aniwebda upiratesobas qartuli saxelmwifo, rodesac is imyofeboda jer kidev CanasaxSi da ganvitarebis adreul safexurze. I. sayoveltaod ariarebulia, rom nebismier xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevisa da politikuri statusis arcevanis sasualeba. es adamianta ert-erti upirvelesi uflebaa da igi istoriul WrilSi Tanabrad exeba dremde arsebul yvela saxelmwifos. leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, rom es ufleba Tavis droze qartvelta Soreul winaprebsac gamouyenebiat. Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze qartlis teritoria aleqsandre makedonelis ert-ertma sardalma azom daipyro. misi tirania TiTqmis ori ateuli weli gagrzelda da dasrulda qartvelta sayoveltao ajanyebit, romelsac satavesi farnavazi edga. es ajanyeba SeiZleba ganvixilot, rogorc qartlis mcxovrebta uflebebis demonstrireba ucxo Zalis winase, rac miznad isaxavda erovnul saxelmwifoebriobasa da TviTgamorkvevis mirwevas. e.i. qartvelma xalxma moipova saxelmwifos Seqmnis ufleba da axla sainteresoa gavarkviot, ras warmoadgenda es saxelmwifo CvenTvis saintereso kutxit. Cans, rom uzvelesi qartuli saxelmwifo xels ar uslida sakutar teritoriaze ucxotomelta gansaxlebas da garkveul situaciasac qmnida, rata mat erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis pirobebi hqonodat. rodesac nabuqodonosor meorem israelis samefo daipyro, am movlenas mohyva ebraeli xalxis ayra ZirZveli miwebidan da gadasaxleba sxvadasxva qveynebsi. erti aseti nakadi qartlsac moadga da mcxetis mamasaxlisisgan TavSesafari moitxova. qartlis xelisufalt isini mcxetasi, aragvtan axlos, adgil zanavsi dausaxlebiat. istorikosta garkveuli nawili ewvis qves ayenebs leonti mrovelis arnisnuli cnobis siswores da miicnevs, rom Zv.w. VI saukunesi saqartvelos teritoriaze ar momxdara ebraelta migracia, radgan es faqti ar dasturde- 7

8 ba araqartuli werilobiti wyaroebita da arqeologiuri monacemebit. amjamad am movlenis zusti TariRis gansaz- Rvras ar eniweba gadamwyveti mnisvneloba, radgan jer erti, Cven gvainteresebs ara ebraelta saqartvelosi Semosvlis konkretuli TariRis dadgena, aramed qartuli saxelmwifos damokidebuleba zogadad arnisnuli problemis mimart da meorec _ aravin ewvobs, rom ebrauli nakadis Semosvla namdvilad moxda da am movlenis arc qveda da arc zeda qronologiuri zrvari ar scildeba antikur xanas. kargadaa cnobili is faqtic, rom I saukunesi sakutari qveyana ebraelta kidev ertma didma nakadma datova. qartulma saxelmwifom kari ar dauxso israelidan ltolvilebs da rogorc leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, `munit otebulni uriani movides mcxetas da dasxdes ZuelTave uriata Tana~ (leonti mroveli, gv. 36). saqartvelo Tavidanve warmoadgenda polietnikur saxelmwifos. aq SeiZleba erti arqeologiuri faqtic movixmot. qobuletis mimdebare teritoriaze, adgil fiwvnarsi, Seswavlilia samarxebi, romlebic etnikuri TvalsazrisiT ar miekutvneba adgilobriv, kolxur garemos. matsi dakrzaluli arian berznebi. aq berznul samarxta raodenoba iseti TvalSisacemia, rom aravin uaryofs berznuli dasaxlebis arsebobas. fiwvnaris samarovani imitac aris mnisvnelovani, rom berznuli samarxebis gverdit gvxvdeba adgilobrivi, kolxuri samarxebic. e. i. fiwvnarsi aratu ertad cxovrobs es ori etnosi, aramed Zv. w. VI-III saukuneebsi mat sasaflaoc ki erti aqvt. (kaxize, batumi, 1972). fiwvnaris garda Sereuli mosaxleobis arseboba ivaraudeba SavizRvispireTis sxva qalaqebsic (fazisi, gienosi, dioskuria). natelia, rom Sereuli mosaxleobis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs mosuli etnosis enis, tradiciebisa da zogadad kulturis Semotanadamkvidrebasac. `qartlis cxovrebiseuli~ versiit, aramkvidri etnosi saxelmwifos mxridan sargeblobda mxardawerit da faqtiurad, mati uflebebi didad ar gansxvavdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-politikuri mdgomareobisagan. natqvamis pirdapiri dasturia leonti mrovelis erti cnoba: `iyvnes qartlsa Sina arreul yovelni natesavni 8

9 da izraxeboda qartlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qartuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berznuli. ese enani icodes yovelta mefeta qartlisata, mamata da dedata~ (leonti mroveli, gv. 16). es metad sagulisxmo cnobaa, radgan zustad asaxavs antikuri xanis saqartvelosi Seqmnil realur istoriul surats. Znelia dabejitebit mtkiceba, rom CamoTvlil xalxebs hqondat sakutari kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da ganvitarebis absoluturi pirobebi, magram sruli safuzvelia vivaraudot, rom arnisnuli gadmocema realuri istoriuli sinamdvilis gamozaxilia. leonti mrovelis zemot naxseneb cnobas garkveulwilad amagrebs da avsebs arqeologiuri faqtebi. antikuri xanis saqartvelos araert arqeologiur obieqtzea dafiqsirebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia berznul, arameul, ebraul da falaur enebze. gansakutrebit mravlad aseti warwerebi Tavmoyrilia mcxetasa da sxva did saqalaqo centrebsi (mcxeta I, 1955). es garemoeba ki im vitarebis pirdapiri dadasturebaa, rom am periodis qartuli saxelmwifo rarac kulturuli avtonomiis msgavs pirobebs uqmnida mis farglebsi mcxovreb sxvadasxva etnosebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, istorikosis fraza, rom `ese enani icodes yovelta mefeta, mamata da dedata~ nisnavs, rom qartlis mefeebi da zogadad qartvelebi eqvs enaze ki ar saubrobdnen, aramed es eqvsive ena imyofeboda Tanabar uflebeb-si da am eqvsive enaze molaparake xalxs hqonda ganvitarebis Tanabari SesaZloblebebi. farnavazis reformis Semdeg, rodesac man erovnuli damwerloba SemoiRo, leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, qartuli upiratesi ena gamxdara, da `arrara izraxeboda sxua ena~ (leonti mroveli, gv. 26), magram antikuri xanis qartlis arqeologiuri monapovari, rogorc arinisna, adasturebs, rom mteli winaqristianuli epoqis ganmavlobasi falauri, berznuli, ebrauli da asiriuli damwerlobebi da aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi enebi, fartod da SeuzRudavad `izraxeboda qartlsa Sina~. rogorc vnaxet, qartveli da mosuli xalxis umtavresi ufleba, rac mdgomareobda erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasa da mcire etnosta 9

10 TavisTavadobis SenarCunebaSi, antikuri xanis qartul saxelmwifosi realurad xorcieldeboda. aranakleb mnisvnelovania isic, Tu ras aketebda sakutriv qartuli saxelmwifo calkeuli adamianebis uflebebis dasacavad. ra Tqma unda, antikuri sazogadoebis despotizmis pirobebsi uarresad Znelia arnisnuli sakitxis win wamoweva, magram sayoveltaodaa cnobili, rom antikurma samartalma, gansakutrebit romaulma samartalma, cal-calke daayena sazogadoeba da adamiani da isic daadgina, ra ufleba-movaleobani hqonda adamians sazogadoebis winase da Sesabamisad, ranair pirobebs uqmnida sazogadoeba adamians misi uflebamovaleobebis Sesrulebis saqmesi. dreistvis Cvens gankargulebasi myofi naratiuli wyaroebi adastureben, rom antikuri xanis saqartvelosi iurisprudencia da Sesabamisad, dawerili samartali ar arsebobda, amitomac SeuZlebelia msjeloba imastan dakavsirebit, konkretulad ra ufleba-movalebebzea saubari. arnisnuli problemis Seswavlas kidev ufro artulebs ukve naxsenebi vitarebac _ rodesac am periodis garsemo dagrovil werilobit ZeglebSi xalxi da misi morvaweobis prioriteti konkretulad ar Cans. CvenTvis saintereso kitxvaze pasuxi ki isev da isev `qartlis cxovrebasia~ Semonaxuli da ukve religiis sferos exeba. udaoa, rom politeisturi religia demokratiis gacilebit met nisnebs Seicavs, vidre monoteisturi. politeisturi religia adamians azlevs arcevanis sasualebas, magram am pirobebsic ki xsiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeboda calkeuli RvTaebebisa da kultebis akrzalva, an mati SeerTeba ama Tu im gabatonebul RvTaebasTan. amis magalitebi bevri icis rogorc antikurma, aseve ufro adrindelma istoriam. gansakutrebit xsiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamarjvebuli Zala sakutar mfarvel RvTaebas ZaldatanebiT abatonebda danarcen kultebze da es metodi gansxvavebuli kultebis mimdevarta damorcilebis sauketeso sasualebac iyo. rodesac azo qartlsi movida, man aq ori kultic moitana. gacisa da gaimis kerpebi mcxetasi armarta da qartvelebs mati Tayvaniscemac ubrzana. sainteresoa, rom gamarjvebuli farnavazi gacisa da gaimis 10

11 kerpebs xeluxlebels tovebs da mat Soris dgams sakutar, armazis RvTaebas, romelsac acxadebs kidec samefos mtavar mfarvel RvTaebad. e.i. farnavazi, am SemTxvevaSi, icavs gacisa da gaimis mimdevarta uflebebs da erti SexedviT, am ori RvTaebis Tayvanismcemlebs arafers ercis. armazi meomari RvTaeba iyo da am rigis sxva kultebis darad msxverplad iwiravda adamianebs. adamianta msxverplad Sewirva III saukunesi akrzala mefe revma, ristvisac igi `martlis~ TikuniT Seamkes. `qartlis cxovreba~ revis saqciels xsnis qristianobis gavlenit da ise warmoacens, TiTqos warmartma mefem kargad icoda qristianobis arsi da misi mxridan es humanuri gadawyvetilebac swored aqedan iyo nakarnaxevi (leonti mroveli, gv. 58). ra Tqma unda, rev martalis reformas sxva mxarec aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mtavaria is, rom qartlis samefo kari auqmebs dromowmul da Semzarav tradicias da nebsit Tu unebliet icavs iset maradiul Rirebulebas, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxlis ufleba. kidev SeiZleboda calkeuli magalitebis moxmoba, magram vfiqrobt, rom ganxiluli SemTxvevebi sakmarisia saimisod, rata vivaraudot, rom saxelmwifoebriobis Tavdapirvel etapzeve humanisturi idealebi sulac ar iyo ucxo qartuli saxelmwifostvis da swored antikuri xanidan irebs sataves ara marto qartuli saxelmwifoebriobis, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebistvis mozraobis istoriac. II. antikuri epoqis Semdgom xanasi, adre da ganvitarebul Sua saukuneebsi, ufro meti cnoba mogvepoveba saqartvelos samartlebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba itqvas, rom am dros saxezea TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, rac dakavsirebulia zogadad sazogadoebisa Tu konkretulad calkeuli pirovnebis uflebebis dacvisa Tu am uflebebis darrvevis sferostan. umtavresi momenti, romelic am periodis saqartvelos istoriidan Cvens interess warmoadgens, aris qartul saistorio wyaroebsi Camoyalibebuli koncefcia, Tu vin SeiZleba 11

12 iyos qartveli da hqondes ufleba ixseniebodes qartvelad. am mxriv metad sainteresoa codna imisa, Tu rogor esmodat cneba `qartveli~ Sua saukuneebis morvaweebs. amastan dakavsirebit nisandobliv koncefcias gvtavazobs leonti mroveli, romelic gadmogvcems, rom pirveli qristiani mefe miriani warmosobit iyo iraneli, magram qartlsi gamefebis Semdeg, man `Seiyvarna qartvelni, da daiviwya ena sparsuli da iswava ena qartuli da hmata Semkoba kerpta da bomonta, ketilad ipyrna qurumni kerptani da yovelta mefeta qartlisata umetes arasrulebda msaxurebasa mas kerptasa da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi, xolo ese yoveli qartvelta satnoebisatvis qmna da ketilad ipyrna qartvelni niwita da yovlita didebita~ (leonti mroveli, gv. 65). e. i. aq gadmocemulia Tvalsazrisi, Tu vin iyo uflebamosili wodebuliyo qartvelad: is vinc flobda qartul enas, eziareboda qartul kulturas, iqneboda qartuli saxelmwifos istoriis pativismcemeli, emsaxureboda qartveli xalxis ketildreobas. amrigad, XI s-is saqartvelosi miacndat, rom sisxlismier warmomavlobas gadamwyveti mnisvneloba ar hqonda imisatvis, rata ama Tu im pirovnebis ufleba Tavi miecnia qartvelad, realurad daculi yofiliyo. es umtavresi principi damaxasiatebeli iyo mteli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobasi da religiur-konfesiuri momentic SedarebiT ukana planze iyo gadaweuli. problemisadmi amgvari midgoma TavisTavad win wamoswevda sakitxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra teritoriaze unda ganxorcielebuliyo qartvelobis ufleba. X s-is morvawis giorgi mercules azrit, `qartlad friadi queyanai ariricxebis, romelsaca Sina qartulit enita Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aresrulebis~ (giorgi mercule, gv. 563). amdenad, qartvelis ufleba ifareba im arealit, sadac qartulad laparakoben da qartulad loculoben. amrigad, X- XI ss-si qartvelma morvaweebma zustad gansazrvres qartvelta saxelmwifosa da am saxelmwifosi mcxovreb etnosta umtavresi ufleba _ gansazrvrul miwawyalze arsebuliyo garkveuli etnikuri jgufebit dasaxlebuli saxelmwifo, romlis politikur da kulturul sarbielze morvawe nebismier adamians hqonoda ufleba wodebuliyo qartvelad. 12

13 ase rom, rogorc arinisna, qartveloba ar iyo mxolod sisxlismieri cneba da Sesabamisad, erti romelime agnaturi jgufis ufleba. igi gacilebit farto sazogadoebrivi datvirtvis matarebel termins warmoadgenda. albat, sainteresoa Tvali gavadevnot im istoriul process, Tu rogor mivida qartuli sazogadoeba arnisnul Segnebamde. Qqristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam didi dapirispireba gamoiwvia tradiciul, qartul warmartul religiis mimdevarta da qristianta Soris. es globaluri antagonizmi, rogorc cnobilia, am ukanasknelis gamarjvebit damtavrda, magram Tavdapirvel etapze (IV-Vss) qristianobam mainc ver moipova gabatonebuli mdgomareoba da axla ukve am religiis marali samrvdeloebis winaarmdeg qartlis samefo kari gamovida vaxtang gorgaslis metaurobit. istorikos juanseris TxzulebaSi, romelic vaxtangis morvaweobas exeba, gadmocemulia erti sagulisxmo detali. mefis brzolam qartlis eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisatvis sapirispiro mxareebze daayena erti mxriv, vaxtang gorgasali da meore mxriv, qartlis eklesiis metauri, mtavarepiskiposi miqaeli. cxadia, miqaels xels ar azlevda eklesiis damoukidebloba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi gavlenas kargavda. amitom mteli SesaZleblobebi gamoiyena, rata mefes es aqti ar ganexorcielebina. vaxtangs erti SexedviT logikuri resursebi amoewura da miqaeli korufciasi daadanasaula, rodesac saeklesio qonebis mitvisebasi amxila. mtavarepiskoposma miicnia, rom misi adamianuri uflebebi uxesad daarrvies da mastan misul mefes saxesi fexi Caartya da kbilebi Caumtvria (juanseri, gv. 148). am gadmocemasi sagulisxmo is aris, rom ukve V s-si kargad icodnen, rom mefes ufleba ar hqonda sakutari TavisaTvis yvelafris neba mieca da mtkicebulebebis garese vinmestvis brali waeyenebina. martalia, es brzola mefis gamarjvebit dasrulda, magram mtavari aq, cxadia, es momenti ar aris. vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg qartlsi mzime vitarebam daisadgura. 523 wels mefe gurgens iranis Sahma kavad II SemouTvala, rom qartvelebs uari etqvat sakutar sarwmunoebasa da tradiciebze da yvelafersi ise moqceuliyvnen, rogorc 13

14 iranelebi iqceodnen. micvalebulebic miwasi ki ar daemarxat, aramed, mazdeanuri wesis Tanaxmad, cxovelebisa da frinvelebisatvis gadaeyarat. ra Tqma unda, am pirobis Sesruleba qristiani mefisagan SeuZlebeli iyo da qartvelebmac sakutari uflebebis dasacavad ajanyeba daiwyes. brzolebi iranis gamarjvebit dasrulda. rasac Sedegad mohyva is, rom Sahma kavadma qartlis samefo gaauqma da is gamoacxada iranis satrapiad (prokopi kesarieli, gv. 49). farnavazis droidan moyolebuli saqartvelos istoriasi es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac dairrva qartvelta yvelaze didi ufleba, rac gamoixata erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebit. es vitareba 571 wlamde grzeldeboda. swored am wels qartli moicva sayoveltao ajanyebam, romelsac satavesi edga guaram bagrationi. brzola sasurveli SedegiT damtavrda da qartli iranis batonobisagan gantavisuflda. qartvelebs xelaxla mouxdat saxelmwifos Seqmna da es ufleba Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma brzolit moipoves. ardgenili saxelmwifos metauri gaxda guarami, romelmac satave daudo qartlis erismtavarta dinastias. erismtavris uflebebi SezRuduli iyo. mas ar hqonda mefis uflebebi, magram realurad igi samefos pirvel pirs warmoadgenda. `moqcevai qartlisais~ qronikasi am movlenebtan dakavsirevit daculia cnoba, romlis mnisvnelobac ganuzomlad didia. saqme exeba imas, Tu rogor movida guarami xelisuflebis satavesi. matiane gadmogvcems, rom 571 wlis qartlsi Catarebula sayoveltao arcevnebi da am gzit moupovebia guarams qveynis martvis ufleba. `neladre Sekrba qartli da ganacines erismtavrad guaram~ (moqcevai qartlisai, gv.95). `moqcevai qartlisais~ es cnoba aris ara marto qartlsi, aramed mtel masindel adre Sua saukuneebis msofliosi ar-cevnebis gamartvis ertaderti precedenti. sxva analogiuri SemTxveva am periodis istoriam ar icis. cxadia, am vitarebam axal qartul saxelmwifos Seuqmna myari samartlebrivi bazisi, ramac ganapiroba iseti Rirebulebebis win wamoweva, rogoricaa qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, piradi qonebis xelseuxebloba da misi anderzit gadacemis ufleba. 14

15 yovelive amis dadasturebas vxvdebit basili zarzmelis `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebasi~. basili zarzmelis gadmocemit, feodali giorgi CorCaneli usvilo iyo da sikvdilis win mteli qoneba das da dissvilebs uanderza; magram misma dissvilebma sulam, besqenma da laklakma gadawyvites wili ar miecat sakutari distvis da size mokles. mkvlelobis motivi martivi iyo. size wils itxovda CorCanelebis qonebidan; Tan sakutar uflebas imit asabutebda, rom qalsac ergeba wili, radgan es qoneba dedatqvens ergo da Tqvenc misi mesveobit miiret igio (basili zarzmeli, gv. 340). es vitareba adasturebs, rom qals msoblebis qonebasi hqonda memkvidreobis mirebis ufleba. Gganxilul epizodsi kidev erti detalia uarresad saintereso. KkerZod, irkveva, rom adre Sua saukuneebis saqartvelosi adamians piradi qonebis sruli xelseuxeblobis garantia hqonda da Tu igi usvilo iyo, werilobiti anderzit SeeZlo qonebis ganawileba uaxloes natesavebze. am sakitxze imitom vamaxvilebt yuradrebas, rom sakutrebis ganyenebuli cneba sxva feodalur saxelmwifoebsi gvian SemuSavda. dasavlet evropasi mxolod XIII-XIV ss-dan vxvdebit dominiumis gamomxatvel termins, rusetsi ki ufro gvian XVIII s-dan. arnisnul periodsi saintereso movlenebs hqonda adgili egrisis samefosic. rogorc cnobilia, 554 wels bizantielma sardlebma veragulad mokles mefe gubaz II. am qmedebam mosaxleobis ukiduresi arsfoteba gamoiwvia da Seikriba didi saxalxo kreba (ix. zaza daraselias statia amave krebulsi). rogorc vnaxet, istoriuli vitarebis sirtulis miuxedavad, adre Suasaukuneebis saqartvelosi ufro maral safexurzea asuli brzola adamianis uflebebis darrvevebis winaarmdeg da ewvsgaresea, rom am mxriv VI-X ss-ebi warmoadgens antikur xanastan SedarebiT askarad win gadadgmul nabijs. swored am periodma Seasrula ertgvari damakavsirebeli roli antikur xanasa da ganvitarebul Sua saukuneebs Soris, rodesac CvenTvis saintereso problemebma kidev ufro Rrma ganvitareba hpova, ramac saqartvelo im drois yvelaze mowinave da civilizebul saxelmwifota Soris Caayena. 15

16 III. X-XI saukuneebi aris ertiani saqartvelos Camoyalibebis xana. arnisnuli periodis gansakutrebul mnisvnelobasac swored es garemoeba gansazrvravs. ra Tqma unda, gaertianebuli saxelmwifos arsebobas esawiroeboda myari iuridiuli safuzveli, romelic Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos mxridan moitxovda mteli rigi reformebis gatarebas da cxadia, rom es reformebi srul SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo masindeli msoflios wamyvan qveynebsi mirebul da damkvidrebul iuridiul normebtan (mag. bizantia). am TvalsazrisiT gansakutrebul interess iwvevs davit armasenebelis, giorgi III-isa da Tamaris epoqa. saqartvelos reformator politikosta Soris, jer-jerobit mainc, yvelaze did interess iwvevs davit IV morvaweoba. axla ar SevudgebiT mis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela reformis mnisvnelobis Sefasebas. Cveni interesi mxolod ori matganit Semoifargleba; esenia sasamartlo reforma da mstovarta institutis Seqmna. werilobiti wyaroebi adastureben, rom qartul samefo karze davit IV periodamdec arsebobda sasamartlo, sadac yvela saqmis garceva iyo mefis prerogativa. davit armasenebeli pirveli qartveli politikosia, romelmac ertmanetisagan gamijna sasamartlo da armasrulebeli xelisufleba, Seqmna ra umarlesi saapelacio sasamartlo `saajo kari~, romlis musaobis warmartvac mwignobartuxucess daevala. `saajo kari~ qartuli feodaluri saxelmwifos Sinagani wesrigis dacvis umtavresi sadarajo iyo. davit armaseneblis istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom mis mizans warmoadgenda momcivanta, dawirvebulta da mimzlavrebulta gankitxva da kurneba. xsiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo kari~ ixilavda adamianis uflebebis darrvevis iset SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa didaznaurta, did moxele eristavta, gadasaxadebis amkrefta TviTneboba da Zaladoba. aseve xsiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo karis~ mesveobit sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi poulobdnen da icavdnen sakutar adamianur uflebebs. SesaZlebelia vifiqrot, rom `saajo karis~ Seqmnis aucileblobac swored im garemoebit 16

17 iyo nakarnaxevi, rom adamianis uflebebi maqsimalurad yofiliyo daculi saxelmwifos mxridan, radgan mefemde misvlis sasualeba, bunebrivia, sazogadoebis mxolod warcinebul nawils xelewifeboda. amastan dakavsirebit sainteresod gadmogvcems davit armaseneblis istorikosi: `slvata Sina TvisTa samefotasa da simravlita spatata da simalita slavisasa ver advilad miemtxueodian momcivani da dawirvebulni da mimzlavrebulni da visac esawiroeboda gankitxva da Sewevna mefobrivi, nuukue da vinme arvidis borcusa zeda rasame, gzisa maxlobelsa, anu kldesa, gina Tu xesa, vitarca zaqe. UukeT Tu oden epovis esevitari rame da munit sacnaur yves Wrtinva Tvisi~ (davit armaseneblis istorikosi, 1959, gv. 354). rogorc arinisna, davit IV gatarebuli RonisZiebebidan ert-erti yvelaze mnisvnelovani iyo mstovarta institutis Seqmna, romelic warmoadgenda sametvalyureo-sadazvervo organizacias da miznad isaxavda saxelmwifos usafrtxoebas. am instituts, cxadia didi mnisvneloba hqonda saxelmwifos gazlierebis saqmesi, magram Cvenamde morweuli istoriuli wyaroebi imasac adasturebs, rom igi mizanmimar-tulad arrvevda adamianis uflebebs. saqme isaa, rom mstovarta didi nawils warmoadgenda samrvdeloeba, romelic yvelaze did informacias flobda qveynis SigniT Tu qveynis garet mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb da am informaciis mirebis wyaro iyo arsareba. samrvdeloebis saxelmwifo samsaxursi Cayeneba matgan moitxovda arsarebis saidumlos darrvevas da am gzit mirebuli informaciis samefo karisatvis miwodebas. sainteresoa, rom swored amgvari sasualebebit Seityo mefem liparit barvasis ori SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, davit armasenebelis istorikosi mefis aset nabijs gamartlebulad miicnevs da arnisnavs, rom calkeuli adamianebis uflebebis Selaxvis miuxedavad, mstovarta saqmianoba mainc gamartlebuli iyo, radgan qartuli saxelmwifo ver gazlierdeboda da am SemTxvevaSi TviT religiis msaxurnic valdebulni iyvnen jer saxelmwifo interesebisatvis emorvawat da rodesac idga 17

18 saqartvelosa da qartveli eris yofna-aryofnis sakitxi, konfesiuri saidumloebis dacvas meorexarisxovani mnisvnloba eniweboda. davit armaseneblis Semdgom xanasi adamianta uflebebis darrvevebma kidev ufro sistematuri xasiati miiro. am moments myari bizgi misca jer demetre I, rodesac taxtis memkvidred gamoacxada ara ufrosi Svili daviti, aramed umcrosi _ giorgi, ritac daarrvia mefed kurtxevis tradiciuli wesi, xolo Semdeg TviT giorgi III, romelmac, SeiZleba itqvas, taxti waartva sakutar ZmisSvil demnas, romelic davit mexutis gardacvalebis Semdeg mefobis kanonier pretendentad itvleboda. giorgi III taxtze regentobis uflebit avida. es cxadia, gulisxmobda demnas srulwlovnad gaxdomistanave am ukanasknelis gamefebas. magram gairkva, rom giorgi ar apirebda gadadgomas da taxtis dabrunebas kanonieri memkvidrisatvis, rasac mohyva demnas momxreta didi ajanyeba. ajanyebis metauri, amirspasalari ivane orbeli samartlianad asabutebda, rom giorgi uzurpatori iyo da ertadert kanonier memkvidres demna warmoadgenda. brzola, rogorc cnobilia, giorgis gamarjvebit dasrulda da saqartvelosi demnas momxreta umagalito devna daiwyo. TviT ufliswuls Tvalebi datxares da daasawurises, ris Sedegadac igi Wkuidan SeiSala da gardaicvala, ivane orbeli da misi ojaxi sikvdilit dasajes, orbelta mtel sagvareulos qoneba CamoarTves da qveynidan gaazeves. arsanisnavia, rom giorgim uxesad daarrvia udanasaulobis prezumpcia orbelta sagvareulos mimart da yvela matgans, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobda Tu ara ajanyebasi, gamoutana saerto ganaceni (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 30_31). adamianta uflebebis aset Selaxvas, cxadia, ar SeeZlo ar gaemwvavebina samoqalaqo dapirispireba da gaamwvava kidec. saqartvelos mteli istoriis ganmavlobasi Sida saxelmwifo dapirispirebas iseti masstabi arasodes miuria, rogorc giorgi mesamisa da gansakutrebit Tamaris mefobasi. swored am procesis ganmuxtvasa da saxelmwifos martvagamgeobis mowesrigebas isaxavda miznad is didi da 18

19 umagalito mozraoba, romelic yutlu arslanis dasis saxelitaa cnobili. samecniero literaturasi yutlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis socialuri determinaciisa da mati politikuri motxovnebis Sesaxeb araertgvarovani da, xsir SemTxvevaSi, urtiertsawinaarmdego Sexedulebebia gamotqmuli. yutlu arslanis umtavresi motxovna, rom saxelmwifos martvis processi monawileobis ufleba hqonodat sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebsac unda SeeqmnaT arcevitobis principze damyarebuli organo, karavi, ra Tqma unda, safuzvelsive miurebeli iyo absoluturi monarqizmis pirobebsi da sruliad bunebrivia, rom Tamari da zogadad, samefo kari am motxovnis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi xedavdnen absolutizmis dasasrulis dasawyiss. saqartvelos istoriidan vicit, rom arcevitobis ufleba sulac ar iyo ucxo movlena qartuli realobisatvis (swored ase gaxda guaram kurapalati erismtavari VI s-si), magram yutlus programa askarad zrudavda mefis ganusazrvrel uflebebs da mas utovebda mxolod armasrulebel xelisuflebas, Tanac wamyvan Tanamdebobebze kandidaturebi karavs unda ganexila da daenisna, xolo mefes ki unda daemtkicebina isini. yutlu arslani imedovnebda, rom saxelmwifos martvis aseti modelis SemTxvevaSi Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli jer kidev demetre I dros dawyebuli sazogadoebis gatisvisa da dapirispirebis Semdgomi garrmavebis safrtxe. YyuTlu arslanis momxred gamodiodnen rogorc warcinebuli feodalebi, aseve dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenlebic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tamaris istorikosebi arnisnaven, rom yutlus mxars uwerda lasqaric. karavis arcevis momxreta gamosvla im periodsi moxda, rodesac dapirispireba sazogadoebis maral da dabal fenebs Soris ukiduresad gamwvavda. cnobilia, rom giorgi III demnas ajanyebis Semdeg maral Tanamdebobaze danisna ugvaro, ara aristokratuli warmomavlobis pirovnebebi (amirspasalari yubasari, msaxurtuxucesi afridoni), romlebic Tamaris dros didgvarovanta dartymis obieqtebi 19

20 gaxdnen. swored mati zewolis Sedegad Tamarma Tanamdebobi daatovebina yubasarsa da afridons da ver SeZlo mati uflebebis dacva. aset situaciasi yutlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis micneva mdabiota wridan gamosul adamianebad cota saewvoa, radgan yutlu am dros mewurwletuxucesi iyo da didgvarovnebi mis gadayenebas ar moitxovdnen. e. i. irkveva, rom isic mati wris adamiania, xolo Tamaris istorikosta mxridan yutlu arslanisa da misi momxreebis mdabioebad warmocena mxolod da mxolod ideologiuri momentitaa ganpirobebuli. ase rom, Tamaris istorikosebi Segnebulad malaven simartles, ritac am adamianta uflebebsac laxaven. XII s-is 80-iani wlebis saqartvelosi daikarga istoriuli Sansi. YyuTlu arslanis programis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saqartvelo xdeboda im epoqis ertaderti qveyana, sadac Seiqmneboda pirveli sakanonmdeblo organo, xolo es vitareba Sua saukuneebis partikularizmis pirobebsi, qveyanas Seuqmnida ganvitarebis manamde arnaxul SesaZleblobebs.Y yovel SemTxvevaSi, Semdgomdroindelma istoriulma realobam TvalnaTliv acvena, rom erti SexedviT didebis zenitsi myofma qveyanam veravitari, metic, odnavi winaarmdegobac ver gauwia monrolebs da mat faqtobrivad, ubrzolvelad danebda. am vitarebasi sulac ar iyo meorexarisxovani momenti qveynis Sida dapirispireba, romlis Tavidan asacileblad verc Tamarma, verc giorgi-lasam da verc rusudanma qmediti nabijebi ver gadadges. yutlu arslanis programis ganxorcieleba, Cveni azrit, TavisTavad moxsnida am problemas, radgan karavi daakmayofilebda sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenelta politikur Tu pirovnul ambiciebs. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis evropis saxelmwifoebma sakanonmdeblo organoebis mesveobit aiciles Tavidan samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi da Seqmnes samartlebrivad mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebi (parlamenti inglissi XIII s-dan, generaluri Statebi safrangetsi, respublikuri sabwoebi genuasa da florenciasi da sxv.). 20

21 miuxedavad imisa, rom Tamaris epoqis saqartvelo mzad ar armocnda aseti progresuli nabijisatvis, am periodsic ki saxelmwifos mxridan zrunva adamianis uflebebis dasacavad mainc xorcieldeboda. yvelaze didi mirweva, romlitac Sua saukuneebis saqartvelos istoriam SeiZleba iamayos, aris XII s-is 80-ian wlebsi sikvdilit dasjis gauqmeba. am droisatvis sikvdilit dasjastan ertad gauqmebula damasaxicrebeli da adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebeli sasjelebic. basili ezosmozrvari gadmogvcems: `mowyalebita ieso RmrTisa msgavsita da samartlisa misisa mibazvita dreta Sina TamarisaTa aravin gamocnda momzlavrebuli mecnierebata misita, arca vin dasjili, TvT arca vis Rirss sikudilisasa da arca patijisasa miexada Tananadebi, arca vin brzanebita misita asomokvetil iqmna, arca sibrmavit daisaja~ (basili ezoismozruari, 1959, gv. 144). Sua saukuneebis msoflio istoriasi saqartvelo, bizantiis Semdgom, meore qveyanaa, sadac aratu sikvdilit dasja gauqmda, aramed aikrzala adamianis damasaxicrebeli da Rirsebis Semlaxavi sasjelebi. IV. XV s-si, kerzod, 1490 wels saqartvelo iuridiulad daisala sam (kaxetis, qartlis, imeretis) samefod da ramdenime (afxazeti, guria, odisi, samcxe) samtavrod. qveyanasi daikarga ertiani azri, arar arsebobda saerto idea, romelic gamswvaluli iqneboda ertiani samefos ardgenis survilit da Sesabamisad, ase mcire nawilebad daglejili qveyanac xan osmalebis, xan iranelebis, xan Crdilo kavkasieli tomebisa da xanac SinaaSlilobis ganuwyvelel asparezad iqca. es iyo logikuri dasasruli im tendenciebisa, rac gamoikveta jer kidev XII saukunidan, rodesac saxelmwifos SigniT Seqmnilma mzafrma dapirispirebam qveyana daayena ganadgurebis safrtxis winase. ra Tqma unda, iyo araerti mcdeloba saqartvelos ertianobis arsadgenad, magram yvela matgani sruli kraxit damtavrda da saqartvelom ise daasrula istoriuli ganvitarebis Sua saukuneebrivi etapi, rom ertian politikur organizmad verar Camoyalibda. GgadaWarbebuli ar iqne- 21

22 ba imis arnisvnac, rom gviani Sua saukuneebis (XIV-XVIII ss) saqartvelo iyo arsemdgari sazogadoebrivi konglomerati, sadac upirveles adgilze wamoweuli iyo gancalkevebis, ga- TiTokacebis tendenciebi da saxelmwifos interesebze marla idga calkeuli satavadoebisa da samtavrota interesebi, rac kidev ufro zrudavda ganvitarebis SesaZleblobebs da ert dros mowinave samyarosagan ganuyofeli xalxi armocnda srul izolaciasi. saqartvelos imjamindeli mdgomareobis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, albat, gazviadebuli ar iqneba imis arnisvnac, rom qartulma samefo-samtavroebma verar SeZles (Tu ar SeZles) im liberaluri da maradiuli Rirebulebebis dacva, rac esoden iyo damaxasiatebeli gacilebit adreuli epoqebisatvis da erti xelis mosmit wyalsi Cayares yvelaferi is, rac wina saukuneebma memkvidreobit dautoves qartvel xalxs. XIV-XVIII ss-ebis saqartvelo sakmaod CamorCa drois dinebas da gadauwarbeblad SeiZleba itqvas, rom es xana iyo yvelaze didi ukusvla Cveni qveynis istoriasi. politikuri ganvitareba, politikuri ganswavluloba pirdapir asaxavs ama Tu im sazogadoebasi humanisturi ideebisa da maradiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis xarisxs, yoveli eri imdenad aris tolerantuli da mswrafi liberaluri idealebisadmi, ramdenadac mas amis sasualebas azlevs is politikuri vitareba da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi garemo, romelsic esa Tu is sociumi imyofeba. gviani Sua saukuneebis qartuli sazogadoeba gaxlecili iyo Svid, rva da zogjer at nawiladac. amitom, bunebrivia, aset vitarebasi calkeuli pirovnebisa Tu zogadad adamianis uflebebis dacvac adrindelivit arar warmoadgenda saxelmwifos mxridan gansakutrebuli zrunvis sagans da Tamamad SeiZleba variarot, rom am periodsi arnisnuli uflebebis darrvevaze ufro mizansewonili iqneboda msjeloba, vidre mis dacvaze. iranisa da TurqeTis gabatonebam saqartvelos samxretarmosavlet da samxret-dasavletis sazrvrebze Cveni qveyana moaqcia srul politikur, ekonomikur da informaciul izolaciasi, ramac farto gasaqani misca adamianta uflebebis darrvevis iset amazrzen formas, rogoricaa adamianebit vawroba, anu `tyveta syidva~. frangi mogzauris Jan Sardenis 22

23 cnobit, adamianta vawrobit gansakutrebit iyvnen dainteresebuli Turqebi. zogjer TiTo qalsi cexins izleodnen, mamakaci wlamde 15 ekiud fasobda, ufrosebi _ 8-10 ekiud, lamazi gogonebi wlisani _ 20 ekiud, bavsvebi _ 3-4 ekiud (Jan Sardeni, gv.108). `tyveta syidva~ moedo sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenas. dasavlet saqartvelos TiTqmis yvela mtavari, Tavadi, aznauri, Tu saeklesio morvawe aqtiurad armocnda CarTuli am processi. Ddon juzepe judice milanelis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mxolod samegrelodan XVII s-is Sua xanebistvis yovelwliurad sami atasi monadqceuli glexi iyideboda (don juzepe judice milaneli, gv. 119). analogiuri vitareba iyo Seqmnili armosavlet saqartvelosic. ai, rogor arwers mematiane sacicianosi arsebul situacias: `dasaxoci daxoces, gasayidi gayides, naxevari osmalos mihyides da naxevaric imerlebsa. rac Cvili ymawvili iyo, rom aravin iyida cixidan gadayares da nadir-frinvelma SeWama, rac monazoni da beri iyo, rom ar gaiyideboda, sul ert saxlsi Seyares, bozebi gamouyares, saxli zed daaqcies da ise uziareblad daxoces~ (gvritisvili, gv. 230). saxelmwifos mxridan sakmao popularoba moipova mosaxleobisadmi e.w. `avad mokidebam~. am qmedebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: Tu esa Tu is pirovneba (ZiriTadad glexoba) uars ityoda saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze, mebatone, mefis mititebit, aset adamians col-svils dauwerda da gauyidda. elementaruli uflebis dasacavad xalxis did nawils an batonis mokvla uwevda, an ajanyeba, an sakutari miwa-wylidan gadaxvewa. Zaladobis erti forma ebrzoda Zaladobis meore Fformas, magram bunebrivia, imarjvebda is, visac Zaladobis gatarebis meti SesaZlebloba hqonda. mokled rom arvnisnot, adamianoba da pirovnuli Rirseba sazogadoebis mxolod viwro nawilis ufleba gaxda da am kutxit XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqartvelo askarad mahmadianur samyarostan icens ufro met siaxloves, vidre xsenebuli periodis evropastan. rara Tqma unda, Sors vart im azrisgan, rom XVII-XVIII ss-ebis evropasi adamianta uflebebis 23

24 dacvis TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi wesrigsi iyo, magram isic cxadia, rom es periodi evropistvis warmoadgenda didi reformaciis epoqas, ramac Tavis mxriv, dasabami misca axali istoriis, kapitalizmis eras, romelmac adamianis uflebebis dacva, Tundac deklaraciis doneze mainc, manamde arnaxul simarlemde aiyvana. amitom, rodesac Cven vmsjelobt gviani Sua saukuneebis saqartvelos CamorCenilobis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobasi upirvelesad swored am moments vgulisxmobt. TumcaRa, yovlad antimecnieruli iqneboda mtkiceba imisa, TiTqos am periodis saqartvelosi ar iyo calkeuli Sem- Txvevebi da ar ibrzodnen mdgomareobis gasaketilsobilebelad. vaxtang VI sakanomdeblo morvaweoba am mxriv martlac kargi magalitia. SesaniSnavi iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis mteli saqmianobac. sulxan-sabas dasavlet evropuli vizitic miznad isaxavda ara mxolod vaxtangis gamoxsnas iranis samefo karisagan, aramed mas ufro farto da Sors mimavali gegmebi hqonda. kerzod, ki is, rom saqartvelo kvlav moqceuliyo dasavlet evropis saxelmwifota interesebsi, rac iqneboda saqartvelos bunebriv-istoriuli ganvitarebis wiarsi dabrunebisa da aq liberaluri Rirebulebebis arorzinebis umtavresi piroba. samwuxarod, es mcdeloba marcxit damtavrda xolo ra bedi ewia dasavluri orientaciis mimdevar sulxan-sabas, es sayoveltaodaa cnobili. vaxtang VI da sulxan-sabas orbelianis politikuri mimartulebis marcxi kargad warmoacens, rom am periodis saqartvelo namdvilad ar iyo mzad, rata igi dabruneboda dasavlur samyaros da Sesabamisad, adgili epova mowinave, progresuli mimartulebis saxelmwifota Soris. aseti vitarebis fonze arc imis daviwyeba SeiZleba, rom XVIII s-is qartuli saxelmwifoebi _ qartl-kaxeti, imereti _ sakutari, Zalze mokrzalebuli SesaZleblobis farglebsi mainc cdilobdnen daecvat adamianis uflebebi da upirveles yovlisa, SeemsubuqebinaT usualo mwarmoebeli fenis, glexebisa da xelosanta autaneli pirobebi. am mxriv gamorceulia erekle II da solomon I Rvawli. ert-erti kaxeli batoni erekles swerda: 24

25 `Tqveni wyenis urono gaxlavart, Torem Cems ymas rogor ver davimorcileb~ (scssa f dav. 24. sab. 2063). moxmobili magalitit kargad Cans, rom mefis SiSiT feodalebi ver bedavdnen adamianta TviTnebur dasjas. erekles mxridan, ra Tqma unda, iyo mcdeloba, daecva sakutari qvesevrdomebi, magram cxadia, es ar iyo problemisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma. miuxedavad imisa, rom erekle Tavadebs afrtxilebda: `Sens sargos airebde da usamartlos nu aireb, nurc aras usamartlos moindomeb~ (scssa f. 299 dav. 24 sab. 109). rodesac migvacnia, rom adamianta uflebebis dacvis sferosi erekles ar gaacnda saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, amovdivart im martivi postulatidan, rom mxolod SegonebebiTa da epistolaruli mimartvebit es problema ver gadaiwreboda da verc mogvardeboda. Zalian gawirdeba davasaxelot XVIII s-is meore naxevris Tundac erti sakanonmdeblo aqti mainc, romelsic arnisnuli sakitxebi iqneboda aqcentirebuli Tu 1787 wels gamocemuli brzanebebi ymata umamulod gayidvis akrzalvis Sesaxeb sul sxva xasiatis dokumentebia da satvalavsi misarebic ar aris. TiTqmis imaves Tqma SeiZleba solomon I mimartac. Tumca, am mefis mravalmxrivi morvaweobis ertgvari gvirgvini SeiZleba iyos 1759 wlis saeklesio kreba, romelmac mkacri ganaceni gamoutana `tyveta msyidvelebs~. am krebaze imeretis, guriisa da samegrelos saero da sasuliero xelisuflebma dades `tyveta syidvis~ akrzalvis piroba. saeklesio xelisuflebam tyveta msyidvelni SeaCvena, xolo saero xelisufleba ki mat sikvdilit dasjit daemuqra. Tanamedroveobam martlac rom daufasa mefes adamianta uflebebis Semlaxavi RonisZiebebis akrzalva da solomoni erovnul gmiradac moinatla. xalxis xatovani TqmiT, Tu solomon pirvelis gamefebis dros `imereti kowlic gaxldat, yruc, brmac da kbilebcacvenilic, dres yvelaferi kargad esmis, Sors xedavs, fexebze magrad dgas da kbilebic amouvida mteli samefo gamobrunda da gamoketda ~ (qartuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, gv. 147). 25

26 imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zrunavda solomon I sakutari mosaxleobis uflebebis dasacavad, kargad gadmogvcems erti leqsic: `amis avi kaci viyav, tyve arvis vayidvineo, mwyemsi vasuqe, vadide, Ceros qves davazineo~ besiki, gv. 224 amrigad, gviani Sua saukuneebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiatot; adamianta uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT igi ver Seedreba verc antikur xanas, verc adreul da verc ganvitarebul Sua saukuneebs. yvelaze didi xelissemsleli da Semaferxebeli piroba iyo ramdenime samefo-samtavrod da satavadod danawevrebuli qveynis faqtori. am periodsi SemoRebuli iqna, ufro sworad, ardgenil iqna, sikvdilit dasja, `tyveta syidva~ faqtobrivad nisnavda monatmflobelobisaken dabrunebas, uxesad da sistematurad irrveoda sakutrebis xelseuxebloba, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqartvelos istoriam ar icis arc erti arceviti organos arseboba. kidev ufro mzime vitareba Seiqmna 1801 wlis Semdeg, rodesac rusettan jer armosavlet, xolo SemdgomSi dasavlet saqartvelos miertebit, qartvelma xalxma erovnebis uflebac dakarga. am dros cnebebi `saqartvelo~ da `qartveli~ saertod iqna gauqmebuli da rusetis politikur rukaze saqartvelo qutaisis da Tbilisis guberniebis saxelit arinisneboda. Cveni qveynis istoriasi meored dafiqsirda SemTxveva, rodesac dampyrobelma saertod mospo da gaauqma qartuli saxelmwifoebrioba (pirvelad es iranelebma moimoqmedes 523 wels). mtiuletis, kaxetis, imeretis ajanyebebi, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, TergdaleulTa morvaweoba _ ai is ZiriTadi momentebi, romlebic gamoxatavda qartveli xalxis brzolas sakutari uflebebis arsadgenad. am brzolis uzenaesi mizani, ki ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifoebriobis xelaxali mopoveba iyo. 26

27 aseti rtuli realobita da mzime memkvidreobit xvdeboda qartveli xalxi XX saukunes, konkretulad ki, 1918 wlis 26 maiss. V. rusetis imperiis transformaciam sasualeba misca qartvel politikosebs aredginat 1801 wels dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da es misia wilad xvda social-demokratiul (mensevikur) partias wels, amierkavkasiis seimis daslis Semdeg, gamocxadda saqartvelos demokratiuli respublika. es martlac didmnisvnelovani aqti iyo saqartvelos istoriasi, radgan gadauwarbeblad SeiZleba itqvas, rom qartveli xalxi mteli istoriis manzilze arasdros yofila ase didxans saxelmwifoebriobis garese. imperiis danamatidan, Cveulebrivi koloniis statusidan saqartvelo arsdga rogorc saertasoriso samartlis wevri qveyana da rogorc sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis saxelmwifo, radgan respublikuri wyoba manamde ucxo movlena iyo saqartvelos istoriisatvis. monarqiisagan gansxvavebit, respublikuri mmartvelobis forma moitxovda erti mxriv, qartveli xalxis Seguebas axali realobisadmi da meore mxriv, liberaluri RonisZiebebis Tvisobrivad axal safexurze ayvanas. am periodsi saqartvelos politikur da samartlebriv cxovrebasi bevri iseti ram moxda, rac sruliad ucxo da SeuZlebeli iyo adrindel istoriul realobasi. saqartvelos demokratiuli respublika warmoadgenda saxelmwifos, romlis arsebobis safuzvels gansazrvravda Sesabamisi samartlebrivi aqtebita da kanonmdeblobebit mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebi da am pirobebsi farto gasaqani ezleoda adamianta uflebebis dacvis iset prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa: arcevitobis principi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, religiuri Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebis arseboba, rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrzalva, moqalaqeobis ufleba, Sromisa da dasvenebis ufleba, erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, kerzo sakutrebis xelseuxebloba, cenzuris 27

28 gauqmeba, presis Tavisufleba, sasamartlos damoukidebloba, sikvdilit dasjis gauqmeba. anu, Tamamad SegviZlia variarot, rom axalgazrda qartuli saxelmwifo Tavisi arsebobis xanmokle periodis ganmavlobasi icavda adamianis yvela im uflebas, rac SedarebiT gvian aisaxa `adamianis uflebebis sayoveltao deklaraciasi~. saqartvelos demokratiuli respublika, ra Tqma unda, iyo qartveli xalxis didi monapovari. ert-ert umtavres da Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul movlenas warmoadgenda 1921 wlis 21 Tebervalis konstitucia. ra Tqma unda, esec pirveli SemTxveva iyo saqartvelosi, rodesac saxelmwifos arsebobas safuzvlad daedo ZiriTadi kanoni. samwuxaro mxolod is faqtia, rom pirvelma konstituciam ver imusava, radgan cnobilia, rom igi faqtobrivi saomari moqmedebebis pirobebsi iqna mirebuli; magram es mis Rirsebas cxadia, Crdils ver ayenebs, radgan konstituciam asaxa yvela is mtavari niuansi, romelic warmoadgenda demokratiuli respublikis zrunvis sagans da romelic manamde araertxel iyo deklarirebuli damoukideblobis aqtsa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonsi. damoukideblobis aqtis proeqti momzadda 1918 wlis maiss batumsi z. avalisvilis, a. Cxenkelis, n. nikolazis da p. surgulazis mier da gansaxilvelad waredgina 1917 wlis 22 noembers arceul erovnuli sabwos armasrulebel komitets, xolo 26 maiss man iuridiuli Zalac SeiZina. Cveni amjamindeli interesi damoukideblobis aqtis 1, 2, 5 da 6 muxlebs Seexeba. pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqartvelo cxaddeboda damoukidebel, sruluflebian saxelmwifod, meore muxli gansazrvravda politikuri wyobis formas. saqveynod cxaddeboda saqartvelos politikuri wyobis forma _ demokratiuli respublika. mexute muxlis Tanaxmad, saqartvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis farglebsi Tanasworad uzrunvelyofda yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, ganurcevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa. meeqvse muxlsi Camoyalibebuli debulebis Tanaxmad, saqartvelos demokratiuli respublika 28

29 ganvitarebis Tavisufal asparezs uxsnida mis teritoriaze mcxovreb yvela ers (saqartvelos damoukideblobis aqti, gv.198). damoukideblobis aqtit deklarirebuli debulebebis Sesruleba rom saqartvelos saxelmwifos ganuxreli zrunvis sagani iyo, kargad Cans saqartvelos parlamentis magalitzec, sadac adgilebis arctu mcire raodenoba ergot erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs. saqartvelosi mcxovreb somxobas hyavda 10 deputati, azerbajianelebs _ 4, afxazebs _ 3, rusebs _ 2, osebs _ 2, qartvel ebraelebs _ 2, berznebs _ 1, ebraelebs _ 1, germanelebs _ 1. umarles sakanonmdeblo organosi aseve TvalSisacemi iyo politikur partiata siwrelec, arsebobda eqvsi fraqcia: social-demokratebi (umravlesoba), erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi, socialist-revolucionerebi, `sxvisistebi~ da upartioebi (a. surgulaze, p. surgulaze, gv. 205). martalia, parlamentis samusao ena qartuli iyo, magram saxelmwifo enis armcodne deputatisatvis moixsna yovelgvari enobrivi barieri, mat SeeZloT sityvis warmotqma msobliur enaze wels parlamentma SeimuSava `afxazetis avtonomiuri mmartvelobis debulebis~ proeqti, rac nisnavda, rom saqartvelos saxelmwifo afxazets sasinao da kulturul saqmianobasi aniwebda srul TviTgamorkvevas. sxvata Soris, konstituciis Tanaxmad, Sinagan saqmeebsi sruli avtonomiuri uflebebi, afxazetis garda, ezleoda samusulmano saqartvelosac (zaqatalisa da batumis olqebs). bunebrivia, rom konstituciis momzadebasa da mirebas garkveuli dro da procedurebis gavla swirdeboda, amitom saqartvelos parlamenti am sicarieles avsebda sxva mnisvnelovani kanonebit. erti aseti umnisvnelovanesi aqti iyo damfuznebeli krebis (parlamentis) mier 1919 wels mirebuli kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. arar SevudgebiT imis mtkicebas, rom saqartvelos istoriasi esec pirvel da sruliad uprecedento SemTxvevas warmoadgenda. mokled SevexebiT arnisnul kanons CvenTvis saintereso kutxit. 29