1. Fahrenheit and Celsius. 2. Converting Fahrenheit values into Celsius. Name:
|
|
- Andrew Mosley
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Name: Skill Sheet 25.2 Temperature Scales Temperature, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance, has an important role in our daily lives. Whether we are cooking dinner, dressing for school, or suffering from a cold, we often wish to know something about the temperature of our environment or some body of matter. To report values for temperature, the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are commonly used by scientists and society. In this exercise, you will examine these scales and practice converting temperature values from one scale to the other. 1. Fahrenheit and Celsius The Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales are the most commonly used scales for reporting temperature values. Scientists use the Celsius scale almost exclusively, as do many countries of the world. Some countries, such as the United States, still rely heavily on the Fahrenheit scale for reporting temperature information. When the weatherman on television tells you the forecast for the week, the scale he is using for temperature is Fahrenheit. Your oven is calibrated in Fahrenheit values, as is the thermometer your doctor uses to assess your health. In the United States, we are comfortable with the Fahrenheit scale and design our appliances and tools using this system of measurement. However, if you were in Europe, you would see temperatures given in degrees Celsius. Scientists use the Celsius scale for their experiments and report their results in degrees Celsius. Therefore, it may be necessary at some point in time to convert information reported in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit or vice versa. To accomplish this, we use conversion formulas. 2. Converting Fahrenheit values into Celsius If you have been given temperature information in degrees Fahrenheit ( F) and need the values to be reported in degrees Celsius ( C), you would use the following formula: C = 5 --( F 32) 9 Example: What is the Celsius value for 65 Fahrenheit? C 5 = --( 65 F 32) 9 C =
2 Skill Sheet 25.2 Temperature Scales 3. Practice converting Fahrenheit to Celsius values 1. The weatherman tells you that today will reach a high of 45 F. Your friend from Sweden asks what the temperature will be in degrees Celsius. What value would you report to your friend? 2. Your father orders a fancy oven from England. When it arrives, you notice that the temperature dial is calibrated in degrees Celsius. You wish to bake a cake at 350 F. At what temperature will you have to set the dial on this new oven? 3. Your new German automobile's engine temperature gauge reads in Celsius, not Fahrenheit. You know that the engine temperature should not rise above about 225 F. What is the corresponding Celsius temperature on your new car's gauge? 4. Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit values To convert Celsius temperature values to degrees Fahrenheit, you must again use a conversion formula: Example: 200 C is the same temperature as what value on the Fahrenheit scale? F 9 = -- C F = --( 200 C) F = 392 2
3 Skill Sheet 25.2 Temperature Scales 5. Practice converting Celsius to Fahrenheit values 1. Your grandmother in Ireland sends you her favorite cookie recipe. Her instructions say to bake the cookies at C. To what Fahrenheit temperature would you set the oven to bake the cookies? 2. A scientist wishes to generate a chemical reaction in his laboratory. The temperature values in his laboratory manual are given in degrees Celsius. However, his lab thermometers are calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit. If he needs to heat his reactants to 232 C, what temperature will he need to monitor on his lab thermometers? 3. You phone a friend who lives in Denmark and tell him that the temperature today only rose as high as 15 F. He replies that you must have enjoyed the warm weather. Explain his answer using your knowledge of the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales and conversion formulas. 6. Extension: the Kelvin temperature scale For some scientific applications, a third temperature scale is used: the Kelvin scale. The Kelvin scale is calibrated so that raising the temperature one degree Kelvin raises it by the same amount as one degree Celsius. The difference between the scales is that 0 C is the freezing point of water, while 0 K is much, much colder. On the Kelvin scale, 0 K (degree symbols are not used for Kelvin values) represents absolute zero. Absolute zero is the temperature when the average kinetic energy of a perfect gas is zero the molecules display no energy of motion. Absolute zero is equal to -273 C, or -459 F. When scientists are conducting research, they often obtain or report their temperature values in Celsius, and other scientists must convert these values into Kelvin for their own use, or vice versa. To convert Celsius values to their Kelvin equivalents, you would use the formula: K = C Example: Water boils at a temperature of 100 C. What would be the corresponding temperature for the Kelvin scale? K = C K = 100 C K = 373 3
4 Skill Sheet 25.2 Temperature Scales To convert Kelvin values to Celsius, you would perform the opposite operation; subtract 273 from the Kelvin value to find the Celsius equivalent. Example: A substance has a melting point of 625 K. At what Celsius temperature would this substance melt? C = K 273 C = 625 K 273 C = 352 Although we rarely need to convert between Kelvin and Fahrenheit, use the following formulas to do so: Solving problems 1. A gas has a boiling point of -175 C. At what Kelvin temperature would this gas boil? F 5 K = --( F + 460) 9 9 = -- K A chemist notices some silvery liquid on the floor in her lab. She wonders if someone accidentally broke a mercury thermometer, but did not thoroughly clean up the mess. She decides to find out of the silver stuff is really mercury. From her tests with the substance, she finds out that the melting point for the liquid is 275 K. A reference book says that the melting point for mercury is C. Is this substance mercury? Explain your answer and show all relevant calculations. 3. You are at a Science Camp in Florida. It s August 1st. Today s activity is an outdoor science quiz. The first question on the quiz involves a thermometer that reports the current temperature as 90. You need to state the temperature scale in which this thermometer is calibrated: Kelvin, Fahrenheit, or Celsius. Which scale is correct? Defend your answer with your knowledge of the temperature scales. 4
5 Name: Skill Sheet 26.3 Heat Transfer In this skill sheet, you will calculate the heat transfer in watts for conduction, convection, and radiation in simple systems. You will make your calculations using the heat conduction equation, the convection equation, and the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. 1. The heat conduction equation Solve the following problems using the heat conduction equation. The first problem is done for you. 1. A copper bar connects two beakers. The water in one beaker is 25 C. The water in the other beaker is 75 C. The cross-sectional area of the 0.75-meter bar is m 2. How many watts of heat are conducted through the bar from the hot to the cold beaker? The thermal conductivity of copper is 401 W/m C. P ( 401 W/m C) ( m 2 ) ( 75 C 25 C ) H = = 10.7 watts 0.75 m 2. A copper bar that is 0.75 m long and has a cross section of m 2 connects two beakers. If 20 watts of heat are conducted through the bar, what is the temperature difference between the two beakers? 3. A piece of aluminum and a piece of steel have the same length and the same cross-sectional area. Aluminum s thermal conductivity is 226 W/m C and the thermal conductivity of steel is 43 W/m C. The piece of aluminum connects two regions with a temperature difference of 10 C. For the piece of steel to conduct the same amount of heat as the aluminum, what would the temperature difference have to be between two regions connected by the steel? (HINT: Plug the values into a heat equation for each material and set the equations equal to each other.) 4. The air temperature is 5 C and the temperature of coffee inside a styrofoam cup is 35 C. The thermal conductivity of styrofoam is W/m C. Let s say the length of the styrofoam is the thickness of the cup or meter (3 millimeters). The cross-sectional area that we will use is m 2 (2 centimeters 2 centimeters). How many watts of heat flow through the styrofoam coffee cup in this area? 1
6 Skill Sheet 26.3 Heat Transfer 5. Write a short paragraph, describing an example (not mentioned in the text book) of how the heat conduction equation is used in the real world. You may need to do some research in your library or on the Internet. 2. The convection equation Solve the following problems using the convection equation. The first problem is done for you. 1. A wind at 15 C blows on the surface of a window that is 21 C. The heat transfer coefficient is 70 W/m 2 - C. If the window is 0.5 meter 2, what is the heat transfer in watts? P H = ( 70 W/m 2 C) ( 0.5 m 2 ) ( 21 C 15 C ) = 210 watts 2. On a hot day, a window is 25 C and the air temperature outside 32 C. The heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m 2 - C. If the area of the window is 0.5 meter 2, what is the heat transfer in watts? 3. When comparing the free and forced convection of gases, oil, and water, water has the highest values. The lowest values are for gases. The values for oil are closer to the values for gas than for water. Come up with a hypothesis that explains why this may be so. (HINT: See Table 26.2 in chapter 26.) 4. The range of heat transfer coefficients for water when convection is free is 100-1,000 W/m 2 - C. The range when convection is forced is ,000 W/m 2 - C. Explain the large difference between these values. What is the difference between free and forced convection? 5. Write a short paragraph, describing an example (not mentioned in the text book) of how the convection equation is used in the real world. You may need to do some research in your library or on the Internet. 2
7 Skill Sheet 26.3 Heat Transfer 3. The Stefan-Boltzmann equation Solve the following problems using the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. The first problem is done for you. 1. The power radiated by a filament is 0.3 watts. The diameter of the filament is 0.5 millimeters and it has a length of 50 millimeters. If the surface area is m 2, what is the temperature? 0.3 watts = P = 0.3 watts W m 2 ( m 2 ) ( Temperature) 4 K The surface area of a filament is m 2. What is the power in watts if the temperature is 1,727 C? = Temperature 3377 K = Temperature 3. The power radiated by a surface is watts. The temperature of this surface is 1500 C. What is the area of the surface? 4. The area of a surface is one square meter and its temperature is 273 K. How much heat is this surface radiating in units of watts of power? What is the temperature of this surface in degrees Celsius? 5. Regarding radiation, is heat transfer at 0 C less than, greater than, or the same to heat transfer at absolute zero? Explain your answer. 6. Write a short paragraph, describing an example (not mentioned in the text book) of how the Stefan- Boltzmann conduction equation is used in the real world. You may need to do some research in your library or on the Internet. 3
8 Name: Skill Sheet 27.1 Stress and Strain The stress in a material is the ratio of the force acting through the material divided by the cross-section area through which the force is carried. The cross-section area is the area perpendicular to the direction of the force. Dividing force by cross-section area (mostly) separates out the effects of size and shape from the strength properties of the material itself. Stress (signified by the Greek letter sigma, σ) is force (F) divided by cross-section area (A). 1. Introduction to stress Stress (σ) is defined as force (F) divided by cross-section area (A). Force is what we apply, while stress is what the material experiences. For example, when a 10-kilogram ball hangs from a steel wire that has a cross-sectional area of 12 mm 2, the stress experienced by the wire is given below. One pascal (Pa) is equal to one newton of force per square meter of area. A megapascal (MPa) is equal to one million pascals. σ ( 10 kg) ( 9.8 m/sec ) N N = = = mm m 2 m 2 = Pa The wire will break when the stress that it experiences exceeds the tensile strength of the material. The tensile strength of steel is: N m 2 Therefore, we can predict that a mass of 49,000 kilograms would break a steel wire with this cross-sectional area. σ ( 49, 000 kg) ( 9.8 m/sec ) N N = = = mm m 2 m 2 = Pa = 4.00 MPa There are two ways to talk about the stress experienced by objects. First, stress can be tensile. For example, the suspension cables in a bridge experience tensile, or pulling, stress. Second, stress can be compressive. For example, the pillars supporting that bridge experience compressive stress. 1
9 Skill Sheet 27.1 Stress and Strain 2. Introduction to strain When force is applied to a material or, equivalently, when a material is under stress, it deforms. When we pull a rubber band it stretches. When we pull on a piece of metal wire, it also changes length, but not as noticeably as does the rubber band. Also, when we compress a material, it deforms. The amount of deformation of a material under stress is called strain. Strain (signified by the Greek letter epsilon, ε) is related to stress by the formula: where E is called the modulus of elasticity and it is given in units of N, or pascals (Pa). Strain (ε) is a dimensionless quantity. It represents the amount of deformation of the material. ε = change in length = original length As we know, materials expand and contract as temperature changes. This is called thermal expansion or contraction, and it is also represented by the thermal strain (ε θ ), which is given by: m 2 l ---- l where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion and (T 2 T 1 ) represents the temperature change. Note that for this equation, the units of α are given in If the value is negative, the material is contracting. C These three formulas are very powerful and are used extensively in the design and evaluation of structures. We will also use them in the examples to analyze and design some simple structural elements. The only information that we need is properties of the materials used. These properties are represented by the parameters E, α, and the tensile strength of the material. 2
10 Skill Sheet 27.1 Stress and Strain 3. Problems 1. A cylindrical concrete pier with a radius of 0.25 meter is loaded with a force of 700 kilonewtons. Find the stress (force per unit area) and the strain. Concrete has E = N/m 2. The formula for finding the area of a circle is: πr 2 2. Concrete is used in building many structures. Concrete has a coefficient of thermal expansion α = / C. Two pieces of concrete are used to build a bridge. The bridge has a total length of 50 meters, and the two concrete slabs are anchored at the ends and meet in the middle of the bridge. The design is such that the gap between the slabs closes in the summer when the temperature reaches 40 C. What is the maximum gap in the winter when the temperature drops to -10 C? (HINT: Use the thermal strain formula, and multiply your answer by the total length of the bridge to find the gap.) 3. A weight of 1,500 kilograms is to be suspended by a wire. We have been asked to design the system using steel wire. Steel has a tensile strength of 400 megapascals and a modulus of elasticity E = Pa. We will do the design in steps. a. First, what is the minimum wire diameter that satisfies the tensile strength? b. What is the minimum diameter if a safety factor of 10 is required? A safety factor of 10 means that you design the wire to support 10 times the weight so we need to design the wire to support 15,000 kg. 4. If the weight is supported by 21.6-millimeter-diameter wire with a total length of 5 meters, what is the strain on the wire? What is the change in length of the wire in meters? 3
11 Name: Skill Sheet 27.2 Archimedes Archimedes was a Greek mathematician who specialized in geometry. He figured out the value of pi and the volume of a sphere, and has been called the father of integral calculus. During his lifetime, he was famous for using compound pulleys and levers to invent war machines that successfully held off an attack on his city for three years. Today he is best known for the Archimedean principle, which was the first explanation of how buoyancy works. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, on Sicily (then an independent Greek city-state), in 287 B.C. His letters suggest he studied in Alexandria, Egypt, as a young man. Historians believe it was in Egypt that he invented a device for raising water known as Archimedes screw. The device is still used in many parts of the world. A famous Greek legend says that King Hieron II of Syracuse asked Archimedes to figure out if his new crown was pure gold or if the craftsman had mixed some less expensive silver into it. Archimedes had to determine the answer without destroying the crown. He thought about it for days and then, as he lowered himself into a bath, the answer struck him. The legend says Archimedes ran naked through the streets, shouting Eureka! meaning I have found it. Archimedes realized that if he had equal masses of gold and silver, the denser gold would have a smaller volume. Therefore, the gold would displace less water than the silver when submerged. Archimedes found the mass of the crown, and then made a bar of pure gold with the same mass. He submerged the gold bar and measured the volume of water it displaced. Next, he submerged the crown. He found that the crown displaced more water than the gold bar had and, therefore, could not be pure gold. The gold had been mixed with a less dense material. Archimedes had solved the mystery. Archimedes wrote a treatise titled On Floating Bodies, further exploring density and buoyancy. He explained that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed upward by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Therefore, if an object weighs more than the fluid it displaces, it will sink. If it weighs less than the fluid it displaces, it will float. This statement is known as the Archimedean principle. Although we commonly assume the fluid is water, the statement holds true for any fluid, whether liquid or gas. A helium balloon floats because the air it displaces weighs more than the balloon filled with lightweight gas. Archimedes wrote several other treatises, including On the Sphere and the Cylinder, On the Measurement of the Circle, On Spirals, and The Sand Reckoner. In this last treatise, he devised a system of exponents that allowed him to represent very large numbers on paper large enough, he said, to count the grains of sand that would be needed to fill the universe. Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier during an invasion of Syracuse in 212 B.C. Questions 1. Draw a diagram showing how Archimedes solved the problem of determining the gold crown s purity. 2. Research one of Archimedes inventions and create a poster that shows how the device worked. 1
12 Name: Skill Sheet 27.3 Gas Laws This skill sheet reviews the gas laws and includes practice problems that utilize these laws. 1. Boyle s law: pressure and volume The relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of a gas, at a constant temperature, is known as Boyle s law. The equation for Boyle s law is: Here s how you solve a problem using this relationship: A kit used to fix flat tires consists of an aerosol can containing compressed air and a patch to seal the hole in the tire. Suppose 10.0 liters of air at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kilopascals, or kpa) is compressed into a 1.0-liter aerosol can. What is the pressure of the compressed air in the can? 1. Identify what you know and what you are trying to find out from the information given. P 1 = kpa V 1 = 10.0 L P 2 = unknown V 2 = 1.0 L 2. Rearrange the variables in the equation to solve for the unknown variable. Divide each side by V 2 to isolate P 2 on one side of the equation. The final equation is: 3. Plug in the values and solve the problem. The pressure inside the aerosol can is 1,013 kpa. P P 1 V 1 2 = V 2 P kpa 10.0 L 2 = = 1,013 kpa 1.0 L 1
13 Skill Sheet 27.3 Gas Laws 2. Charles law: pressure and temperature The French scientist Jacques Charles was a pioneer in hot-air ballooning. He investigated how changing the temperature of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure affected its volume. The Charles law equation is: Charles law shows a direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of a gas when the temperature is given in the Kelvin scale. Zero on the Kelvin scale is the coldest possible temperature, also known as absolute zero. Absolute zero is equal to -273 C which is 273 C below the freezing point of water. Why do you think this scale is used to solve these problems? Converting from degrees Celsius to Kelvin is easy you add 273 to the Celsius temperature. To convert from Kelvins to degrees Celsius, you subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature. To solve problems with Charles law, you can follow the same problem-solving steps you learned for Boyle s law, except you use the equation for Charles law. You also need to convert degrees Celsius to Kelvin. To practice both equations, do the problems below. 3. Practice problems with Bolyle s and Charles laws 1. A truck tire holds 25.0 liters of air at 25 C. If the temperature drops to 0 C, and the pressure remains constant, what will be the new volume of the tire? (HINT: Remember to convert degrees Celsius to Kelvins.) 2. You pump 25.0 liters of air at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kpa) into a soccer ball that has a volume of 4.5 liters. What is the pressure inside the soccer ball if the temperature does not change? 3. Hyperbaric oxygen chambers (HBO) are used to treat divers with decompression sickness. Research has shown that HBO can also aid in the healing of broken bones and muscle injuries. As pressure increases inside the HBO, more oxygen is forced into the bloodstream of the patient inside the chamber. To work properly, the pressure inside the chamber should be three times greater than atmospheric pressure (101.3 kpa). What volume of oxygen, held at atmospheric pressure, will need to be pumped into a 190-liter HBO chamber to make the pressure inside three times greater than atmospheric pressure? 4. A balloon holds 20.0 liters of helium at 10 C. If the temperature doubles, and the pressure does not change, what will be the new volume of the balloon? 5. A scuba tank holds 12.5 liters of oxygen at kpa. If the oxygen pumped into the scuba tank was held at a pressure of kpa, what was the original volume of the gas? 2
14 Skill Sheet 27.3 Gas Laws 4. The ideal gas law The ideal gas law combines the pressure, volume, and temperature relationships for a gas into one equation that also includes the mass of the gas. The ideal gas law equation is: In physics and engineering, mass (m) is used for the quantity of the gas in units of kilograms. The parameter R is called the gas constant, and it has units of (J/kg-K). Table 27.7 on page 559 of the Student Text shows the value for R for several common gases. Each different gas has its own value for R. The temperature, T, is given in Kelvin. The pressure of the gas, P, is given in units of N/m 2, also called pascals, and volume, V, is given in units of m 3. To use the ideal gas law, pressure needs to be absolute pressure, not gauge pressure. Here is how to calculate absolute pressure from gauge pressure: absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure (101,000 N/m 2 ) 5. Practice problems using the ideal gas law 1. A sample of helium gas occupies 5 liters at 22 C and a gauge pressure of 200,000 pascals. What is the mass of the gas? (The gas constant for helium is J/kg-K.) 2. Helium gas of mass m occupies a volume of 2 liters at temperature of 30 C and atmospheric pressure. The gas is then heated to 100 C and the pressure increases to 5 atmospheres. Find the mass of the gas and the change in volume, if any. 3. A gas of mass, m, occupies a volume, V 1, at a pressure of 5 atmospheres and a temperature of 25 C. The gas is heated to 200 C while the volume is increased by 20 percent. What is the final pressure? HINT: Solve the problem using the formula: P P 2 = V V 1 3
10.2 Measuring Temperature
10.2 Measuring Temperature How do you find the temperature of a substance? There are many different kinds of thermometers used to measure temperature. Can you think of some you find at home? In your classroom
More informationLesson 2 The Buoyant Force
Lesson 2 Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 26 Content Vocabulary 27 Lesson Outline 28 MiniLab 30 Content Practice A 31 Content Practice B 32 School to Home 33 Key Concept Builders 34 Enrichment
More informationChapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57
Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Thermodynamics study and application of thermal energy temperature quantity
More information9460218_CH06_p069-080.qxd 1/20/10 9:44 PM Page 69 GAS PROPERTIES PURPOSE
9460218_CH06_p069-080.qxd 1/20/10 9:44 PM Page 69 6 GAS PROPERTIES PURPOSE The purpose of this lab is to investigate how properties of gases pressure, temperature, and volume are related. Also, you will
More informationEXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor
EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,
More informationChapter 10 Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat GOALS When you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions Define each of the following terms, and use it an
More informationGas Laws. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles which make up all types of matter are in constant motion.
Name Period Gas Laws Kinetic energy is the energy of motion of molecules. Gas state of matter made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules). Each atom or molecule is very far from other atoms or molecules.
More informationChapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy
Chapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy Goals of Period 4 Section 4.1: To define temperature and thermal energy Section 4.2: To discuss three methods of thermal energy transfer. Section 4.3: To describe
More informationPhysics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers
Physics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers Problem set 1 1. A rod 4.2 m long and 0.50 cm 2 in cross-sectional area is stretched 0.20 cm under a tension of 12,000 N. a) The stress is the Force (1.2 10 4 N)
More informationChapter 10: Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10: Temperature and Heat 1. The temperature of a substance is A. proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. B. equal to the kinetic energy of the fastest moving
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY In general, when an object performs work on another object, it does not transfer all of its energy to that object. Some of the energy is lost as heat due to
More informationKinetic Theory of Gases. 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure. Properties That Describe a Gas. Gas Pressure. Learning Check.
Chapter 6 Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure A gas consists of small particles that move rapidly in straight lines. have essentially no attractive (or repulsive) forces.
More informationName: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A PS Chapter 13 Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. In all cooling
More informationGas Laws. vacuum. 760 mm. air pressure. mercury
Gas Laws Some chemical reactions take place in the gas phase and others produce products that are gases. We need a way to measure the quantity of compounds in a given volume of gas and relate that to moles.
More informationEvolution of the Thermometer
Evolution of the Thermometer A thermometer is a device that gauges temperature by measuring a temperature-dependent property, such as the expansion of a liquid in a sealed tube. The Greco-Roman physician
More informationGrade 8 Science Chapter 9 Notes
Grade 8 Science Chapter 9 Notes Force Force - Anything that causes a change in the motion of an object. - usually a push or a pull. - the unit for force is the Newton (N). Balanced Forces - forces that
More informationTemperature. Number of moles. Constant Terms. Pressure. Answers Additional Questions 12.1
Answers Additional Questions 12.1 1. A gas collected over water has a total pressure equal to the pressure of the dry gas plus the pressure of the water vapor. If the partial pressure of water at 25.0
More informationPhys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name:
Name:. In order for two objects to have the same temperature, they must a. be in thermal equilibrium.
More information4S Archimedes Test for Density
4S Archimedes Test for Density Density, or specific gravity of minerals is important in separating them. It is important to have a test for the density of mineral samples found at Snailbeach. Galena is
More informationTEMPERATURE 2008, 2004, 1990 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved.
TEMPERATURE 2008, 2004, 10 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Ancient people were physically aware of hot and cold and probably related temperature by the
More informationChapter 3 Student Reading
Chapter 3 Student Reading If you hold a solid piece of lead or iron in your hand, it feels heavy for its size. If you hold the same size piece of balsa wood or plastic, it feels light for its size. The
More informationChapter 27 Static Fluids
Chapter 27 Static Fluids 27.1 Introduction... 1 27.2 Density... 1 27.3 Pressure in a Fluid... 2 27.4 Pascal s Law: Pressure as a Function of Depth in a Fluid of Uniform Density in a Uniform Gravitational
More informationArchimedes Principle. Biological Systems
Archimedes Principle Introduction Many of the substances we encounter in our every day lives do not have rigid structure or form. Such substances are called fluids and can be divided into two categories:
More informationEnergy and Energy Transformations Test Review
Energy and Energy Transformations Test Review Completion: 1. Mass 13. Kinetic 2. Four 14. thermal 3. Kinetic 15. Thermal energy (heat) 4. Electromagnetic/Radiant 16. Thermal energy (heat) 5. Thermal 17.
More informationSection 1 Tools and Measurement
Section 1 Tools and Measurement Key Concept Scientists must select the appropriate tools to make measurements and collect data, to perform tests, and to analyze data. What You Will Learn Scientists use
More informationName Class Date. F 2 2269 N A 1 88.12 cm 2 A 2 1221 cm 2 Unknown: Step 2: Write the equations for Pascal s principle and pressure, force, and area.
Skills Worksheet Math Skills Pascal s Principle After you study each sample problem and solution, work out the practice problems on a separate sheet of paper. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
More informationEXERCISE # 1.Metric Measurement & Scientific Notation
EXERCISE # 1.Metric Measurement & Scientific Notation Student Learning Outcomes At the completion of this exercise, students will be able to learn: 1. How to use scientific notation 2. Discuss the importance
More informationEDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OUTCOME 2 ENGINEERING COMPONENTS TUTORIAL 1 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
ENGINEERING COMPONENTS EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OUTCOME ENGINEERING COMPONENTS TUTORIAL 1 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Structural members: struts and ties; direct stress and strain,
More informationThermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions
Thermodynamics AP Physics B Name Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the name of the following statement: When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium
More information= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
More informationCHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE
CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE 1. The pressure acting on a surface is defined as.. force per unit. area on the surface. 2. Pressure, P = F A 3. Unit for pressure is. Nm -2 or
More information1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature
1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws Heat and Temperature Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are incorrectly thought to be the same is because
More informationTHE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 1. Evidence that a gas consists mostly of empty space is the fact that: A. the density of a gas becomes much greater when it is liquefied B. gases exert pressure
More information10 g 5 g? 10 g 5 g. 10 g 5 g. scale
The International System of Units, or the SI Units Vs. Honors Chem 1 LENGTH In the SI, the base unit of length is the Meter. Prefixes identify additional units of length, based on the meter. Smaller than
More information2. Room temperature: C. Kelvin. 2. Room temperature:
Temperature I. Temperature is the quantity that tells how hot or cold something is compared with a standard A. Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular translational
More informationWhat is Energy? What is the relationship between energy and work?
What is Energy? What is the relationship between energy and work? Compare kinetic and potential energy What are the different types of energy? What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work. Great, but
More informationBuoyant Force and Archimedes Principle
Buoyant Force and Archimedes Principle Predict the behavior of fluids as a result of properties including viscosity and density Demonstrate why objects sink or float Apply Archimedes Principle by measuring
More informationCHEMISTRY. Matter and Change. Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3. The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change 13 Table Of Contents Chapter 13: Gases Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3 The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry State the relationships among pressure, temperature,
More informationDensity and Archimedes Principle
Density and Archimedes Principle Objectives: To understand the concept of density and its relationship to various materials. To understand and use Archimedes Principle. Equipment: Dial calipers, Graduated
More informationChapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods 1.1 The Discovery Process o Chemistry - The study of matter o Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space, the stuff that things are made of. This
More informationWrite True or False in the space provided.
CP Physics -- Exam #7 Practice Name: _ Class: Date: Write True or False in the space provided. 1) Pressure at the bottom of a lake depends on the weight density of the lake water and on the volume of the
More informationCHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
reflect Imagine that you and three other classmates had enough supplies and the recipe to make one pepperoni pizza. The recipe might include a ball of dough, a cup of pizza sauce, a cup of cheese, and
More informationChapter 10 Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat What are temperature and heat? Are they the same? What causes heat? What Is Temperature? How do we measure temperature? What are we actually measuring? Temperature and Its
More informationDensity and Archimedes Principle
Density and Archimedes Principle Objectives: To understand the concept of density and its relationship to various materials. To understand and use Archimedes Principle. Equipment: Dial calipers, Graduated
More informationPhysics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle
Physics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle 1 Purpose 1. To determine the density of a fluid, such as water, by measurement of its mass when
More informationReview Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) Chapter 10
Review Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) Chapter 10 23) What prevents satellites such as a space shuttle from falling? A) gravity B) the absence of air drag C) Nothing; they're
More informationSolid Mechanics. Stress. What you ll learn: Motivation
Solid Mechanics Stress What you ll learn: What is stress? Why stress is important? What are normal and shear stresses? What is strain? Hooke s law (relationship between stress and strain) Stress strain
More informationUNIT (1) MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY
UNIT (1) MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY Measurements are part of our daily lives. We measure our weights, driving distances, and gallons of gasoline. As a health professional you might measure blood pressure,
More informationENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL
ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIICATE LEVEL ENGINEERING SCIENCE C103 TUTORIAL - BASIC STUDIES O STRESS AND STRAIN You should judge your progress by completing the self assessment exercises. These may be sent
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationTest Bank - Chapter 3 Multiple Choice
Test Bank - Chapter 3 The questions in the test bank cover the concepts from the lessons in Chapter 3. Select questions from any of the categories that match the content you covered with students. The
More informationThree Methods for Calculating the Buoyant Force Gleue: Physics
Three Methods for Calculating the Buoyant Force Gleue: Physics Name Hr. The Buoyant Force (F b ) is the apparent loss of weight for an object submerged in a fluid. For example if you have an object immersed
More informationThermodynamics. Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamics Some Important Topics First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy U ( or E) Enthalpy H Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy S Third law of Thermodynamics Absolute Entropy
More informationMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES HNC/D PRELIMINARY LEVEL TUTORIAL 1 BASIC STUDIES OF STRESS AND STRAIN
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES HNC/D PRELIMINARY LEVEL TUTORIAL 1 BASIC STUDIES O STRESS AND STRAIN This tutorial is essential for anyone studying the group of tutorials on beams. Essential pre-requisite knowledge
More informationHEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases
UNIT HEAT. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.. Introduction Molecules have a diameter of the order of Å and the distance between them in a gas is 0 Å while the interaction distance in solids is very small. R. Clausius
More informationLecture 30 - Chapter 6 Thermal & Energy Systems (Examples) 1
Potential Energy ME 101: Thermal and Energy Systems Chapter 7 - Examples Gravitational Potential Energy U = mgδh Relative to a reference height Increase in elevation increases U Decrease in elevation decreases
More information13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,
More informationFluids I. Level : Conceptual Physics/Physics I. Q1) Order the following materials from lowest to greatest according to their densities.
Fluids I Level : Conceptual Physics/Physics I Teacher : Kim 1. Density One of the properties of any substances (solids, liquids and gases) is the measure of how tightly the material is packed together.
More informationKinetic Theory & Ideal Gas
1 of 6 Thermodynamics Summer 2006 Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gas The study of thermodynamics usually starts with the concepts of temperature and heat, and most people feel that the temperature of an object
More informationChapter 13 - Solutions
= Chapter 13 - Solutions Description: Find the weight of a cylindrical iron rod given its area and length and the density of iron. Part A On a part-time job you are asked to bring a cylindrical iron rod
More informationBuoyancy Problem Set
Buoyancy Problem Set 1) A stone weighs 105 lb in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 67.0 lb. Find the volume and specific gravity of the stone. (Specific gravity of an object: ratio object density
More informationIntroduction to the Ideal Gas Law
Course PHYSICS260 Assignment 5 Consider ten grams of nitrogen gas at an initial pressure of 6.0 atm and at room temperature. It undergoes an isobaric expansion resulting in a quadrupling of its volume.
More informationChapter 2 Measurement and Problem Solving
Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Measurement and Problem Solving Graph of global Temperature rise in 20 th Century. Cover page Opposite page 11. Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community
More information01 The Nature of Fluids
01 The Nature of Fluids WRI 1/17 01 The Nature of Fluids (Water Resources I) Dave Morgan Prepared using Lyx, and the Beamer class in L A TEX 2ε, on September 12, 2007 Recommended Text 01 The Nature of
More information5. Which temperature is equal to +20 K? 1) 253ºC 2) 293ºC 3) 253 C 4) 293 C
1. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when 1) H 2 O(s) changes to H 2 O( ) at 0ºC 3) H 2 O( ) at 10ºC changes to H 2 O( ) at 20ºC 2) H 2 O( ) changes to H 2 O(s) at 0ºC 4) H 2 O( )
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationThe Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10
Our Atmosphere The Gas Laws 99% N 2 and O 2 78% N 2 80 70 Nitrogen Chapter 10 21% O 2 1% CO 2 and the Noble Gases 60 50 40 Oxygen 30 20 10 0 Gas Carbon dioxide and Noble Gases Pressure Pressure = Force
More informationGases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline
Gases and Kinetic-Molecular heory: Chapter Chapter Outline Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases Pressure Boyle s Law: he Volume-Pressure
More informationA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to
More informationChapter 1 Lecture Notes: Science and Measurements
Educational Goals Chapter 1 Lecture Notes: Science and Measurements 1. Explain, compare, and contrast the terms scientific method, hypothesis, and experiment. 2. Compare and contrast scientific theory
More informationLecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).
CHEM110 Week 9 Notes (Gas Laws) Page 1 of 7 Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Gases Are mostly empty space Occupy containers uniformly and completely Expand infinitely Diffuse
More informationChemical Formulas, Equations, and Reactions Test Pre-AP Write all answers on your answer document.
Name: Period: Chemical Formulas, Equations, and Reactions Test Pre-AP Write all answers on your answer document. 1. Which of the following is a NOT a physical property of hydrogen? A. It is gas C. It is
More informationEDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS
EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQ LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS 1. Be able to determine the effects of loading in static engineering
More informationSURFACE TENSION. Definition
SURFACE TENSION Definition In the fall a fisherman s boat is often surrounded by fallen leaves that are lying on the water. The boat floats, because it is partially immersed in the water and the resulting
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
More informationCHEMISTRY GAS LAW S WORKSHEET
Boyle s Law Charles Law Guy-Lassac's Law Combined Gas Law For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure PV = k The volume of a fixed mass of gas is
More informationUnit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam
Page 1 Unit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam Multiple Choice. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Two gases with unequal masses are injected into opposite
More informationPractice Test. 4) The planet Earth loses heat mainly by A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) all of these Answer: C
Practice Test 1) Increase the pressure in a container of oxygen gas while keeping the temperature constant and you increase the A) molecular speed. B) molecular kinetic energy. C) Choice A and choice B
More informationSolution for Homework #1
Solution for Homework #1 Chapter 2: Multiple Choice Questions (2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 2.11) 2.5 Which of the following bond types are classified as primary bonds (more than one)? (a) covalent bonding, (b) hydrogen
More informationTHE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY
Chapter 14 he Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic heory Chapter 14 HE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINEIC HEORY REIEW Kinetic molecular theory involves the study of matter, particularly gases, as very small particles in constant
More informationTemperature is commonly measured in Canada using the Celsius scale. The unit of measurement is degree Celsius ( C).
Temperature People talk about weather and weather conditions daily. Temperature, precipitation, UV index and amount of sunshine are important to the way we dress, what we do and even how we feel! Temperature
More informationBuoyancy Boats Florida Sunshine State Science Standards: Objectives Engage: Explore:
Buoyancy Boats Florida Sunshine State Science Standards: SC.C.2.3.1 The student knows that many forces act at a distance. SC.C.2.3.2 The student knows common contact forces. SC.C.2.3.3 The student knows
More informationVaporization of Liquid Nitrogen
Vaporization of Liquid Nitrogen Goals and Introduction As a system exchanges thermal energy with its surroundings, the temperature of the system will usually increase or decrease, depending on the direction
More informationPreview of Period 5: Thermal Energy, the Microscopic Picture
Preview of Period 5: Thermal Energy, the Microscopic Picture 5.1 Temperature and Molecular Motion What is evaporative cooling? 5.2 Temperature and Phase Changes How much energy is required for a phase
More informationMeasurements 1. BIRKBECK MATHS SUPPORT www.mathsupport.wordpress.com. In this section we will look at. Helping you practice. Online Quizzes and Videos
BIRKBECK MATHS SUPPORT www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Measurements 1 In this section we will look at - Examples of everyday measurement - Some units we use to take measurements - Symbols for units and converting
More informationTemperature. Temperature
Chapter 8 Temperature Temperature a number that corresponds to the warmth or coldness of an object measured by a thermometer is a per-particle property no upper limit definite limit on lower end Temperature
More informationHeat and Temperature: Front End Evaluation Report. Joshua Gutwill. October 1999
Heat and Temperature: Front End Evaluation Report Joshua Gutwill October 1999 Keywords: 1 Heat and Temperature Front End Evaluation Report October 28, 1999 Goal:
More informationEXAMPLE EXERCISE 3.1 Metric Basic Units and Prefixes
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 3.1 Metric Basic Units and Prefixes Give the symbol for each of the following metric units and state the quantity measured by each unit: (a) gigameter (b) kilogram (c) centiliter (d) microsecond
More informationConvection, Conduction & Radiation
Convection, Conduction & Radiation There are three basic ways in which heat is transferred: convection, conduction and radiation. In gases and liquids, heat is usually transferred by convection, in which
More informationStatistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004
Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Old & Fundamental Understanding of Heat (I.e. Steam) Engines Part of Physics Einstein
More information(Walter Glogowski, Chaz Shapiro & Reid Sherman) INTRODUCTION
Convection (Walter Glogowski, Chaz Shapiro & Reid Sherman) INTRODUCTION You know from common experience that when there's a difference in temperature between two places close to each other, the temperatures
More informationO o. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education http://education.jlab.org/
O o b l ekk c What is Oobleck? Can you use THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND your senses to solve the mystery of Oobleck? Problem Three liquids are mixed together in a plastic bag. Using your senses (except for
More informationDensity. Density is how concentrated or compact matter is.
Density Density is how concentrated or compact matter is. Packing snow into snowballs increases its density. You are squeezing large amounts of matter into small volumes of space. Equation for Density
More informationINTERIM UNITS OF MEASURE As suggested by Federal Standard 376B January 27, 1993. hectare (ha) Hundred for traffic buttons.
SI - The Metrics International System of Units The International System of Units (SI) is a modernized version of the metric system established by international agreement. The metric system of measurement
More informationChapter 4 Practice Quiz
Chapter 4 Practice Quiz 1. Label each box with the appropriate state of matter. A) I: Gas II: Liquid III: Solid B) I: Liquid II: Solid III: Gas C) I: Solid II: Liquid III: Gas D) I: Gas II: Solid III:
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationEighth Grade, Density To Float or Not to Float? 2004 Colorado Unit Writing Project 1
Density To Float or Not to Float? That is the Question! Grade Level or Special Area: Eighth Grade Science Written by: Aida Peterson, Clear Lake Middle School, Denver, Colorado Length of Unit: Twelve lessons
More informationBuoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle
Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle Introduction: Buoyant forces keep Supertankers from sinking and party balloons floating. An object that is more dense than a liquid will sink in that liquid. If
More informationRusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX
Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat
More information