Comparative Anatomy of the Domestic Cat and Selected Organs of the Sheep, Cow, & Pig With Reference to the Human Karen McMahon Biological Science The University of Tulsa HAPS Institute - Using Cadavers to Teach A&P November 30, 2008
Integumentary System
Cat Skin Stratum Corneum Epidermis Dermis Hair Root
Human Skin, Heavily Pigmented Stratum Corneum Epidermis Dermis Stratum Basale
Skeletal System
The premaxilla is a separate bone in the cat skull. Nasal Premaxilla Maxilla
The premaxilla is not present in the human skull. Nasal Maxilla
Cats have a carnivorous dentition pattern. Teeth in each half of the u. jaw/l. jaw: Incisors 3/3 Canines 1/1 Premolars 3/2 Molars 1/1. The total # of teeth is 30. Incisors Canine Premolar Molar
Humans have an omnivorous dentition pattern. Teeth in each half of the upper jaw/lower jaw: Incisors 2/2 Canines 1/1 Premolars 2/2 Molars 3/3. The total # of teeth is 32. Premolar Canine Incisors Molar
There are 7 lumbar vertebrae in the cat; 5 in the human.
The sacrum is composed of 3 fused bones in the cat; 5 in the human.
The cat has 21-25 separate caudal vertebrae. The coccyx in the human consists of 3-5 fused caudal vertebrae. Caudal Vertebrae Human Coccyx
There are 13 pairs of ribs in the cat - pairs 1-9 true, 10-13 false, & pair 13 is also floating.
The human has 12 pairs of ribs - pairs 1-7 true, 8-12 false, & pairs 11-12 are also floating. True (1-7) False (8-12) Floating
The cat s sternum consists of a manubrium, a body of 6 sternebrae, & a xiphisternum with a xiphoid process.
The human sternum consists of a manubrium, body, & xiphoid process. Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process
There are 7 carpals in the cat; 8 in the human. The scaphoid and lunate are fused as the scapholunate in the cat. Lunate Scaphoid
The human clavicle articulates with the sternum & scapula; the cat s clavicle is reduced and does not articulate with other bones. Clavicle
Fetal Skeleton Pig Human
Nervous System
Human Dura Mater of the Meninges *Photographs courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
Feline Dura Mater of the Meninges
Human Brain
Mid-sagittal View *Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D. Human Sheep
The human brain has two mammillary bodies; the sheep brain has one. Mammillary Body *Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D. Human Sheep
Human Brain Tumor *Photographs courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
Arbor vita in the cerebellum. Human Sheep
The cat has 38 39 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 13, thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 7/8 caudal. Cauda Equina
The human has 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 caudal. Cauda Equina
Model of the human eye with the dark choroid layer. Sclera Choroid Layer Iris & Pupil Optic Disc Vitreous Body Lens
The cow eye has an iridescent tapetum lucidum in the choroid. Choroid Layer Eyeshine Tapetum Lucidum Sclera
Muscular System
Pectoantebrachialis & xiphihumeralis are chest muscles in the cat. Pectoralis Minor Pectoralis Major Pectoantebrachialis Clavodeltoid Xiphumeralis Posterior Anterior
These muscles are missing in the human. Pectoralis Major
Clavodeltoid, acromiodeltoid, & spinodeltoid in the cat. Clavodeltoid Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid
There is one deltoid in the human. Deltoid
Clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, & spinotrapezius are back muscles in the cat. Clavotrapezius Spinotrapezius Acromiotrapezius
There is one trapezius muscle in the human. R & L Trapezius
The levator scapulae ventralis is found in the cat but is missing in the human. Levator Scapulae Ventralis Acromiotrapezius Lateral View
Caudofemoralis is found in the cat but not in the human. Gluteus Medius Caudofemoralis Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris Vastus Lateralis
There is no caudofemoralis muscle in the human. Vastus Lateralis Tensor Fascia Latae Long Head Short Head Biceps Femoris Lateral View Gluteus Maximus
Thigh muscles in the human. Sartorius Vastus Medialis Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis
The epitrochlearis muscle is found in the medial arm of the cat. Epitrochlearis
There is no epitrochlearis in the human arm. Deltoid Biceps Brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Long Head Triceps Brachii Medial Head
Abdominal muscles in the cat. Transversus Abdominus Internal Oblique External Oblique
Abdominal muscles in the human. Transversus Abdominus Internal Oblique External Oblique
Ventral Body Cavity
The ventral body cavity in the cat. Thorax Diaphragm Abdominopelvic
The ventral body cavity in the human. Thorax Diaphragm Abdominopelvic
Digestive System
The greater omentum in the human and cat. Human Cat
The stomach in the human and cat. Stomach Stomach Human Pylorus Cat
Stomach Feeding Tube
The stomach interior in the human and cat. Human Rugae Cat Roundworms found in the cat stomach
The human liver has 4 lobes. R. & L. Lobes R. Lobe Gallbladder Quadrate & Caudate lobes are not pictured. L. Lobe
The feline liver has 6 lobes. Gallbladder Quadrate Lobe L. Medial Lobe L. Lateral Lobe R. Medial Lobe Gallbladder L. Lateral Lobe Caudate Lobe R. Lateral Lobe
The small intestine in the cat is approximately 120 cm long.
Mesentery of the small intestine in the human and cat. Small Intestine Mesentery
The cat cecum has no appendix. Large Intestine Cecum Small Intestine
An appendix is found at the human cecum. Large Intestine Small Intestine Cecum Appendix Photograph courtesy of Mary Weis, D.V.M.
The large intestine of the cat consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. There is no sigmoid colon. Cecum Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Rectum
The large intestine of the human consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Transverse Colon Descending Colon Ascending Colon Cecum Small Intestine Sigmoid Colon Rectum Appendix Photograph courtesy of Becky Brown.
Circulatory System
The pig heart has 2 branches off the aortic arch. Left Subclavian Artery Brachiocephalic Artery Aortic Arch Pulmonary Trunk
There are 3 branches from the aortic arch in the human heart. Brachiocephalic Artery L. Common Carotid L. Subclavian Artery Aortic Arch Pulmonary Trunk
Pacemaker Wires
There is no common iliac artery in the cat. Posterior Vena Cava Abdominal Aorta External Iliac Vein External Iliac Artery Internal Iliac Artery
There is a common iliac artery in the human. External Iliac Vein Common Iliac Artery Internal Iliac Artery External Iliac Artery
Respiratory System
Human epiglottis, larynx, thyroid gland, and trachea. Epiglottis Trachea Larynx Thyroid Gland Primary Bronchus * *Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
Cat epiglottis, larynx, thyroid gland, and trachea. Epiglottis Larynx Thyroid Gland False Vocal Cords Trachea
Human lungs have 5 lobes. Right Lung 3 Lobes Superior, Middle, & Inferior Left Lung - 2 Lobes, Superior & Inferior
Cats lungs have 7 lobes. Right Lobes Anterior, Medial, Posterior, & Accessory Left Lobes Anterior, Medial, Posterior
Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system of the cat lacks paired seminal vesicles & the penis is ensheathed. Spermatic Cord Testis in Tunica Albuginea Penis
The male reproductive system in the human has a pair of seminal vesicles. Testis Seminal Vesicle
Female Reproductive System
The female cat has a urogenital sinus. Young are borne in the uterine horns. Body of the Uterus Ovary Vagina Uterine Horn Urogenital Sinus
Feline Embryos
There are separate vaginal and urethral openings in the human female. Young develop in the body of the uterus. Ovary Fallopian Tube Body of Uterus Cervix
Human Embryo 12 Weeks Old
Human Fetus
Human Fetus
Urinary System
The adrenal gland in the cat is medial to the kidney. Adrenal Gland Kidney Renal Vein
The adrenal gland is anterior to the kidney in the human. Adrenal Gland Kidney
Kidney disease Photograph courtesy of Anna E. Ross, Ph.D. Polycystic kidney Kidney Adenocarcinoma
References Augur, Anne M. and Arthur F. Dalley. 2009. Grant s Atlas of Anatomy, 12th Edition. Wolter Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. Bohensky, Fred. 2002. PhotoManual & Dissection Guide. Cat with Sheep Heart Brain Eye. Square One Education Guides. Sebastiani, Aurora M. and Dale W. Fishbeck. 2005. Mammalian Anatomy The Cat. Morton Publishing Company. Englewood, Colorado. Walker, Warren F. and Dominique G. Homberger. 1993. A Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings. Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth, Texas. Wingerd, Bruce D. 2006. Cat Anatomy and Dissection Guide. Bluedoor. Eden Prairie, Minnesota.
The Cat People from Dr. Who