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1 Name: Page 1 1) In New York State, solar noon occurs each day when the A) clock reads 12 o'clock noon B) observer's shadow is longest C) Sun is at its highest altitude D) Sun is directly overhead 2) Which diagram correctly shows the apparent motion of Polaris from sunset to midnight for an observer in northern Canada? 4) The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New York State. A) B) C) D) 3) Which statement best explains the apparent daily motion of the Sun? A) The Earth rotates on its axis. B) The Earth is closest to the Sun in winter. C) The Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid. D) The Earth's orbit is an ellipse. Which letter indicates a location south of the post? A) A B) B C) C D) D 5) The day of the year, as units of time, are based upon motions of A) the Earth B) the Sun C) the Moon D) the Stars 6) Which characteristic of the atmosphere is modified most by the Earth's rotation? A) movement B) density C) height D) composition 7) The best evidence that Earth spins on its axis is provided by A) variations in atmospheric density B) apparent shifts in the swing of a Foucault pendulum C) eclipses of the Moon D) changes in the position of sunspots on the Sun 8) The actual shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is best described as A) an oblate spheroid B) a slightly eccentric ellipse C) a perfect circle D) a very eccentric ellipse

2 9) During which month does the Sun rise north of due east in New York State? A) January B) July C) October D) February 10) Which planetary model allows a scientist to predict the exact positions of the planets in the night sky over many years? A) The planets' orbits are ellipses in a geocentric model. B) The planets' orbits are circles in a heliocentric model. C) The planets' orbits are ellipses in a heliocentric model. D) The planets' orbits are circles in a geocentric model. 11) The diagram below shows the orbits of planets A and B in a star-planet system Page 2 Questions 13 through 16 refer to the following: The diagram below represents a plastic hemisphere upon which lines have been drawn to show the apparent paths of the Sun on four days at one location in the Northern Hemisphere. Two of the paths are dated. The protractor is placed over the north-south line. X represents the position of a vertical post. The period of revolution for planet B is 40 days. The period of revolution for planet A most likely is A) less than 40 days B) 40 days C) greater than 40 days 12) Which apparent motion can be explained by a geocentric model? A) curved path of projectiles B) deflection of the wind C) motion of a Foucault pendulum D) daily motion of the Sun 13) What is the latitude of this location? A) 90D N B) 0D C) 66\D N D) 23\D N 14) How many degrees does the altitude of the Sun change from December 21 to June 21? A) 43D B) 47D C) 66\D D) 74D 15) Which path of the Sun would result in the longest shadow of the vertical post at solar noon? A) C-C1 B) A-A1 C) D-D1 D) B-B1 16) For which path is the altitude of the noon Sun 74D? A) D-D1 B) B-B1 C) A-A1 D) C-C1

3 17) The diagram below shows the latitudelongitude grid on an Earth model. Points A and B are locations on the surface Page 3 19) In the diagram below, the spectral lines of hydrogen gas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are compared to the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory. On Earth, the solar time difference between point A and point B would be A) 24 hours B) 1 hour C) 5 hours D) 12 hours 18) According to Kepler's Harmonic Law of Planetary Motion, the farther a planet is located from the Sun, the A) longer its period of rotation B) shorter its period of rotation C) shorter its period of revolution D) longer its period of revolution What is the best inference that can be made concerning the movement of galaxies A, B, and C? A) Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, but galaxies A and C are moving toward Earth. B) Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, but galaxies B and C are moving toward Earth. C) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving away from Earth. D) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving toward Earth. 20) According to the Luminosity and Temperature of Stars Earth Science reference table, the Sun is classified as a A) blue supergiant star with a temperature of approximately 20,000DC and a luminosity of 700,000 B) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 6,000DC and a luminosity of 1 C) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 4,000DC and a luminosity of 100 D) white dwarf star with a temperature of approximately 10,000DC and a luminosity of 0.01

4 21) Which motion causes the Moon to show phases when viewed from the Earth? A) the revolution of the Moon around the Earth B) the rotation of the Sun on its axis C) the revolution of the Sun around the Moon D) the rotation of the Earth on its axis 22) The tilt of the Earth on its axis is a cause of the Earth's A) uniform daylight hours B) 24-hour day C) 365[-day year D) changing length of day and night 23) Which change always occurs as the distance between the Earth and the Sun decreases? A) The Sun's apparent diameter decreases. B) The Earth's orbital speed increases. C) The Sun's rate of rotation increases. D) The gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun decreases. 24) The diagram below represents the path of a planet orbiting a star. Points A, B, C, and D indicate four orbital positions of the planet. Which graph best represents the gravitational attraction between the star and the planet? A) B) Page 4 C) D) 25) The redshift of light from distant galaxies provides evidence that the universe is A) expanding, only B) remaining the same size C) shrinking, only D) shrinking and expanding in a cyclic pattern

5 26) The diagram below shows a planet's orbit around the Sun Page 5 29) Which graph best represents the relative periods of rotation of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars? A) At which location is the planet's orbital velocity greatest? A) A B) B C) D D) C 27) The best evidence that the Earth rotates on its axis comes from observations of A) the changing altitude of the Sun at noon B) seasonal changes of constellations C) the apparent motion of a Foucault pendulum D) the changing altitude of Polaris 28) When does local solar noon always occur for an observer in New York State? A) when the clock reads 12 noon B) when the Sun is on the Prime Meridian C) when the Sun is directly overhead D) when the Sun reaches its maximum altitude B) C) D)

6 30) How would a three-hour time exposure photograph of stars in the northern sky appear if the Earth did not rotate? Page 6 33) The diagram below shows the Moon orbiting Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at eight different positions in its orbit. A) B) C) D) 31) A person in New York State observes a star that is due east and just above the horizon. During the next hour, the distance between the star and the horizon will appear to A) remain the same B) increase C) decrease 32) Over several years, the apparent size of the Sun as viewed by an observer on Earth will probably A) vary in an unpredictable manner B) decrease at a regular rate C) increase at a regular rate D) vary in a cyclic manner At which two positions of the Moon is an eclipse of the Sun or Moon possible? A) 4 and 8 B) 1 and 5 C) 3 and 7 D) 2 and 6 34) The apparent rising and setting of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is caused by A) the Sun's rotation B) the Sun's revolution C) Earth's rotation D) Earth's revolution 35) The length of an Earth day is determined by the time required for approximately one A) Sun rotation B) Earth revolution C) Sun revolution D) Earth rotation 36) The phases of the Moon are caused by the A) revolution of the Moon around the Earth B) rotation of the Moon on its axis C) revolution of the Earth around the Sun D) rotation of the Earth on its axis

7 Questions 37 through 41 refer to the following: The diagram below represents planet Z in its orbit around star A. Locations 1 through 4 of planet Z are indicated on the orbit. The sizes of the planet and the star are not drawn to scale. The elliptical orbit of planet Z and the distance between the foci (F1 and F2) are drawn to scale Page 7 42) The Coriolis effect provides evidence that the Earth A) revolves around the Sun B) rotates on its axis C) has an elliptical orbit D) has a magnetic field 43) The diagram below illustrates the position of the Earth in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the Earth's surface. 37) Star A would have the greatest apparent size to an observer on planet Z when the planet is at location A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 38) What is the eccentricity of the elliptical orbit of planet Z? A) 1.0 B) 0.20 C) 0.75 D) ) As planet Z travels around star A in a complete orbit starting from location 1, the orbital velocity of the planet will A) decrease, then increase B) increase, then decrease C) continually increase D) remain the same 40) The orbiting motion of planet Z around star A is known as A) rotation B) inclination C) revolution D) declination 41) At which location would the gravitational force between star A and planet Z be least? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 The time at point A is closest to A) 6 a.m. B) 12 noon C) 9 a.m. D) 6 p.m. 44) Which planet takes longer for one spin on its axis than for one orbit around the Sun? A) Mercury B) Earth C) Venus D) Mars

8 45) Which diagram best represents the motions of celestial objects in a heliocentric model? Page 8 47) The diagram below represents the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere and the Earth's planetary wind and pressure belts. Points A through F represent locations on the Earth's surface. A) B) C) D) 46) The Coriolis effect would be influenced most by a change in the Earth's A) rate of rotation B) angle of tilt C) period of revolution D) average surface temperature The curving paths of the surface winds shown in the diagram are caused by the Earth's A) magnetic field B) gravitational field C) revolution D) rotation

9 48) The diagram below shows the Earth's high and low air pressure belts and direction of prevailing winds for a particular time of the year. The winds do not appear to blow in a straight line from the high-pressure belts to the low-pressure belts. Which statement best explains this observation? A) Wind direction is modified by water areas. B) Wind direction is modified by land forms. C) Wind direction is modified by the Earth's rotation. D) Wind direction is modified by the Sun's motion. 49) To an observer in New York State, stars appear to rise in the A) west B) east C) north D) south 50) The phases of the Moon are caused by the A) Earth's revolution around the Sun B) Moon's varying distance from the Earth C) Sun's varying distance from the Moon D) Moon's revolution around the Earth 51) Why do the locations of sunrise and sunset vary in a cyclical pattern throughout the year? A) The Earth's orbit around the Sun is an ellipse. B) The Sun rotates on an inclined axis while revolving around the Earth. C) The Earth rotates on an inclined axis while revolving around the Sun. D) The Sun's orbit around the Earth is an ellipse. 52) If viewed from the Earth over a period of several years, the apparent diameter of Mars will A) remain unchanged B) increase constantly C) decrease constantly D) vary in a cyclic manner 53) The period of time a planet takes to make one revolution around the Sun is most dependent on the planet's average A) insolation from the Sun B) mass C) rotation rate D) distance from the Sun 54) Why do stars appear to move through the night sky at the rate of 15 degrees per hour? A) The stars actually move around the center of the galaxy at a rate of 15D per hour. B) The Earth actually moves around the Sun at a rate of 15D per hour. C) The Earth actually rotates at a rate of 15D per hour. D) The stars actually revolve around the Earth at a rate of 15D per hour. 55) The Sun's position in space is best described as the approximate center of A) the universe B) the Milky Way galaxy C) a constellation D) our solar system 56) Which object orbits Earth in both the Earthcentered (geocentric) and Sun-centered (heliocentric) models of our solar system? A) the Sun B) the Moon C) Polaris D) Venus 57) During a period of one year, what would be the greatest altitude of the Sun at the North Pole? A) 66\D B) 0D Page 9 C) 23\D D) 90D

10 Questions 58 through 60 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the elliptical orbit of a planet traveling around a star. Points A, B, C, and D are four positions of this planet in its orbit Page 10 63) The diagram below represents the path of a planet orbiting a star. Points A, B, C, and D indicate four orbital positions of the planet. 58) The gravitational attraction between the star and the planet will be greatest at position A) A B) B C) C D) D 59) The calculated eccentricity of this orbit is approximately A) 0.3 B) 0.1 C) 0.4 D) ) As the planet revolves in orbit from position A to position D, the orbital velocity will A) increase, then decrease B) decrease, then increase C) continually decrease D) continually increase 61) Earth's orbital velocity is slowest on July 5 because A) Earth's distance from the Sun is greatest B) Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are located along a straight line in space C) the highest maximum temperatures occur in the Northern Hemisphere D) the Moon is closest to Earth 62) The best evidence that the distance between the Moon and the Earth varies is provided by the apparent change in the Moon's A) altitude B) diameter C) phase D) shape When viewed by an observer on the planet, the star has the largest apparent diameter at position A) D B) B C) A D) C 64) Which observation provides the best evidence that Earth rotates? A) The location of the constellations in relationship to Polaris changes from month to month. B) The length of the shadow cast by a flagpole at noontime changes from season to season. C) The position of the planets among the stars changes during the year. D) The direction of swing of a freely swinging pendulum changes during the day. 65) Planet X is similar in all respects to the Earth except that it does not rotate on its axis. A Foucault pendulum is allowed to swing freely on planet X. After 6 hours of swinging, the path of the pendulum's swing, as seen by an oberver on planet X, will be A) the same as the original path B) 90D to the right of the original path C) 180D to the right of the original path D) 90D to the left of the original path 66) On December 21, at which latitude would an observer find the Sun directly overhead? A) 0D B) 90D South C) 23\D North D) 23\D South

11 67) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which orbital path model correctly shows the relative positions of the Sun and its four nearest planets? A) Page 11 Questions 70 through 73 refer to the following: The diagram below shows the Earth in its orbit. The vertical rays of the Sun are striking at 23\D South latitude. Stars X and Y are two of many which an observer would see in the nighttime sky. B) C) D) 68) Which is the best indication that the Moon's distance from the Earth varies? A) the apparent change in the altitude of the Moon B) the apparent change in the color of the Moon C) the apparent change in the diameter of the Moon D) the apparent change in the shape of the Moon 69) Evidence that the Earth rotates on an axis is provided by the Coriolis effect and the A) position of the Sun at solar noon B) phases of the Moon C) Foucault pendulum D) geocentric model of the solar system 70) Which statement best describes the apparent motion of stars X and Y as they are observed from a location in New York State for a period of 4 hours? A) Star X appears to move away from star Y. B) Star X and star Y show no apparent motion. C) Star X and star Y appear to move at a constant rate. D) Star X and star Y appear to move away from Polaris. 71) The elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit causes A) the Earth to have an oblate spheroid shape B) the Earth's axis to be inclined to its orbit C) changes in the orbital velocity of the Earth D) Foucault pendulums to change direction 72) When will the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Sun be greatest? A) every day at noon B) when the Earth is closest to the Sun C) when the Earth is farthest from the Sun D) every night at midnight

12 73) The orbiting motion of the Earth is best described as A) inclination B) revolution C) declination D) rotation 74) The diagram below represents a planet orbiting a star. Lines are drawn from the star to four positions of the planet. The amount of time required to move between positions is indicated. Area X is equal to area Y. Why is the distance A-B greater than distance C-D? Page 12 75) Which observation about the Sun's apparent path at this location on June 21 is best supported by the diagram? A) Sunrise occurs north of east. B) Sunset occurs south of west. C) The Sun appears to move across the sky at a rate of 1D per hour. D) The Sun's total daytime path is shortest on this date. 76) At noon on which date would the observer cast the longest shadow? A) December 21 B) March 21 C) June 21 D) September 23 77) The diagram below shows Earth, the Moon, and the Sun's rays as viewed from space. A) The planet travel's at a constant orbital velocity around the star. B) The planet travels the same number of degrees per hour. C) The planet's orbital velocity is dependent on its distance from the star. D) The length of the planet's day is the same throughout the year. Questions 75 and 76 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the apparent daily path of the Sun across the sky in the Northern Hemisphere on the dates indicated. For observers on Earth, which one of the following phases of the Moon is represented by the diagram? A) C) B) D) 78) The length of an Earth year is based on Earth's A) revolution of approximately 1D/day B) rotation of approximately 1D/day C) rotation of 15D/hr D) revolution of 15D/hr

13 79) On which planet would a measuring instrument placed at the planet's equator record the longest time from sunrise to sunset? A) Venus B) Mercury C) Mars D) Earth 80) The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Sun is greatest at the time when the A) Earth is moving fastest in its orbit B) Northern Hemisphere is receiving maximum duration of insolation C) Earth is moving slowest in its orbit D) Northern Hemisphere is receiving maximum intensity of insolation 81) Cities located on the same meridian (longitude) must have the same A) latitude B) solar time C) altitude D) length of daylight 82) The planetary winds in Earth's Northern Hemisphere generally curve to the right due to Earth's A) orbit around the Sun B) magnetic field C) force of gravity D) spin on its axis 83) How does the position of Polaris appear to change as an observer travels due north from the Equator? A) Polaris appears to move westward. B) The angle of Polaris above the northern horizon decreases. C) Polaris appears to move eastward. D) The angle of Polaris above the northern horizon increases. 84) The diagram below shows the Sun's maximum altitude (C) relative to a vertical stick in New York State on June 21. In which direction from the base of the stick does shadow C1 point? A) north B) west Page 13 C) south D) east 85) Which statement best explains the apparent daily motion of the stars around Polaris? A) The Earth revolves around the Sun. B) The Earth rotates on its axis. C) The Earth's orbit is an ellipse. D) The Earth has the shape of an oblate spheroid. 86) In the diagram, the arrows represent the paths of moving fluids on the surface of the Earth. Which statement best explains why the fluid is deflected? A) The axis of the Earth is tilted. B) The Earth is moving away from the Sun. C) The Earth is rotating on its axis. D) The Earth is revolving around the Sun.

14 87) Which location on the Earth would the Sun's vertical rays strike on December 21? A) Equator (0D) B) Tropic of Cancer (23\D N) C) South Pole (90D S) D) Tropic of Capricorn (23\D S) 88) Which planet has the most eccentric orbit? A) Pluto B) Venus C) Saturn D) Mars 89) The diagram below shows part of the orbit of a satellite around the Earth. The distance from the satellite's orbit to the Earth's surface is 75 kilometers. 91) Which diagram below best represents the illumination of the Earth on the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere? A) B) C) Page 14 D) 92) A student recorded the times of three successive high tides at one location as: Which force is most directly responsible for keeping the satellite in orbit around the Earth? A) magnetism B) Coriolis C) gravity D) friction 90) Based on observations made in the Northern Hemisphere, which statement is the best supporting evidence that the Earth rotates on its axis? A) The apparent solar diameter varies throughout the year. B) The seasons(spring, summer, fall, and winter) repeat in a cyclic pattern. C) The length of the daylight period varies throughout the year. D) The stars appear to follow daily circular paths around Polaris. 9:12 a.m. 9:38 p.m. 10:04 a.m. What is the approximate time of the next high tide? A) 11:04 p.m. B) 10:38 p.m. C) 10:12 p.m. D) 10:30 p.m.

15 93) The diagram below represents an activity in which an eye dropper was used to place a drop of water on a spinning globe. Instead of flowing due south toward the target point, the drop followed a curved path and missed the target Page 15 95) Which graph best shows the amount of the lighted part of the Moon that an observer on the Earth would see during 1 month, beginning with the new moon phase? A) B) The actual path results from A) the Coriolis effect B) the tilt of the globe's axis C) dynamic equilibrium D) the globe's revolution 94) The photograph below shows an impact crater approximately 1 mile wide located in Diablo Canyon, Arizona. Describe the event that produced this crater. C) D) 96) Earth's atmospheric winds are deflected in a predictable manner because of the Earth's A) revolution B) rotation C) gravity D) inclination 97) On the Earth, a freely swinging pendulum gradually shows a change in the direction of its swing. This change is evidence that the Earth A) has an elliptical orbit B) is an orbiting natural satellite C) revolves around the Sun D) rotates on its axis

16 98) Planet A has a greater mean distance from the Sun than planet B. On the basis of this fact, which further comparison can be correctly made between the two planets? A) Planet A's day is longer. B) Planet A is larger. C) Planet A's speed of rotation is greater. D) Planet A's revolution period is longer. 99) The geocentric model of the solar system does not explain A) star trails B) planetary motions C) day and night D) Foucault's pendulum 100) In our solar system, the orbits of the planets are best described as A) elliptical, with the planet at one of the foci B) circular, with the planet at the center C) elliptical, with the Sun at one of the foci D) circular, with the Sun at the center 101) The Moon has a greater effect on the Earth's ocean tides than the Sun has because the A) Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun is B) Sun has a higher temperature than the Moon C) Moon has a greater mass than the Sun D) Sun has a higher density than the Moon 102) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, what is the radius of the Sun? A) 696,000 km B) 6,960,000 km C) 69,600,000 km D) 69,600 km 103) A cycle of Moon phases can be seen from Earth because the A) Moon's distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate B) Moon's axis is tilted C) Moon spins on its axis D) Moon revolves around Earth 104) The diagram below represents a simple geocentric model. Which object is represented by the letter X? A) Sun B) Moon C) Polaris D) Earth 105) The radius of the Sun is approximately how many times greater than the radius of the Moon? A) 4,000 B) 40 C) 400 D) 40, ) The diagram below represents two planets in our solar system drawn to scale, Jupiter and planet A. Planet A most likely represents A) Uranus B) Saturn C) Earth D) Venus 107) Upon which frame of reference is time based? A) the longitude of an observer B) the real motions of the Sun C) the motions of the Moon D) the motions of the Earth 108) Which planet is approximately thirty times farther from the Sun than the Earth? A) Neptune B) Uranus Page 16 C) Saturn D) Jupiter

17 109) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, what is the approximate eccentricity of the ellipse shown below? Page 17 Questions 113 and 114 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the Earth. Some of the latitude and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A through E represent locations on the Earth's surface. A) 0.50 B) 0.25 C) 2.0 D) ) In a Doppler red shift, the observed wavelengths of light from distant celestial objects appear closer to the red end of the spectrum than light from similar nearby celestial objects. The explanation for the red shift is that the universe is presently A) contracting, only B) alternating between contracting and expand ing C) expanding, only D) remaining constant in size 111) Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars? A) Betelgeuse B) Earth C) the Sun D) Jupiter 112) Which star is cooler and many times brighter than Earth's Sun? A) Rigel B) Betelgeuse C) Barnard's Star D) Sirius 113) What do locations A, B, and E have in common? A) They have the same local time. B) They are in the same season. C) They are at the same latitude. D) They have the same prevailing wind direction. 114) What is the approximate time at location D? A) noon B) 6 a.m. C) midnight D) 6 p.m. 115) The speed of a planet in its orbit around the Sun depends primarily on the planet's A) polar circumference B) axial tilt C) direction of revolution D) distance from the Sun

18 116) The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth as viewed from above the North Pole Page ) The table below shows the altitude and compass direction of one planet, as viewed by an observer in New York State at 10 p.m. on the first day of each month from April through November. Beginning with the Moon at position X (the new-moon phase), which sequence of Moon phases would be seen by an observer on Earth during 1 month? A) Which graph best represents a plot of this planet's apparent path, as viewed by the observer over the 7-month period? B) A) C) D) B) C) D)

19 Questions 118 through 122 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the orbits of three planets (X, Y, and Z) around star A. Star A is located at one focus and point B is the other focus. Numbers 1 through 9 represent different positions of the three planets. The arrows show the direction of revolution Page ) The time required for planet X to travel from point 1 to point 2 is approximately the same as the time required for planet X to travel from point A) 2 to point 4 B) 3 to point 4 C) 3 to point 1 D) 2 to point 3 122) Which graph best represents the eccentricity of the orbits of planets X, Y, and Z? A) B) 118) Which statement about the period of revolution of the planets is correct? A) Planet Z has a longer period of revolution than planet X. B) The planets have equal periods of revolution. C) Planet X has a longer period of revolution than planet Y. D) Planet Y has a longer period of revolution than planet Z. 119) Which number indicates the position at which a planet would have the greatest gravitational attraction to star A? [Assume that all three planets have the same mass.] A) 5 B) 3 C) 7 D) 6 120) The orbital paths of these planets around star 4 can best be described as having A) major axes of the same length B) an elliptical shape, with star A at one focus C) the same period of rotation D) a circular shape, with star A at one focus C) D)

20 123) The graph below represents the brightness and temperature of stars visible from Earth. Which location on the graph best represents a star with average brightness and temperature? A) A B) B C) C D) D 124) Which graph best represents the change in gravitational attraction between the Sun and a comet as the distance between them increases? A) Page ) Which statement best explains why different phases of the Moon can be observed from the Earth? A) Differing amounts of the Moon's sunlit surface are seen because the Moon revolves around the Earth. B) Differing amounts of the Moon's sunlit surface are seen because the Moon revolves around the Sun. C) The Moon moves into different parts of the Earth's shadow. D) The size of the Earth's shadow falling on the Moon changes. 126) Predictable changes in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum provide evidence that A) Earth's magnetic poles reverse over time B) Earth's orbit is slightly elliptical C) Earth is tilted on its axis D) Earth rotates on its axis 127) The Coriolis effect provides evidence that Earth A) revolves B) has a tilted axis C) has seasons D) rotates 128) In the diagram below, the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Earth's surface at 23\DN. What is the date shown in the diagram? B) C) D) A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 23 D) December 21

21 129) The Milky Way galaxy is best described as A) a constellation visible to everyone on Earth B) a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars C) a region in space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter D) a type of solar system 130) In which general direction does an observer look to see the sunset each day? A) west B) south C) north D) east 131) New York State has several more hours of daylight in summer than in winter. Which statement helps explain this observation? A) The distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. B) The speed of the Earth in its orbit changes. C) The diameter of the Sun appears to change. D) The Earth is tilted on its axis. 132) The diagram below represents eight positions of the Moon as it revolves around the Earth. 133) The time required for one Earth rotation is about A) one month B) one hour C) one day D) one year 134) In the Northern Hemisphere, during which season does the Earth reach its greatest distance from the Sun? A) fall B) summer Page 21 C) spring D) winter 135) A sundial measures time based upon the position of the Sun in the sky. This time is called A) mean time B) Greenwich time C) standard time D) apparent solar time 136) The diagram below shows a post located in the Northern Hemisphere. Five different shadows, A1, B1, C1, D1, and E1, are cast on a certain day by the post when the Sun is in positions A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. When viewed from the Earth, which phase of the Moon will be seen when the Moon is at point E? A) new moon B) first quarter C) full moon D) last quarter Which motion causes the apparent daily path of the Sun shown in the diagram? A) the Sun's rotation B) the Earth's revolution C) the Sun's revolution D) the Earth's rotation

22 137) The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from above the North Pole. Points A and B are locations on Earth's surface. At location A, the time is 12 noon. What is the time at location B? A) 6 a.m. B) 3 p.m. C) 12 midnight D) 6 p.m. 138) Which planet has an orbit with an eccentricity most similar to the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit around Earth? A) Jupiter B) Saturn C) Earth D) Pluto 139) Winds appear to curve toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere. This curving to the right is caused by the Earth's A) shape B) size C) rotation D) revolution 140) Which observation can not be explained by a geocentric model? A) A freely swinging pendulum appears to change direction. B) The Sun's path through the sky is an arc. C) Stars follow circular paths around Polaris. D) A planet's apparent diameter varies. 141) The Earth's planetary winds are deflected as a result of the Earth's A) seasonal changes B) tilted axis C) revolution around the Sun D) rotation on its axis Page ) The length of time that daylight is received at a location during one day is called the location's A) eccentricity of insolation B) duration of insolation C) intensity of insolation D) angle of insolation 143) What is the exact shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun? A) The orbit is a perfect circle. B) The orbit is an oblate spheroid. C) The orbit is a slightly eccentric ellipse. D) The orbit is a very eccentric ellipse. 144) Which is the best evidence for the Earth's rotation? A) the changing of the seasons B) the phases of the Moon C) the rising of the Sun D) the motion of a Foucault pendulum 145) The diagram below represents a planet in orbit around a star. Which statement best describes how the planet's energy is changing as it moves from point A to point B? A) Both kinetic and potential energy are decreasing. B) Kinetic energy is increasing and potential energy is decreasing. C) Kinetic energy is decreasing and potential energy is increasing. D) Both kinetic and potential energy are increasing.

23 Questions 146 and 147 refer to the following: Page ) The predictable changes in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum would be influenced most by a change in the Earth's A) intensity of insolation B) period of revolution C) angle of tilt D) rate of rotation 152) The diagram below represents the elliptical orbit of a planet traveling around a star. The center of the star and the focal point represent the foci of the orbit. 146) Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse to the nearest thousandth. 147) State how the eccentricity of the given ellipse compares to the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars. 148) Ocean currents exhibit the Coriolis effect as a result of the A) revolution of the Earth B) variations in salinity of the Earth's oceans C) rotation of the Earth D) unequal heating of the Earth 149) The predictable change in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum provides evidence that the A) Sun rotates on its axis B) Earth revolves around the Sun C) Earth rotates on its axis D) Sun revolves around the Earth 150) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which planet has the most eccentric orbit? A) Venus B) Mars C) Pluto D) Saturn The eccentricity of the planet's orbit is approximately A) 0.5 B) 0.9 C) 0.3 D) ) The curving path of planetary winds is caused by A) the Earth's rotation B) ocean currents C) the Earth's revolution D) weather fronts 154) The passage of the Moon into Earth's shadow causes a A) full Moon B) solar eclipse C) new Moon D) lunar eclipse 155) The apparent shift in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum is caused by Earth's A) tilted axis B) spherical shape C) revolution D) rotation

24 156) Stars are believed to undergo evolutionary changes over millions of years. The flowchart below shows stages of predicted changes in the Sun. According to the Luminosity and Temperature of Stars Earth Science reference table and the flowchart above, the Sun will become A) hotter and brighter in stage 2, then cooler and dimmer in stage 3 B) cooler and dimmer in stage 2, then hotter and brighter in stage 3 C) cooler and brighter in stage 2, then hotter and dimmer in stage 3 D) hotter and dimmer in stage 2, then cooler and brighter in stage 3 Questions 157 and 158 refer to the following: The diagram below shows the Earth's orbit and the partial orbit of a comet on the same plane around the Sun Page ) Which observation is true for an observer at the Earth's Equator at midnight on a clear night for the positions shown in the diagram? A) The comet is rising. B) The comet is setting. C) The comet is not visible. D) The comet is directly overhead. 158) Compared with the Earth's orbit, the comet's orbit has A) the same eccentricity B) less eccentricity C) more eccentricity 159) Compared to Pluto, Mercury moves more rapidly in its orbit because Mercury A) has a more elliptical orbit B) is more dense C) is closer to the Sun D) is larger 160) The Earth reaches its greatest orbital speed when it is A) farthest from the Sun B) farthest from the Moon C) closest to the Sun D) closest to the Moon 161) Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to complete one revolution around the Sun? A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Venus 162) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, what would be the most likely period of revolution for Uranus? A) 6 years B) 171 years C) 84 years D) 18 years 163) The apparent daily path of the Sun changes with the seasons because A) Earth's axis is tilted B) the Sun rotates C) the Sun revolves D) Earth's distance from the Sun changes

25 164) In which one of the following lists are celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing size? A) universe galaxy solar system planet B) galaxy solar system universe planet C) planet solar system galaxy universe D) solar system galaxy planet universe Questions 165 through 167 refer to the following: Page ) The diagram below represents the major stars of the constellation Orion, as viewed by an observer in New York State. The diagram below represents a view of the Earth as seen from space. Locations A through H are on the Earth's surface. Which statement best explains why Orion can be observed from New York State on December 21 but not on June 21? A) Earth rotates on its axis. B) Orion has an eccentric orbit around Earth. C) Earth revolves around the Sun. D) Orion has an eccentric orbit around the Sun. 169) The diagram below represents the Earth in space. 165) At which two locations could the Sun be directly overhead at local noon sometime during the same 24-hour period? A) E and G B) D and F C) B and C D) C and E 166) The latitude of position G is 23\D South. During which months would the Sun's vertical ray be moving northward between locations G and E? A) January and February B) April and May C) July and August D) October and November 167) When it is noon at location E, what time of day will it be at location D? A) morning B) afternoon C) noon D) night Which date is most likely represented by the diagram? A) May 4 B) September 2 C) June 6 D) December 30

26 170) Three planets that are relatively large, gaseous, and of low density are A) Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus B) Venus, Jupiter, and Neptune C) Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn D) Mars, Jupiter, and Uranus 171) When the distance between the foci of an ellipse is increased, the eccentricity of the ellipse will A) increase B) decrease C) remain the same 172) The apparent angular diameter of the Sun was calculated by an observer in New York State once a month for four months. The diameters are shown in the data table below. Which statement is best supported by the data? Page 26 Questions 174 and 175 refer to the following: The diagram below shows the orbit of planet D around the star Upsilon Andromedae. The dashed lines show where the paths of the first four planets of our solar system would be located if they were going around Upsilon Andromedae instead of the Sun. All distances are drawn to scale. A) The Earth is tilted 23\ degrees. B) The Earth rotates. C) The distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. D) The Sun rotates. 173) A major belt of asteroids is located between Mars and Jupiter. What is the approximate average distance between the Sun and this major asteroid belt? A) 390 million kilometers B) 220 million kilometers C) 110 million kilometers D) 850 million kilometers 174) Describe the eccentricity of planet D's orbit relative to the eccentricities of the orbits of the other planets in the solar system shown. 175) Based on the given diagram, describe the changes in gravitational force between planet D and the star Upsilon Andromedae during one complete orbit around the star. [Be sure to describe where the force is greatest and where the force is least.] 176) Compared to the average density of the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), the average density of the Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) is A) greater B) less C) the same

27 177) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which of the following takes the longest time to make one complete spin on its axis? A) Uranus B) Mercury C) Earth D) Jupiter 178) On March 21, two observers, one at 45D north latitude and the other at 45D south latitude, watch the "rising" Sun. In which direction(s) must they look? A) Both observers must look eastward. B) Both observers must look westward. C) The observer at 45D S. must look westward while the other must look eastward. D) The observer at 45D N. must look westward while the other must look eastward. 179) The diagram below shows the rotating Earth as it would appear from a satellite over the North Pole. 180) The diagram below represents the orbit of a planet around the Sun. At which location is the gravitational attraction between the Sun and the planet greatest? A) A B) B C) C D) D 181) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which planet has a diameter most similar to the Earth's? A) Venus B) Saturn C) Pluto D) Mars 182) What is the eccentricity of an orbit having a major axis length of 100 million miles and a focal distance of 10 million miles? A) 0.01 B) Page 27 C) 10 D) ) Which diagram sequence correctly shows the order of Moon phases, as viewed from Earth, for a period of 1 month? [Note that some phases have been omitted.] A) B) The time at point X is closest to A) 12 noon B) 6 a.m. C) 12 midnight D) 6 p.m. C) D)

28 184) In which direction on the horizon does the Sun appear to rise on July 4 in New York State? A) due north B) due south C) south of due east D) north of due east Page ) Some constellations (star patterns) observed in the summer skies in New York State are different from those observed in the winter skies. The best explanation for this observation is that A) constellations are moving away from the Earth B) the Earth revolves around the Sun C) constellations revolve around the Earth D) the Earth rotates on its axis 186) The diagram below shows some examples of how surface winds are deflected in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres because of Earth's rotation. Earth's rotation causes winds to be deflected to the A) right in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres B) left in the Northern Hemisphere and right in the Southern Hemisphere C) left in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres D) right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere

29 Page ) The diagram below shows the Moon in different positions as it revolves around Earth, as observed from above the North Pole (NP). Which image correctly represents the Moon at position 8, as observed from Earth? A) B) C) D) Questions 188 through 190 refer to the following: The diagram below represents the Earth at a specific position in its orbit. Arrows indicate radiation from the Sun. Points A through D are locations on the Earth's surface.

30 188) Which diagram below best represents the path of the Sun on this date as seen by an observer at location C? A) B) 189) As an observer travels from position B to position D, the altitude of Polaris in the nighttime sky will A) decrease, only B) remain the same C) increase, then decrease D) increase, only 190) Which location would have the greatest number of daylight hours when the Earth is in this position? A) D B) B Page 30 C) A D) C C) D)

31 Questions 191 through 195 refer to the following: Page 31 Diagram I below represents the orbit of an Earth satellite, and diagram II shows how to construct an elliptical orbit using two pins and a loop of string. Table I shows the eccentricities of the orbits of the planets in the solar system. 191) The Earth satellite takes 24 hours to move between each numbered position on the orbit. How does area A (between positions 1 and 2) compare to area B (between positions 8 and 9)? A) Area A is smaller than area B. B) Area A is equal to area B. C) Area A is larger than area B. 192) What is the approximate eccentricity of the satellite's orbit? A) 0.40 B) 0.31 C) 0.70 D) ) At which position represented in Diagram I would the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the satellite be greatest? A) 11 B) 3 C) 1 D) 7 194) If the pins in Diagram II were placed closer together, the eccentricity of the ellipse being constructed would A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 195) According to Table I, which planets orbit would most closely resemble a circle? A) Mercury B) Saturn C) Pluto D) Venus

32 Page ) On the United States time zone map provided below, indicate the standard time in each time zone when it is 9 a.m. in the Central Time Zone. The dashed lines represent the standard-time meridians for each time zone. [Be sure to indicate the time for all three zones.] Questions 197 and 198 refer to the following: The map below represents a view of the Earth looking down from above the North Pole (N.P.), showing the Earth's 24 standard time zones. The Sun's rays are striking the Earth from the right. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the Earth's surface.

33 197) The timekeeping system shown in the diagram is based on the A) Sun's revolution B) Earth's revolution C) Earth's rotation D) Sun's rotation 198) Which date could this diagram represent? A) March 21 B) August Page 33 C) January 21 D) June 21 Questions 199 and 200 refer to the following: The newspaper article below is written by Paul Recer and printed in the Times Union on October 9, ASTRONOMERS PEER CLOSER TO BIG BANG WASHINGTON The faintest and most distant objects ever sighted galaxies of stars more than 12 billion light years away have been detected by an infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. The sighting penetrates for the first time to within about one billion light years of the very beginning of the universe, astronomers said, and shows that even at that very early time there already were galaxies with huge families of stars. "We are seeing farther than ever before," said Rodger I. Thompson, a University of Arizona astronomer and the principal researcher in the study. Thompson and his team focused an infrared instrument on the Hubble on a narrow patch of the sky that had been previously photographed in visible light. The instrument detected about 100 galaxies that were not seen in the visible light and 10 of these were at extreme distance. He said the galaxies are seen as they were when the universe was only about 5 percent of its present age. Astronomers generally believe the universe began with a massive explosion, called the "big bang," that occurred about 13 billion years ago. Since the big bang, astronomers believe that galaxies are moving rapidly away from each other, spreading out and becoming more distant. 199) Compare the age of Earth and our solar system to the age of the distant galaxies of stars discussed in the article. 200) The big-bang theory is widely believed by astronomers to explain the beginning of the universe. Why does the light from distant galaxies support the big-bang theory discussed in the article?

34 Questions 201 through 205 refer to the following: Page 34 The diagram below represents the apparent angular diameter of the Sun as measured by an observer on the Earth during one year. 201) The apparent diameter of the Sun decreases as the distance between the observer and the Sun A) decreases B) remains the same C) increases 202) During which month was the orbital velocity of the Earth around the Sun the greatest? A) March B) July C) June D) January 203) How did the apparent angular diameter of the Sun change from June to September? A) It decreased, then increased. B) It increased steadily. C) It decreased steadily. D) It remained the same. 204) The cyclic change in the apparent angular diameter of the Sun is a result of the A) Sun's daily rotational pattern B) Earth's daily rotational pattern C) Earth's circular orbit D) Earth's slightly elliptical orbit 205) During which month was the apparent angular diameter of the Sun the smallest? A) December B) January C) July D) March

35 Questions 206 through 208 refer to the following: Page 35 The diagram below represents Mars orbit around the Sun. 206) The bar graph below shows the equatorial diameter of Earth. 207) State the difference between the shape (not the size) of Earth's orbit and the shape of Mars orbit in the given diagram. 208) On the given diagram: (1) Draw and label the major axis of Mars orbit. (2) Place an X on the orbit to show the location of Mars greatest orbital velocity. On the grid above, construct the bar that represents the equatorial diameter of Mars.

36 Page ) The graph below shows the maximum altitude of the Moon, measured by an observer located at a latitude of 43D N during June in a particular year. The names and appearance of the four major Moon phases are shown at the top of the graph, directly above the date on which the phase occurred. Which diagram best represents the Moon's phase observed on June 11? A) B) C) D) 210) The diagram below shows several positions of the Earth as it moves around the Sun. Which position shows the Earth during summer in the Northern Hemisphere? A) D B) A C) C D) B

37 Page ) The diagram below illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe. A major piece of scientific evidence supporting this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from Earth in stage 3 are observed to be A) shorter than normal (a red shift) B) longer than normal (a red shift) Questions 212 through 215 refer to the following: C) longer than normal (a blue shift) D) shorter than normal (a blue shift) The diagram below represents an exaggerated model of Earth's orbital shape. Earth is closest to the Sun at one time of year (perihelion) and farthest from the Sun at another time of year (aphelion). 212) Identify the season in the Northern Hemisphere when Earth is at perihelion. 213) State the actual geometric shape of Earth's orbit. 214) State the relationship between Earth's distance from the Sun and Earth's orbital velocity.