Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Seismic Design
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1 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Seismic Design Prof. Ellen M. Rathje, Ph.D., P.E. University of Texas at Austin Jeff Bachhuber, M.S., C.E.G. Ranon Dulberg Fugro/William Lettis and Associates Prof. Brady R. Cox, Ph.D., P.E. University of Arkansas November 2010
2 Seismic Design Framework: Characterizing sources and estimating ground shaking for design Prof. Ellen M. Rathje, Ph.D., P.E. Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at Austin 18 November 2010
3 Seismic Design Framework Ground Motion Characterization Closest distance fault to site (R rup ) Local site conditions Source Characterization Locations of sources (faults) Magnitude (M w ) Recurrence For what level of shaking should Ground we Motion design? Level Liquefaction? Landslide? Palo Alto R rup Soil conditions Topographic conditions
4 Seismic Design Framework Characterizing sources Locations of sources Expected maximum magnitude Recurrence (how often do earthquakes occur) Focal mechanism Characterizing ground shaking Distance from source Local site conditions Ground motion = Ground motion fxn (magnitude, distance, site conditions)
5 Locations of Sources Geologic mapping Identify offsets Identify linear features Seismicity i it Small earthquakes occur along active seismic zones Need a sensitive e seismic network to monitor small earthquakes
6 USGS Seismicity Map of Haiti
7 Maximum M w and Recurrence Maximum Magnitude Maximum M w is related to length of fault M w = 6 ; Rupture length ~ 5 km M w =7:Rupturelength ~ 50 km M w = 8 : Rupture length ~ 325 km Recurrence (time between earthquakes) Offsets from large earthquakes leave a record within sediments Identify and date significant offsets (paleoseismicity)
8 Characterizing Ground Motions Closest distance (R rup ) Closest distance between the fault rupture plane and the site R rup R rup Dipping Faults Vertically Dipping Faults
9 Characterizing Ground Motions Local site conditions Characterized by the shear wave velocity (V s )of the underlying materials V s is also a measure of the maximum shear stiffness (G max ) Material Vs (m/s) Rock > 760 m/s Stiff Soil Soft Soil ~ m/s < 180 m/s
10 Predicting Ground Shaking Ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) Statistical models to predict ground shaking Based on thousands of recordings from previous earthquakes Developed for different tectonic regions (shallow crustal regions, subduction zones, intra-plate) ln (Y) = f source (M, mechanism) + f distance (M, R rup ) + f site (Vs, others)
11 Predicting Ground Shaking Ground motions have large scatter! 1994 Northridge (M w = 6.7) Earthquake in California ion (g) Range in Acceleration 0.17 g to 0.7 g Accelerat Peak A Distance (km) From D. Boore
12 Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs in loose, saturated sand Saturated: Below the ground water table Loose: Assessed by the Standard Penetration Test blowcount (N)
13 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 63.5 kg mass dropped 0.75 m on top of drill rod 5 cm diameter split spoon sampler Count blows to advance sampler 3, 15 cm intervals N = blowcount = # blows / 30 cm from the 2 nd and 3 rd 15 cm intervals Liquefaction Potential ti N(bl/30 cm) Not liquefiable > 30 Moderate High 0-15
14 Earthquake-Induced Landslides Earthquake shaking can destabilize hillsides id and cause movements From USGS Yield Acceleration (k y ): acceleration that starts a failure Influenced by slope angle and material strength
15 Maps of k y k y Map DEM Slope Angle Data from California Geological Survey (CGS) for Mint Canyon Quadrangle Shear Strength (c, )
16 Seismic Design Framework Characterizing sources Locations of sources Expected maximum magnitude, mechanism Recurrence (how often) Characterizing ground shaking Distance from source Local site conditions Additional effects Liquefaction Landslides
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