Intro to tissues. Tissues. 4 primary tissue types - Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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1 Ch 4: Tissues
2 Intro to tissues Tissues Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function 4 primary tissue types - Epithelial (covering & linings) Connective (support) Nervous (control) Muscular (movement)
3 Epithelial tissue Epithelium Epithe = laid on, covering A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a cavity Forms boundaries between environments Functions Protection Absorption (process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph) Filtration (passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter) Excretion (elimination of waste products from the body) Secretion (passage of material formed by a cell to its exterior) Sensory reception Occurs in the body as... A covering or lining epithelium Or as glandular epithelium
4 Special characteristics of epithelium Cellularity Composed of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between Specialized contacts Bound together by specialized contacts (desmosomes & tight junctions) Forms continuous sheets Polarity Possess an apical & basal surface Apical free and exposed most have microvilli Cilia propel substances along their free surface (trachea) Basal attached surface Basal lamina thin supporting sheets made mostly of glycoproteins acts as a selective filter for the diffusion of nutrients
5 Specialized characteristics cont. Support All epithelial tissue rest & are supported by connective tissue Reticular lamina Below basal lamina Contains collagen fibers of the connective tissue Reticular lamina + basal lamina = basement membrane Reinforces epithelium (helps resist tearing & stretching) Avascular but innervated Avascular = no blood vessels Nourished by diffusing nutrients from underlying connective tissue Innervated = supplied by nerves Regeneration High regeneration capacity
6 Cell shapes
7 Classification of epithelium Naming First name Indicates the number of layers present Simple one layer Absorption and filtration Stratified more than one Highly abrasive Shape differs among cell layers Named due to the apical layer Second name - Describes the shape of the cell Squamous Flat and scale like Cuboidal Box/cube like Columnar Tall and column shaped
8 Epithelium Simple epithelia are mostly concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration Simple squamous Single layer of flattened cells Sparse cytoplasm Bulging nucleus Filtration & exchange Special examples; Endothelium» inner covering» Slick & friction reducing» Lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, heart, & capillaries Mesothelium» middle covering» Serous membrane lining ventral body cavities» Covers organs
9 Simple squamous
10 Epithelium cont. Simple cuboidal Single layer of cube-shaped cells Forming the smallest ducts of glands Kidney tubules Secretion & absorption Spherical nuclei Simple columnar Single layer of column-shaped cells Line the digestive tract (stomach to rectum) Dense microvili to increase absorption Goblet cells secrete protective mucus
11 Simple cuboidal
12 Simple columnar
13 Epithelium cont. Pseudostratified columnar Contains cells of varying heights Gives the false (psuedo) impression that there are many layers Nuclei are at various heights gives the false impression All cells rest on basement membrane Tallest cells reach the free apical surface May contain cilia & goblet cells Line the respiratory tract
14 Pseudostratified
15 Stratified epithelium Stratified epithelia s main function is protection. Consists of two or more cell layers Regeneration occurs at the basal surface More durable than simple epithelium Stratified cuboidal Rare Ducts of large glands
16 Stratified epithelium cont. Stratified squamous Most common Several cell layers Cells on free surface are squamous shaped (named for free exposed surface) Underlying cells are cuboidal or columnar Protection Basal cells replace apical cells Apical cells are squamous shaped because they are not receiving adequate nutrients Rely on diffusion of nutrients External part of the skin & extends into every body opening
17 Stratified squamous
18 Stratified epithelium cont. Stratified columnar Limited distribution Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, & some glandular ducts Transitional Forms the hollow organs of the urinary system Allows for stretch Basal cells = cuboidal or columnar Apical cells vary in appearance depending on the level of stretch Not stretched multilayered membrane Stretched (distension) membrane becomes squamous like
19 Transitional
20 Glandular epithelia Gland Cells that make or secrete (export) a product Secretion = Active Process Secretion aqueous fluid containing proteins 2 types Endocrine Internally secreting Ductless (they loose their ducts) Secrete hormones by exocytosis» Directly into lymph or blood systems» Or directly into the extracellular space Exocrine Externally secreting Have ducts More numerous in the body Secrete onto a surface or into body cavities Sweat, oil, salivary glands
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