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1 Bonn Declaration on Regional Cooperation in Quality Assurance in Higher Education Adopted on 20 June 2007 during the Conference Enhancing Quality Across Borders R egional Cooperation in Quality Assurance in H igher Education organised b y the G erm an R ectors Conference ( H R K ) and the G erm an Academ ic Ex change S erv ice ( D AAD ) P a r t ic ip a n t s f r om t he A r a b W or l d, t he A SEA N c ou n t r ies, C en t r a l a n d Sou t h A m er ic a, Ea st A f r ic a, Eu r op e, p l u s r ep r esen t a t iv es of r eg ion a l a n d in t er n a t ion a l or g a n isa t ion s g a t her ed in B on n f r om 1 8 t o 2 0 J u n e f or t he C on f er en c e En ha n c in g Qu a l it y A c r oss B or der s Reg ion a l C oop er a t ion in Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e in H ig her Edu c a t ion or g a n ised b y t he G er m a n Rec t or s C on f er en c e (H RK ) a n d t he G er m a n A c a dem ic Ex c ha n g e Ser v ic e (DA A D) a s p a r t of t he Dia l og u e on I n n ov a t iv e H ig her Edu c a t ion St r a t eg ies p r og r a m m e (DI ES) t o disc u ss dev el op m en t s in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a n d how t o p r om ot e f u r t her c oop er a t ion. P a r t ic ip a n t s u n der l in ed t he im p or t a n c e of r eg ion a l c oop er a t ion in t he f iel d of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e. W hil e q u a l it y a n d q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in hig her edu c a t ion a r e p r im a r il y seen a s t he r esp on sib il it y of hig her edu c a t ion in st it u t ion s, it is f or n a t ion a l g ov er n m en t s a n d/ or q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a g en c ies t o set r eq u ir em en t s a t n a t ion a l l ev el. H ow ev er, p a r t ic ip a n t s hig hl ig ht ed t he im p or t a n c e of r eg ion a l c oop er a t ion in t he l ig ht of g l ob a l isa t ion a n d t he g r ow in g in t er n a t ion a l isa t ion a n d c om p et it iv en ess of t he hig her edu c a t ion a n d l a b ou r m a r k et s. P a r t ic ip a n t s w el c om ed t he v a r iou s in it ia t iv es f or c a p a c it y b u il din g in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e, su c h a s t he n ew G l ob a l I n it ia t iv e f or Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e C a p a c it y (G I QA C ) t a k en b y t he W or l d B a n k t o p r ov ide su p p or t f or a v a r iet y of r eg ion a l c a p a c it y b u il din g a c t iv it ies t a il or ed t o t he n eeds of t he r eg ion a n d t a k in g in t o a c c ou n t dif f er en c es in t he c u l t u r a l, l eg a l a n d p ol it ic a l c on t ex t s. I. R ationale Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e is seen a s essen t ia l f or t he f ol l ow in g r ea son s: 1. Qu a l it y a ssu r a n c e is n ot a n en d in it sel f b u t shou l d r a t her c on t r ib u t e t o im p r ov in g hig her edu c a t ion syst em s a n d p r om ot in g g ood g ov er n a n c e. I t w il l en ha n c e t he r el ev a n c e of p r og r a m m es, em p l oya b il it y a n d t he st u den t ex p er ien c e. A ddit ion a l l y q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e m u st c on t r ib u t e t o sol v in g r eg ion a l a n d g l ob a l p r ob l em s. 2. Qu a l it y a ssu r a n c e is a k ey el em en t in p r om ot in g t he m ob il it y of st u den t s a s w el l a s of a c a dem ic st a f f a n d g r a du a t es. 3. The b a sic p r er eq u isit e f or im p r ov ed m ob il it y is t ha t deg r ees a r e r ec og n ised in t he r eg ion. The m u t u a l r ec og n it ion of a c c r edit a t ion a n d ev a l u a t ion dec ision s is n eeded t o f a c il it a t e b ot h t he m ob il it y of st u den t s a s w el l a s t he r ec og n it ion of deg r ees. Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion p r om ot es t he idea t ha t c ou n t r ies a r e l ook in g a t q u a l it y in c om p a r a b l e w a ys, a r e a p p l yin g c om p a r a b l e m et hodol og ies a n d w il l in f u t u r e a p p l y c om p a r a b l e st a n da r ds. 4. Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e p r om ot es t he t r a n sp a r en c y of hig her edu c a t ion syst em s a n d of t he p r og r a m m es t hey of f er, m a k in g b en c hm a r k in g p ossib l e. 1
2 5. Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e m a k es it p ossib l e t o ha v e in dep en den t ex t er n a l a ssessm en t, esp ec ia l l y f or sm a l l hig her edu c a t ion syst em s. 6. Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion, p r om ot in g in t er n a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a n d ex t er n a l q u a l it y a ssessm en t w il l m a k e q u a l it y m or e v isib l e. This p r ov ides don or or g a n isa t ion s w it h a hig her deg r ee of c l a r it y w hen m a k in g f u n din g dec ision s. 7. Reg ion a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e c on t r ib u t es t o in c r ea sin g m u t u a l t r u st b et w een dif f er en t n a t ion a l syst em s a s w el l a s t r u st b et w een dif f er en t st a k ehol der s in hig her edu c a t ion. Ther ef or e, t he in v ol v em en t of st a k ehol der s (in st it u t ion s, g ov er n m en t s, em p l oyer s, em p l oyees, st u den t s) is of t he u t m ost im p or t a n c e. 8. Reg ion a l c oop er a t ion in q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e shou l d f a c il it a t e t he c oop er a t ion of on e r eg ion w it h ot her w or l d r eg ion s a s w el l a s in t er n a t ion a l p l a yer s. II. R ecom m endations I n t he l ig ht of t he a b ov e-m en t ion ed r a t ion a l e, p a r t ic ip a n t s m a de t he f ol l ow in g r ec om m en da t ion s: 1. Institutions of higher education a r e c a l l ed u p on t o dev el op a n d p u t in t o p l a c e a su st a in a b l e a n d c on t in u ou sl y op er a t ion a l in t er n a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e syst em (I QA syst em ) in l in e w it h in t er n a t ion a l dev el op m en t s a n d st a n da r ds. Reg ion a l ex p er ien c e in C en t r a l a n d Sou t h A m er ic a, Ea st A f r ic a, t he A r a b c ou n t r ies, t he A SEA N c ou n t r ies a n d Eu r op e c a n b e u sef u l in t his p r oc ess. 2. N ational and regional q uality assurance b odies, b e t hey p u b l ic or p r of ession a l or g a n isa t ion s, a r e a dv ised t o a l ig n t he a c c r edit a t ion p r oc esses, t he a c c r edit a t ion f r a m ew or k s a n d t he a c c r edit a t ion st a n da r ds in su c h a w a y t ha t a c c r edit a t ion dec ision s a r e r ec og n ised w it hin t he r eg ion. I t is f u r t her m or e r ec om m en ded t ha t t he a c c r edit in g b odies a p p l y t he c r it er ia f or r el ia b l e q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a g en c ies, in c l u din g t he u se of p eer r ev iew in q u a l it y a ssessm en t, t he in v ol v em en t of st a k ehol der s a n d in dep en den c e f r om ot her or g a n isa t ion s. 3. The I n t er n a t ion a l N et w or k of Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e A g en c ies in H ig her Edu c a t ion (IN QAAH E), t he Eu r op ea n A ssoc ia t ion f or Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e in H ig her Edu c a t ion (EN QA), t he Eu r op ea n C on sor t iu m on A c c r edit a t ion (ECA), U N ES CO, t he I n t er n a t ion a l A ssoc ia t ion of U n iv er sit y P r esiden t s (IAU P ), a n d t he I b er oa m er ic a n N et w or k f or t he A c c r edit a t ion of Qu a l it y in H ig her Edu c a t ion (R IACES ) a r e r ec om m en ded t o w or k t ow a r ds c oor din a t in g t he p r in c ip l es of g ood p r a c t ic e a n d g u idel in es t ha t ha v e b een dev el op ed f or a r el ia b l e q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a g en c y. 4. N ational and regional univ ersity associations a r e c a l l ed u p on t o su p p or t t heir m em b er in st it u t ion s in t he p r oc ess of dev el op in g I QA syst em s b y m a k in g t he n ec essa r y k n ow l edg e a n d in st r u m en t s a v a il a b l e a n d b y or g a n isin g t r a in in g session s a n d w or k shop s. 2
3 5. The m inisters responsib le for higher education a r e r ec om m en ded t o c on t r ib u t e t o t he dev el op m en t of r eg ion a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a n d t o p r om ot e t he ha r m on isa t ion of a c c r edit a t ion b y m a k in g a c l ea r dist in c t ion b et w een a c c r edit a t ion a s a p r of ession a l a c t iv it y a n d t he c on seq u en c es c on n ec t ed w it h ob t a in in g or f a il in g t o ob t a in a c c r edit a t ion. The l a t t er is t he p r er og a t iv e of n a t ion a l g ov er n m en t s a n d in som e c ou n t r ies of p u b l ic u n iv er sit ies a n d/ or p r of ession a l or g a n isa t ion s. F u r t her m or e, t hey c a n c on t r ib u t e t o su c h in it ia t iv es b y a ssu r in g a deq u a t e f u n din g a n d b y r em ov in g ob st a c l es t o r eg ion a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in it ia t iv es. 6. D onor organisations, su c h a s t he W or l d B a n k, Reg ion a l Dev el op m en t B a n k s, t he Eu r op ea n U n ion a n d n a t ion a l dev el op m en t c oop er a t ion in st it u t ion s, a r e a dv ised t o su p p or t t he idea of r eg ion a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a s r eg ion a l p u b l ic g oods. A g a in st t his b a c k g r ou n d t hey a r e a dv ised t o su p p or t p r oj ec t s t o dev el op I QA syst em s a s w el l a s n a t ion a l or r eg ion a l ex t er n a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e syst em s. F u r t her m or e t hey shou l d su p p or t c a p a c it y b u il din g f or r eg ion a l p r og r a m m e a ssessm en t s f or b en c hm a r k in g a n d t r a n sp a r en c y, p l u s p r oj ec t s a im ed a t ha r m on isin g a c c r edit a t ion a n d ex t er n a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in a r eg ion. 7. P a r t ic ip a n t s a r e a w a r e of t he r ic h div er sit y of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in t he v a r iou s r eg ion s. H ow ev er, in t he l a st f ew dec a des a c er t a in b ody of k n ow l edg e on q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in hig her edu c a t ion ha s b een b u il t u p. To su p p or t t he a b ov e-m en t ion ed r ec om m en da t ion s it shou l d b e p ossib l e t o t a k e st oc k of t he b a sic k n ow l edg e a v a il a b l e on q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e. Ther ef or e U N ESC O, in c oop er a t ion w it h st a k ehol der s a n d ot her r el ev a n t or g a n isa t ion s, is in v it ed t o in v est ig a t e t he p ossib il it y of c om p il in g a n d t r a n sl a t in g t his b ody of k n ow l edg e, p ossib l y in a m anual on q uality assurance in higher education. U se c a n b e m a de of t he v a r iou s ex a m p l es a n d in it ia t iv es t ha t ex ist a t n a t ion a l a n d r eg ion a l l ev el s. 8. I n g en er a l, it is r ec om m en ded t ha t in st it u t ion s of hig her edu c a t ion, u n iv er sit y a ssoc ia t ion s, q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e b odies a n d ot her st a k ehol der s (g ov er n m en t s, st u den t s, em p l oyer s, em p l oyees) in a r eg ion dev el op regional program m e assessm ents, t her eb y m a k in g b en c hm a r k in g a n d t r a n sp a r en c y of t he disc ip l in es in t he r eg ion p ossib l e. 9. I t is r ec om m en ded t ha t a l l st a k ehol der s in v ol v ed in t he q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e of hig her edu c a t ion syst em s st a r t dev el op in g innov ativ e and sustainab le program m e assessm ent and program m e q uality assurance m ethods. I N QA A H E a n d ot her n et w or k s of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a g en c ies a r e en c ou r a g ed t o c oop er a t e w it h t he u n iv er sit y n et w or k s a s w el l a s w it h st u den t s a n d ot her st a k ehol der s in or der t o f ost er t he im p l em en t a t ion of t he a b ov e-m en t ion ed r ec om m en da t ion s. A g a in st t he b a c k g r ou n d of t his dec l a r a t ion on Reg ion a l C oop er a t ion in Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e in H ig her Edu c a t ion, en dor sed in t he f in a l p l en a r y session on 2 0 J u n e , p a r t ic ip a n t s r ea f f ir m t heir c om m it m en t t o f u r t her in g c oop er a t ion a n d disc u ssion in or der t o r ea c h t he g oa l s set ou t in t his doc u m en t. 3
4 Annex: R ec o m m end a t i o ns o f R eg i o na l W o r k i ng G r o u p s L ook in g a t t he dev el op m en t s in t he v a r iou s r eg ion s, a n u m b er of sp ec if ic n eeds ha v e b een f or m u l a t ed a n d sp ec if ic r ec om m en da t ion s m a de f or t he r eg ion s: 1. L atin Am erica St a n da r ds of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e shou l d b e c on sist en t w it hin a n d a c r oss t he r eg ion in or der t o st r iv e f or c om p a r a b l e q u a l it y dec ision s. A t t he sa m e t im e t hey m u st b e f l ex ib l e en ou g h t o t a k e in t o a c c ou n t n a t ion a l a n d in st it u t ion a l n eeds a n d dif f er en c es. A st r on g em p ha sis shou l d b e p l a c ed on b u il din g in st it u t ion a l a n d in div idu a l q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e c a p a c it ies w it hin hig her edu c a t ion in st it u t ion s, q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a g en c ies a n d ot her r el a t ed or g a n isa t ion s. 2. East Africa The I n t er u n iv er sit y C ou n c il f or Ea st A f r ic a (I U C EA ) a n d hig her edu c a t ion r eg u l a t or y a g en c ies in Ea st A f r ic a n m em b er st a t es c om m it t hem sel v es t o st r en g t hen in g t heir H ig her Edu c a t ion A r ea (The Ea st A f r ic a n H ig her Edu c a t ion A r ea ) c ha r a c t er ised b y ha r m on ised q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e b en c hm a r k s a n d st a n da r ds set in a c c or da n c e w it h t he f r a m ew or k b ein g dev el op ed b y t he v a r iou s st a k ehol der s. 3. S outheast Asia Rec og n isin g t he c on t r ib u t ion t ha t q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e in hig her edu c a t ion m a k es t o a c u l t u r e of ex c el l en c e, g ood g ov er n a n c e a n d m u t u a l u n der st a n din g a s w el l a s t he im p or t a n c e of r eg ion a l c oop er a t ion f or ha r m on isa t ion of a n d in hig her edu c a t ion, t he w or k in g g r ou p a g r ees on t he f ol l ow in g : A t p ol ic y l ev el, t o m a k e t he q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a n d r eg ion a l sha r in g a c t iv it ies v isib l e t o t he A SEA N m in ist er s a n d t he A SEA N -EU m in ist er m eet in g s. This a im s t o g en er a t e m u t u a l r ec og n it ion a n d u n der st a n din g a m on g t he p ol it ic a l l ea der s f or t he r eg ion a l edu c a t ion a l in it ia t iv es t a k in g p l a c e To en c ou r a g e p a r t ic ip a t ion f r om w it hin A SEA N a n d ot her r eg ion a l g r ou p in g s a s ob ser v er s a t t he A U N -QA w or k shop s a n d a ssessm en t ex er c ises. To p r om ot e r eg ion a l c oop er a t ion w it h ex t er n a l a ssessm en t b odies. 4
5 4. Arab R egion A c t iv it ies in t he a r ea of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e a n d a c c r edit a t ion in t he A r a b r eg ion ha v e n ow r ea c hed t he p oin t of in st it u t ion a l isa t ion a t t hr ee l ev el s: Est a b l ishm en t of q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e st r u c t u r es w it hin c ou n t r ies a t n a t ion a l l ev el a n d w it hin u n iv er sit ies Em er g en c e of t he U N DP H ig her Edu c a t ion P r oj ec t a s a v ol u n t a r y n et w or k of c ol l a b or a t in g u n iv er sit ies a n d U N ESC O in it ia t iv es on c oor din a t in g n a t ion a l a g en c ies in t he r eg ion The r ec en t f or m a t ion of t he A r a b N et w or k f or Qu a l it y A ssu r a n c e in H ig her Edu c a t ion The n ex t p ha se of t he dev el op m en t shou l d f oc u s on c on sol ida t ion a n d c oor din a t ion b et w een t hese l ev el s w it h t he su p p or t of t he r esp on sib l e m in ist er s of edu c a t ion a n d in dia l og u e w it h in t er n a t ion a l don or s. 5. Europe The w or k in g g r ou p f r om Eu r op e f oc u sed disc u ssion on how c oop er a t ion w it h ot her r eg ion a l n et w or k s c a n b e f u r t her en ha n c ed in t he f u t u r e. The g r ou p a ddr essed t he q u est ion in v iew of t he m a j or ob st a c l es t o su c h en ha n c em en t. The q u est ion is v er y c om p l ex b u t t w o m a j or ob st a c l es, a m on g ot her s, c a n b e iden t if ied. O n e of t hem is p ol it ic a l : w ho is r esp on sib l e f or b u il din g n et w or k s b et w een r eg ion s? H a s a w il l f or b u il din g n et w or k s b een ex p r essed sp ec if ic a l l y a t m in ist r y l ev el in t he v a r iou s c ou n t r ies? I n c ou n t r ies w it h m a n y ex t er n a l p l a yer s w it hin q u a l it y a ssu r a n c e: do n et w or k s ex ist b et w een t hese QA or g a n isa t ion s a n d t he u n iv er sit ies t ha t c a n a ddr ess q u est ion s of r eg ion a l c oop er a t ion? W ho w il l a n d c a n t a k e t he n a t ion a l in it ia t iv e f or n et w or k in g b et w een in t er n a t ion a l r eg ion s? The ot her m a j or ob st a c l e is t he l a n g u a g e b a r r ier. I n m ost c ou n t r ies in Eu r op e t he w or k in g l a n g u a g e is t he n a t iv e l a n g u a g e. H ow ev er, t he b est, or m a yb e t he on l y, w a y of p r om ot in g b r oa d in t er n a t ion a l c oop er a t ion is t o p a r t ic ip a t e in j oin t p r oj ec t s b et w een c ou n t r ies a n d r eg ion s. To b e a b l e t o a c hiev e t his, c ou n t r ies t ha t w a n t t o st a r t c oop er a t ion m u st a g r ee on a c om m on w or k in g l a n g u a g e. Ex p er ien c e f r om c ou n t r ies t ha t ha v e a g r eed on u sin g a f or eig n l a n g u a g e a s t he w or k in g l a n g u a g e p r ov es t ha t som et hin g is l ost in t he p r oc ess. O n t he ot her ha n d, ex p er ien c e a l so show s t ha t m or e is g a in ed b y c oop er a t in g w it h f or eig n ex p er t s t hr ou g h t he t r a n sf er of k n ow l edg e b et w een c ou n t r ies a n d r eg ion s. H ow ev er, t he u se of a f or eig n l a n g u a g e c a n b e a n ob st a c l e, ev en a t t he p ol it ic a l l ev el, t ha t f ir st ha s t o b e ov er c om e. 5
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