Dalton s Atomic Theory (1808)
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1 Chapter 2
2 Dalton s Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Unsur tersusun dari partikel yag sangat kecil yang disebut atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 2. Senyawa tersusun atas atom-atom yang berasal dari lebih dari satu unsur. The relative number of atoms of each element in a given compound is always the same. 3. Reaksi kimia hanya meliputi penyusunan ulang atom-atom, serta tidak mengakibatkan penciptaan atau pemusnahan atom-atom. 2.1
3 16 X + 8 Y 8 X 2 Y Law of 2.1
4 2 Law of 2.1
5 Atom bukan bagian terkecil lagi... Menurut dalton, atom adalah bagianterkecil penyusun suatu unsur Percobaan menunjukkan atom memiliki 3 elemen penyusun, yaitu elektron, proton dan neutron
6 A = alpha B = gamma C = beta J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e - (1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
7 Measured mass of e - (1923 Nobel Prize in Physics) e - charge = x C Thomson s charge/mass of e - = x 10 8 C/g e - mass = 9.10 x g 2.2
8 (Uranium compound) 2.2
9 2.2
10 (1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 10 7 m/s (~5% speed of light) 1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus 2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron 3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e - (1.67 x g) 2.2
11 Rutherford s Model of the Atom atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x m nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x m 2.2
12 Chadwick s Experiment (1932) H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p mass He/mass H should = 2 measured mass He/mass H = Be 1 n + 12 C + energy neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0) n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x g 2.2
13 Subatomic Particles Particle Mass (g) Charge (Coulombs) Charge (units) Electron (e - ) 9.1 x x Proton (p) 1.67 x x Neutron (n) 1.67 x mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e - 2.2
14 (Z) = number of protons in nucleus (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number Atomic Number A Z X Element Symbol 1 H H (D) 1 H (T) U 238 U
15 2.3
16 Do You Understand Isotopes? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 14 6 C? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 11 6 C? 2.3
17 Alkali Metal Alkali Earth Metal Period Group Halogen Noble Gas 2.4
18 is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds H 2 H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 A molecule contains only two atoms H 2, N 2, O 2, Br 2, HCl, CO A molecule contains more than two atoms O 3, H 2 O, NH 3, CH 4 2.5
19 An is formed when an atom, or group of atoms, has a net positive or negative charge (why?). ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na + 11 protons 10 electrons ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Cl - 17 protons 18 electrons 2.5
20 A ion contains only one atom Na +, Cl -, Ca 2+, O 2-, Al 3+, N 3- A ion contains more than one atom OH -, CN -, NH 4+, NO 3-2.5
21 Do You Understand Ions? How many protons and electrons are in Al? How many protons and electrons are in Se 2-? 2.5
22 2.5
23 2.6
24 A formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance An formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance molecular H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 O 3 empirical H 2 O CH 2 O O N 2 H 4 NH 2 2.6
25 Ionic compounds consist of a cation and an anion the formula is always the same as the empirical formula the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula unit must equal zero The ionic compound NaCl 2.6
26 Formula of Ionic Compounds 2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6 Al 2 O 3 Al 3+ O 2-1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2 CaBr 2 Ca 2+ Br - 1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2 Na 2 CO 3 Na + CO
27 Some Polyatomic Ions NH 4 + ammonium SO 4 2- CO 3 2- HCO 3 - ClO 3 - Cr 2 O 7 2- CrO 4 2- carbonate SO 3 2- bicarbonate NO 3 - chlorate NO 2 - sulfate sulfite nitrate nitrite dichromate SCN - thiocyanate chromate OH - hydroxide 2.7
28 Chemical Nomenclature Ionic Compounds often a metal + nonmetal anion (nonmetal), add ide to element name BaCl 2 K 2 O Mg(OH) 2 KNO 3 Barium Klorida??? 2.7
29 Transition metal ionic compounds indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals FeCl 2 2 Cl - -2 so Fe is +2 FeCl 3 3 Cl - -3 so Fe is +3 Cr 2 S 3 3 S -2-6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) 2.7
30 Molecular compounds nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids common names H 2 O, NH 3, CH 4, C 60 if more than one compound can be formed from the same elements, use prefixes to indicate number of each kind of atom last element ends in -ide 2.7
31 Molecular Compounds HI NF 3 SO 2 N 2 Cl 4 NO 2 TOXIC! N 2 O Laughing Gas 2.7
32 An acids can be defined as a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water. HCl Pure substance, hydrogen chloride Dissolved in water (H + Cl - ), hydrochloric acid An oxoacids is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element. HNO 3 H 2 CO 3 H 2 SO 4 2.7
33 2.7
34 HClO4 HClO3 HClO2 HClO Dengan cara yang sama HBrO4 HBrO3 HBrO2 HBrO
35 A basic can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water. NaOH KOH Ba(OH) 2 2.7
36 Apa nama dari senyawa berikut? Na2CrO4 K2 H2PO4 NH4NO2 Ag2CO3 KMnO4 P4O6 HIO
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