How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique.
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1 How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique. What units do we use to define the weight of an atom? amu units of atomic weight. (atomic mass unit) 1 amu 1/12 the mass of 1 carbon-12 atom. But in the lab, scientists use grams it s more practical. When scientists do experiments with substances (elements, molecules, ionic compounds), they usually - Use the chemical formula to plan (ratio of atoms, NaCl) - Measure the amount needed in grams How can we relate grams to the chemical formula? 1.0 g C 5.0 x C atoms 1.0 g Ba 4.4 x Ba atoms Inconvenient to work with such large numbers all the time. Chemists use another unit which works like a dozen : Mole x particles (atoms, molecules or formula units) Avogadro s number Why do we use such a weird number? Because it gives us an easy relationship between amus and grams.
2 **one mole of atoms of an element has a mass in grams numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element** 1 H atom 1 amu 1 mol H 1 g 1 C atom 12 amu 1 mol C 12 g The ratio of atoms in the simplest formula for a compound is the same as the ratio of moles of atoms of the elements in a sample of the compound 1 H 2 O molecule 2 H atoms 1 O atom 1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 1 mol O How much does H 2 O weigh? Formula weights the sum of the atomic weights of the elements in the formula, each taken the number of times the element occurs. water H 2 O 2 (1.01) + 1(16.00) = amu Chlorine Cl 2 2(35.45) = amu Calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3 ) 2 nitrate (16.00) = amu 1(40.08) + 2(62.00) = amu
3 formula weight all compounds, molecules and elements atomic weight atoms molecular weight molecules How many atoms are there in one mole of propane (C 3 H 8 )? 1 molecule of propane = 3 carbon atoms + 8 hydrogen atoms = 11 atoms 1 mole propane x x molecules propane x 11 atoms. 1 mole propane 1 molecule propane = x atoms Molar mass the mass of one mole of a substance. (g/mol) Numerically equivalent to formula weight (amu/formula unit) Calculate the number of C 3 H 8 molecules in 74.6 g propane. Molar mass of C 3 H 8 = C 3 (12.01 g/mol) = (g/mol) H 8 (1.008 g/mol) = (g/mol) 74.6 g propane x 1 mole propane x x molecules g propane 1 mole propane = 1.02 x molecules propane
4 Percent composition the % of each element in the compound (by mass) ex. calculate the percent composition of C and H in C 3 H 8. Molar mass of C 3 H 8 = C 3 (12.01 g/mol) = (g/mol) H 8 (1.008 g/mol) = (g/mol) % carbon: = (g/mol) x 100 = 81.71% % hydrogen = (g/mol) x 100 = 18.29% empirical formula the smallest, whole number ratio of elements present NaCl H 2 O H 2 O 2 - HO Molecular formula actual number of atoms present in a molecule
5 If we have the % composition of a substance, we can determine the empirical formula Ex % K g K 34.76% Mn g Mn 40.50% O g O % 100 g substance g K x 1 mol K = mol K g g Mn x 1 mol Mn = mol Mn g g O x 1 mol O = mol O g divide through by smallest # moles to get the ratio: mol K/ = mol Mn/ = mol O/ = 4 empirical formula is KMnO 4 but we still don t know the molecular formula unless we also have the molar mass of the substance ex. in previous example, if molar mass = 158 g/mol empirical formula = molecular formula if a compound has the empirical formula HO and its molar mass = 34.0 g/mol HO = = 17.0 g/mol 34/17 = 2 2(HO) = H 2 O 2 molecular formula
6 ex. what mass of ammonium phosphate, (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4, would contain 15.0 grams of nitrogen (N)? g N mol N mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 g (NH 4 ) 3 PO g N x 1 mol N = 1.07 mol N 14.0 g N 1 mole of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 contains 3 moles of N 1.07 moles N x 1 mole (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 = mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 3 moles N molar mass of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 is 3(14.00) g N 12(1.01) g H 1(30.97) g P 4(16.00) g O g/mol mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 x g = 53.2 g (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 1 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 ex. what mass of propane, C 3 H 8, would contain the same mass of carbon as is contained in 1.35 grams of barium carbonate, BaCO 3? g BaCO 3 mol BaCO 3 mol C mol C 3 H 8 g C 3 H 8 molar mass BaCO 3 = (16.00) = g/mol 1 mol BaCO 3 has 1 mol C per formula unit 1.35 g BaCO 3 x 1 mol BaCO 3 x 1 mol C = 6.84 x 10-3 mol C g 1 mol BaCO 3 1 mol C 3 H 8 has 3 mol C per formula unit molar mass C 3 H 8 = g/mol (see previous example) 6.84 x 10-3 mol C x 1 mol C 3 H 8 x 44.09g = g C 3 H 8 3 mol C 1 mol C 3 H 8
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