Oxidation States of Nitrogen
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1 Oxidation States of Nitrogen HNO 3 NH 3 HNO 2 NO N 2 O N 2 HN 3 N 2 H /3-2 Oxidation +5-3 Reduction
2 Oxidation States of Chlorine HClO 4 HClO 3 ClO 2 HClO 2 HClO Cl 2 HCl Oxidation +7-1 Reduction
3 Oxidation States of Sulfur S 2 O 8 2- H 2 S SO 4 2- S 2 O 6 2- SO 2 S 2 O 3 2- S 8 or S Oxidation +7-2 Reduction
4 Binary compounds are made of two elements. metal + nonmetal = ionic compound nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent compound Name the more metallic element first. Use the element s name. Name the less metallic element second. Add the suffix ide to the element s stem.
5 LiBr Li 2 S Al 2 O 3 Na 3 P Mg 3 N 2 lithium bromide lithium sulfide aluminum oxide sodium phosphide magnesium nitride
6 Binary ionic compounds containing metals that exhibit more than one oxidation state There are two methods to name these compounds. 1. Older method add suffix ic to element s Latin name for higher oxidation state add suffix ous to element s Latin name for lower oxidation state 2. Modern method use Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate Transition Metal s oxidation state
7 Compound Old System Modern System FeBr 2 ferrous bromide iron(ii) bromide FeBr 3 ferric bromide iron(iii) bromide TiCl 2 titanous chloride titanium(ii) chloride TiCl 3 titanic chloride titanium(iii) chloride TiCl 4 does not work titanium(iv) chloride
8 Binary Acids Binary Acids are binary compounds consisting of hydrogen and a nonmetal. Compounds are usually gases at room temperature and pressure. Nomenclature for the gaseous compounds is hydrogen (stem)ide. When the compounds are dissolved in water they form acidic solutions. Nomenclature for the acidic solutions is hydro (stem)ic acid.
9 Formula Name Aqueous solution HF hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid HBr hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid H 2 S hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid
10 Binary covalent molecular compounds composed of two nonmetals other than hydrogen Nomenclature must include prefixes that specify the number of atoms of each element in the compound.
11 Formula CO CO 2 SO 3 OF 2 P 4 O 6 Name (mono)carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur trioxide oxygen difluoride tetraphosphorus hexoxide
12 Formula Old Name Modern Name N 2 O nitrous oxide dinitrogen monoxide NO nitric oxide nitrogen monoxide N 2 O 3 nitrogen trioxide dinitrogen trioxide NO 2 nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide N 2 O 4 nitrogen tetroxide dinitrogen tetroxide N 2 O 5 nitrogen pentoxide dinitrogen pentoxide
13 Ternary Acids and Their Salts Ternary Acids and Their Salts are made of three elements. The elements are H, O & a nonmetal. Two of the compounds are chosen as the basis for the nomenclature system. Higher oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ic acid. Lower oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ous acid Salts are named based on the acids. Anions of -ic acids make ate salts. Anions of -ous acids make ite salts.
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15 Name Formula carbonic acid H 2 CO 3 nitric acid HNO 3 boric acid H 3 BO 3 phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 chloric acid HClO 3 bromic acid HBrO 3 iodic acid HIO 3 silicic acid H 4 SiO 4
16 Salts are formed by the reaction of the acid with a strong base. Acid Salt HNO 2 NaNO 2 nitrous acid sodium nitrite HNO 3 NaNO 3 nitric acid sodium nitrate H 2 SO 3 Na 2 SO 3 sulfurous acid sodium sulfite
17 Acids that have a higher oxidation state than the ic acid are given the prefix per. These acids and salts will have one more O atom than the ic acid. Acids that have a lower oxidation state than the ous acid are given the prefix hypo. These acids and salts will have one less O atom than the ic acid.
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19 Acid HClO hypochlorous acid Na Salt NaClO sodium hypochlorite HClO 2 NaClO 2 chlorous acid sodium chlorite HClO 3 NaClO 3 chloric acid sodium chlorate HClO 4 NaClO 4 perchloric acid sodium perchlorate
20 Acidic Salts are made from ternary acids that retain one or more of their acidic hydrogen atoms. Made from acid base reactions where there is an insufficient amount of base to react with all of the hydrogen atoms. Old system used the prefix bi to denote the hydrogen atom. Modern system uses prefixes and the word hydrogen.
21 NaHCO 3 Old system Modern system KHSO 4 Old system Modern system KH 2 PO 4 Old system Modern system K 2 HPO 4 Old system Modern system sodium bicarbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate potassium bisulfate potassium hydrogen sulfate potassium bis biphosphate potassium dihydrogen phosphate potassium biphosphate potassium hydrogen phosphate
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