Volcanoes. Chapter 7
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1 Volcanoes Chapter 7
2 The Big Idea Volcanoes are locations where magma reaches Earth s surface. They affect human and wildlife habitats. Lesson 1: Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries Most volcanic activity occurs along plate boundaries where plates move relative to one another. Lesson 2: Volcanic Eruptions Earthquakes cause seismic waves that provide valuable data. Lesson 3: Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic eruptions can change human and wildlife habitats.
3 Lesson 1: Volcanoes & Plate Boundaries Most volcanic activity occurs along plate boundaries where plates move relative to one another. What you ll learn: Explain what causes volcanic activity. Relate the location of volcanoes to plate boundaries. So What?! Understanding how volcanoes form and where they occur helps scientsts predict volcanic eruptions.
4 Review Vocabulary Lithospheric plate A section of Earth s crust and rigid upper mantle that moves slowly on the asthenosphere.
5 New Vocabulary A volcano volcano is a land or an underwater feature that forms when magma reaches the surface of Earth. The opening through which magma escapes from a volcano onto Earth s surface is called a vent. During a fissure eruption, magma escapes through cracks in Earth s surface. Most volcanoes vent occur along plate boundaries, fissure eruption but some form from localized areas of heat called hot spots that occur inside Earth. hot spots
6 Academic Vocabulary source Point of origin * We found the source of the leak to be the hole in the pipe.
7 What Is A Volcano?
8 What Is A Volcano? Distinguish magma from lava. Magma Magma is molten material that forms igneous rock. It is INSIDE of the Earth! Lava Lava is magma that has reached Earth s surface.
9 How Do Volcanoes Form? Sequence the events that occur as a volcano forms. Heat deep inside Earth causes rock to melt, forming magma Magma rises because it is less dense than surrounding rock. Magma reaches Earth s surface and flows out through a vent, becoming lava. A cone-shaped landform develops from the lava that pours onto Earth s surface.
10 How Do Volcanoes Form? Organize information about fissure eruptions by completing the table. Fissure Eruptions When they occur Where they occur When magma escapes from cracks in Earth s crust At divergent plate boundaries What they form In oceans: On continents: mid-ocean ridges and new seafloor rifts and new crust at Earth s surface
11 Summarize it! Summarize the three main ideas of the above sections.
12 Where Do Volcanoes Occur? Identify three places at which volcanoes often form. 1. At divergent plate boundaries 2. At convergent plate boundaries 3. At hot spots
13 Where Do Volcanoes Occur? Compare & Contrast how volcanoes form at divergent and convergent plate boundaries. At Divergent Boundary When plates move apart, a huge crack forms between them. Magma rises through the crack and reaches the surface. The magma cools and hardens to form new crust. At Convergent Boundary When two plates are pushed together, one plate sinks beneath the other. Magma forms as the plate sinks. The magma rises to the surface forming volcanoes.
14 Where Do Volcanoes Occur? Classify the types of plates involved in the formation of each group of landforms. Volcanic Landforms at Converging Plates Island Arcs include Volcanic Arcs that form where that form where Two oceanic plates are pushed together An oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate.
15 Summarize it! Summarize the main idea of the above sections.
16 Lesson 2: Volcanic Eruptions & Features The composition of magma controls volcanic eruptions and determines the different types of lava flow and volcanic features What you ll learn: Relate the composition of magma to characteristics of volcanic eruptions. Compare and contrast different types of volcanoes. Analyze California s volcanic activity. Differentiate between volcanic features. So What?! Understanding the composition of magma helps scientists better predict how volcanoes erupt.
17 Landform Review Vocabulary A cinder cone is a type of landform that results from volcanic activity.
18 New Vocabulary Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Volcano Tephra Composite Volcano Huge, gently sloping volcanic landform that is composed mainly of basaltic lava. Steep-sided, cone-shaped landform that is composed mainly of solid fragments. Solid fragments, including rocks and boulders, that erupt from a volcano. Mountainlike volcanoes that form from alternating layers of tephra and lava.
19 Academic Vocabulary emerge To rise from; to come into view * The lava emerged from the vent of the volcano, escaping onto Earth s surface.
20 What Controls Volcanic Eruptions? Identify three factors that affect how a volcano erupts. 1. Composition of magma 2. Amount of dissolved gases in magma 3. Temperature of magma
21 What Controls Volcanic Eruptions? Label the arrow to show how the amount of silica in magma affects its viscosity. LOW VISCOSITY HIGH VISCOSITY LESS Silica Silica MORE
22 Types of Magma & Lava Compare & contrast basaltic magma & lava and granitic magma & lava. Basaltic Granitic Silica Content Viscosity Type of Eruption low low Quiet, non-explosive high high explosive
23 Types of Magma & Lava Contrast pahoehoe lava and aa lava. Pahoehoe lava: Flows down side of volcano; develops a smooth skin and ropelike structure as it cools. Aa lava: Flows at a lower temperature, is stiffer, and moves more slowly than pahoehoe.
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25 Summarize it! Summarize the main ideas of the above sections.
26 Volcano Types Shield Cinder Cone Composite Appearance: Appearance: Appearance: Huge, gently sloping Steep-sided, cone-shaped Tall, steeper than shield Composition: Composition: Composition: Mainly basaltic lava Mostly solid fragmts = tephra Lava and tephra Formation: Layers of gently flowing lava pile up Formation: Explosive eruptions create tephra piles near vent Formation: Alt. quiet & explosive eruptions = layers of lava & tephra
27 Types of Volcanoes Model three types of volcanoes by drawing a cross-section of each in the boxes provided. Shield Volcano Show a broad volcano with broad, flat layers and gently sloping sides.
28 Types of Volcanoes Model three types of volcanoes by drawing a cross-section of each in the boxes provided. Cinder Cone Volcano Show a steep-sided, coneshaped volcano
29 Types of Volcanoes Model three types of volcanoes by drawing a cross-section of each in the boxes provided. Composite Volcano Show a steep-sided mountain with alternating layers of lava and tephra
30 Summarize it! Summarize the main idea of the above sections. (Three types of volcanoes )
31 Volcanoes in California Complete the following paragraph. The plate beneath the subducts Juan de Fuca plate. This forms a. North American Part of this extends into. volcanic arc Northern California
32 Volcanic Features Identify features of intrusive volcanoes (see pages ). Intrusive Volcanic Features Batholiths form when magma slowly cools and solidifies before reaching the surface. When a volcano stops erupting, magma hardens inside the vent. Erosion wears away the volcano s cone, leaving behind the igneous core as a volcanic neck. Dikes are created when magma squeezes into cracks in rocks below the surface. The magma cuts across rock layers and hardens. After slowly erupting from the vent, granitic lava piles up instead of flowing freely. Pressure builds up within the lava dome, and gas, lava, and solid materials can be violently ejected into the air. Magma that is parallel to rock layers and hardens is called a sill. A hollow tube forms when lava flows through a channel, cools, and hardens on the surface. Lava tubes often form underground and branch to the sea.
33 Features of Volcanoes Wizard Island in Crater Lake, Oregon, USA Model the stages of Caldera. Stage 1 An Erupting volcano Stage 2 A collapsed volcano with caldera Stage 3 A caldera filled with water
34 Lesson 3: Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic eruptions can change human and wildlife habitats. What you ll learn: Describe effects of volcanic eruptions on human and wildlife habitats. Discover geologic events that scientists observe and measure to help predict volcanic eruptions. So What?! As scientists become better able to predict and monitor volcanic eruptions, more lives and property are saved.
35 Seismic Wave Review Vocabulary A wave that travels through Earth generated by an earthquake.
36 New Vocabulary Volcanic Ash Very fine-grained tephra *During a volcanic eruption, large clouds of volcanic ash may be ejected over wide areas. Lahar Rapidly flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water *Large lahars often begin as landslides. Pyroclastic Flow Fast-moving body of hot gases and solids released from explosive volcanic eruptions *Pyroclastic flows can destroy everything in their path.
37 Academic Vocabulary release To set free from confinement * Volcanoes release hazardous gases into the atmosphere.
38 Effects on Habitats Organize information by listing six hazards of volcanic eruptions. volcanic ash landslides Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions gases lahars pyroclastic flow lava flows
39 Effects on Habitats Identify and Describe information about the harm that volcanic eruptions pose to habitats. Volcanic Hazard Volcanic Ash Potential Damage to Human or Natural Habitats Causes structural damage; buries plants, animals, and their food sources. Landslides & Lahars Bury habitats Gases Pyroclastic Flows Lava Flows Mix with water to form acid precipitation Burn or bury habitats; release gas that contaminates air Burn or bury habitats; release smoke that damages air quality
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41 Summarize it! Summarize the main idea of the above sections.
42 Predicting Volcanic Eruptions Analyze why each sign listed can be used to predict possible volcanic activity. Small Earthquakes Gas Emissions Ground Movement Temperature Small earthquakes can occur as magma is forced up through brittle rock. Different amounts of gases indicate how far beneath the surface magma is located. As magma is forced upward, the ground may rise or bulge slightly. As magma moves toward the surface, the temperature of the ground around the volcano may increase.
43 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Identify three ways scientists monitor volcanic activity from space. Monitoring Volcanic Activity from Space Satellite Imaging Radar Imaging GPS
44 Summarize it! Summarize two main ideas of the above sections in two bullet points.
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47 Mt. Vesuvius
48 Mt. Vesuvius
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