Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns
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- Kristian Roberts
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1 Regents Earth Science Name: Unit 7: Water Cycle & Climate Date: Section: Lab # Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns Introduction: The prevailing winds cause consistent patterns of precipitation along mountain ranges. Mountain barriers play a significant role in modification of air masses and topography affects the distribution of precipitation. On the Big Island of Hawaii, rising air makes the windward side of the mountains rainy while the leeward side is dry. This is called the orographic effect. Objective: You will compare a topographic map and a precipitation map to infer prevailing wind direction for the Big Island of Hawaii. Vocabulary: Leeward: Orographic Effect: Windward: E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 1
2 Procedure A: Map 1 Elevation 1. Using the elevation data on Map 1 construct contour lines. Use a contour interval of 500 meters. 2. Using capital letters, label the names of the five (5) volcanic mountains. Their names and elevations are: Kilauea 1247 m; Mauna Loa 4,169 m; Mauna Kea 4,208 m; Kohala 1,678 m; Hualalai 2,515 m. Note that parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude are labeled. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 2
3 Procedure B: Map 2 Rainfall Patterns 1. Map 2 shows isolines called isohyets which connect points of equal rainfall. Trace over and darken the following isohyets: 20 inches, 50 inches, 100 inches and 200 inches. 2. On Map 2 shade in the following intervals of rainfall using the color key below. 3. Locate and label the positions of the five (5) mountains on Map Compare the rainfall patterns to the topography of the Big Island. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 3
4 Procedure D: Island Comparison 1. Refer to the map of Maui which is located to the northwest of the Big Island of Hawaii. This shows isohyets in inches. Note that this map is drawn to scale with Maps 1 and Using the same procedure as you did for Map 1, shade in the intervals of rainfall on the map of Maui. 3. Based on your comparisons of Maps 1 and 2, determine the locations of the two volcanic mountains on Maui. Label the locations of the mountains by drawing a triangle in the appropriate places on the map of Maui where you believe the mountains would be. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 4
5 Questions: 1. The Big Island of Hawaii is located approximately between which two parallels of latitude? 2. Which coastline of Hawaii has the most annual rainfall? Which coastline of Hawaii has the least rainfall? 3. Describe the most likely direction of the prevailing winds across Hawaii. [Hint: you can find this information in the ESRT] 4. Note the pattern of changes in rainfall as elevation increases on the mountains of Kohala and Mauna Kea. What discrepancy (difference) can you identify in the 2 mountains that would explain the difference in rainfall patterns? 5. A rain shadow is an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it. Where is a rain shadow area on Maui? 6. How do mountain barriers modify rainfall patterns on Hawaii s Big Island and the island of Maui? The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain. 7. Which statement correctly describes the differences in the climates of locations A and B? (1) Location A is warmer and drier than location B. (2) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B. (3) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A. (4) Location B is cooler and drier than location A. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 5
6 Base your answers to questions 8 through 11 on the two maps of Australia below. Map I shows Australia s major landscape regions. Letters A through H represent locations in Australia. Map II shows Australia s general climate regions. 8. Location B is in a landscape region that has (1) high elevations and deformed bedrock (2) high elevations and horizontal bedrock (3) low elevations and deformed bedrock (4) low elevations and horizontal bedrock 9. The greatest yearly temperature range was most likely recorded at location (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 10. Which location s climate is most affected by the East Australia Current? (1) E (2) F (3) G (4) H 11. Which two locations have the driest climates? (1) A and B (2) G and H (3) C and F (4) D and E E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 6
7 The diagram below shows wind flowing over a mountain range. 12. As the wind flows down the leeward side of the mountain range, the air becomes (1) cooler and drier (2) cooler and wetter (3) warmer and drier (4) warmer and wetter Base your answers to questions 13 and 14 on the map and data tables below. The map shows the location of Birdsville and Bundaberg in Australia. Data table 1 shows the average monthly high temperatures for Birdsville. Data table 2 includes the latitude and longitude, elevation above sea level, and the average rainfall in January for Birdsville and Bundaberg. 13. State one factor that could account for the difference between the average high temperatures recorded in December for Birdsville and Bundaberg. [1] 14. State one reason for the difference in the average January rainfall for Birdsville and Bundaberg. [1] E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Hawaiian Rainfall Patterns.doc 7
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