BIOLOGY 100 Placement Test Guidelines
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1 BIOLOGY 100 Placement Test Guidelines UNIT OBJECTIVES The student should prepare for lecture by reading the assigned chapters before coming to lecture. Students are encouraged to complete the questions for review and critical thinking questions at the end of each chapter. Answers to the questions are found in the back of the book. At the conclusion of each chapter in your text, you should be able to accomplish the tasks outlined below for each chapter. Your instructor may also adjust the reading and homework assignments as necessary. Chapter 1: Scientific Study of Life 1.! Describe the characteristics that all living organisms share. 2.! Compare and contrast the three branches of life. 3.! Identify standardized, dependent, and independent variables in an experiment. 4.! Apply the scientific method to design experiments and analyze data. 5.! Discuss the limitations of the scientific method. 6.! Explain how observations of orchids and moths confirmed a prediction of evolutionary theory. Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life 1.! Explain the chemical nature of biological molecules. 2.! Identify the most important elements in living organisms. 3.! Describe the structure of atoms. 4.! Compare and contrast the different types of bonds. 5.! Differentiate between atoms, molecules, and compounds. 6.! Explain the importance of water and its chemical properties. 7.! Explain how the structure of water affects its chemical properties. 8.! Explain how acids and bases affect ph. 9.! Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. 10.!Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the four classes of biological molecules. 11.!Explain how researchers used isotopes to test hypotheses about the extraterrestrial origin of organic molecules. Chapter 3: Cells 1.! Describe the properties of a cell. 2.! Explain how different types of microscopes contribute to scientific understanding of cell structure. 3.! Define a cell using the components of cell theory. 4.! Identify the components common to all cells. 5.! Compare and contrast the cells that characterize the three domains of life. 6.! Explain how the chemical structure of phospholipids enables them to form a bilayer in water. 7.! Identify different functions of membrane proteins. 8.! Identify the functions of the organelles in eukaryotic cells. 9.! Describe how organelles interact in carrying out a cell s function. 10.!Compare and contrast the structure and function of cytoskeletal proteins. 11.!Explain the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells. 12.!Compare and contrast different cell junctions in animal cells.
2 13.!Explain how researchers used genetic mutations and microscopes to investigate the origin of the cytoskeleton. Chapter 4: The Energy of Life 1.! Describe how cells use energy to do work. 2.! Compare and contrast potential and kinetic energy. 3.! Explain how physical laws constrain energy use in organisms. 4.! Explain the relationship between reactions that absorb energy and those that release energy. 5.! Explain how oxidation and reduction reactions are linked. 6.! Explain how ATP is used in coupled reactions. 7.! Explain how enzymes catalyze reactions. 8.! List the factors that influence enzyme activity. 9.! Compare and contrast the ways that molecules move across membranes. 10.!Explain the relationship between diffusion and concentration gradients. 11.!Use natural selection to explain how cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population. Chapter 5: Photosynthesis 1.! Explain the importance of photosynthesis in ecosystems. 2.! Draw and describe the net reaction in photosynthesis. 3.! Explain how light interacts with pigments. 4.! Describe the structures in a leaf that are involved in photosynthesis. 5.! Compare and contrast the light and carbon reactions of photosynthesis. 6.! Describe how the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH. 7.! Explain the role of H 2 O in photosynthesis. 8.! Identify the products and reactants in the carbon reactions. 9.! Explain the relationship between the products and reactants of the light and carbon reactions. 10.!Compare and contrast C 3, C 4, and CAM plants. 11.!Explain how researchers used DNA evidence to learn how chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis in sea slugs. Chapter 6: How Cells Release Energy 1.! Explain how cells use energy in food to produce ATP. 2.! Draw and explain the net reaction in aerobic respiration. 3.! Compare and contrast the events of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 4.! Describe where in a eukaryotic cell each step in respiration occurs. 5.! Draw and explain the net reaction in glycolysis. 6.! Draw and explain the net reaction in the Krebs cycle. 7.! Diagram and explain the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain. 8.! Explain the role of O 2 in respiration. 9.! Calculate the net ATP produced in aerobic metabolism. 10.!Compare and contrast where carbohydrates, fats, and proteins enter metabolism. 11.!Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation. 12.!Use natural selection to explain why beetles visit hot flowers. Chapter 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function
3 1.! Identify the components of double-stranded DNA. 2.! Explain how hydrogen bonds contribute to the structure of DNA. 3.! Use a template strand of nucleotides to create a complementary strand. 4.! Explain the roles of DNA, RNA, and protein in gene function. 5.! Describe the events in transcription. 6.! Explain how RNA is processed during transcription. 7.! Describe the events in translation. 8.! Use the genetic code to translate a nucleic acid sequence into protein. 9.! Diagram and explain the relationship between codons and amino acids. 10.!Explain how the transcription of a gene is regulated. 11.!Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation. 12.!Compare and contrast how substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations can alter a protein. 13.!Explain when a mutation can be passed on to the next generation. 14.!Describe the general structure of viruses. 15.!Describe the major stages of viral replication in a host cell. 16.!Contrast the difference between the lytic and the lysogenic cycles of viruses. 17.!Explain how viruses cause disease in animals. 18.!Explain how viruses cause disease in plants. 19.!Describe how drugs and vaccines help fight diseases caused by viruses. 20.!Explain how prions and viroids cause disease. 21.!Explain how researchers used molecular data to learn about the evolution of human language. Chapter 8: DNA Replication and Cell Division 1.! Explain how cells divide to give rise to identical cells. 2.! Identify the roles of mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization in the human life cycle. 3.! Define apoptosis. 4.! Describe the steps of DNA replication and the function of enzymes in each step. 5.! Explain what features of DNA allow semiconservative replication to occur. 6.! Describe the events of binary fission in prokaryotic cells. 7.! Describe how DNA folds into a visible chromosome. 8.! Explain what is happening in a eukaryotic cell at each stage of the cell cycle. 9.! Diagram and identify the phases in mitosis. 10.!Explain how cell cycle checkpoints relate to cancer. 11.!List some of the factors that increase the risk for developing cancer. 12.!Describe the most common treatments for cancer. 13.!Apply the concept of natural selection to the development of drug resistance in a tumor. Chapter 9: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 1.! Explain how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next. 2.! Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. 3.! Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. 4.! Describe the role of homologous chromosomes in sexual reproduction. 5.! Explain the roles of meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization in sexual reproduction. 6.! Differentiate between haploid and diploid cells. 7.! Explain the roles of somatic cells and germ cells in sexual reproduction. 8.! Sketch and identify the steps in meiosis.
4 9.! List and explain three ways that meiosis generates genetic variability among offspring. 10.!Compare and contrast the effects of crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization on variability among offspring. 11.!Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. 12.!Diagram and explain how polyploidy and nondisjunction can lead to missing or extra chromosomes in a gamete. 13.!Explain how researchers investigated the recent origin of two plant species. Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance 1.! Explain how genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next. 2.! Describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance. 3.! Differentiate between the terms gene, allele, locus and chromosome. 4.! Explain how meiosis and the production of gametes are associated with inheritance. 5.! Explain the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles of a gene. 6.! Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype. 7.! Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous. 8.! Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain a monohybrid cross. 9.! Explain how meiosis contributes to Mendel s law of segregation. 10.!Use a Punnett square to diagram and explain independent assortment in a dihybrid cross. 11.!Explain how meiosis contributes to independent assortment of alleles. 12.!Use the product rule to predict inheritance patterns for two or more genes. 13.!Describe how linked genes produce inheritance patterns that do not appear to follow Mendel s laws. 14.!Diagram how crossing over can separate linked genes. Chapter 11: DNA Technology 1.! List examples of applications of DNA technology. 2.! Outline the steps required to make a transgenic organism. 3.! Describe DNA sequencing, the polymerase chain reaction, and DNA profiling techniques. 4.! Give examples of human DNA functions other than encoding proteins. 5.! Compare and contrast the growth of a normal cell and a stem cell. 6.! Explain how cloning is different from sexual reproduction. 7.! Describe how gene probes help biologists locate specific DNA sequences. 8.! Compare and contrast preimplantation genetic diagnosis, genetic testing, and gene therapy. 9.! Identify ethical issues associated with the use of DNA technology in medicine. 10.!List examples of ways biologists can use genomic sequences to learn about evolution. Chapter 12: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 1.! Explain how multiple organs work together to maintain homeostasis in an animal. 2.! Understand how animal cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. 3.! Compare and contrast the four types of animal tissues. 4.! Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. 5.! Understand the composition and function of connective tissue. 6.! Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. 7.! Explain how neurons and neuroglia interact in nervous tissue. 8.! Identify the role of each of the 11 organ systems.
5 9.! Describe how negative feedback maintains homeostasis. 10.!Explain how the integumentary system protects the body. 11.!Explain how ultraviolet radiation and vitamin nutrition select for differences in skin pigmentation worldwide.!
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