Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal.

Transcription

1 Chapter 18: America Claims an Empire Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal. 18 1: Imperialism and America 18 2: The Spanish-American War 18 3: Acquiring New Lands 18 4: America as a World Power 18 1: Imperialism and America Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand. I. American Expansionism A. Why Imperialism? 1. Imperialism policy of extending control over weaker B. Global Competition 1. In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China 2. Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas C. Desire for Military Strength 1. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete 2. U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power D. Thirst for New Markets 1. U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume 2. U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods 3. Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression E. Belief in Cultural Superiority 1. Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons 2. Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize inferior peoples II. The United States Acquires Alaska A. Early Expansion

2 1. William Seward Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson , arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million a. has trouble convincing House to fund purchase b. Alaska called Seward s Icebox, Seward s Folly 3. Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil III. The United States Takes Hawaii A. The Cry for Annexation 1. Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands 3. Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands wealth , U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor a. becomes refueling station McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar 6. Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay duty B. The End of a Monarchy , businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners 2. Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement 3. With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen a. Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole 4. President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen a. recognizes Republic of Hawaii 5. Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory 18 2: The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. I. Cubans Rebel Against Spain A. Spanish empire a pathetic shell

3 B. American Interest in Cuba 1. U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain 2. During war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar cane C. The Second War for Independence 1. José Martí poet, journalist launches second revolution in Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations 3. U. S. public opinion split: a. business wants to support Spain b. others favor Cuban cause II. War Fever Escalates A. Spain Takes Action , General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to restore order 2. Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps B. Headline Wars 1. Newspapers exploit Weyler s actions in media war a. Yellow journalism sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers C. The de Lôme Letter 1. Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba 2. McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis 3. Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published a. calls McKinley weak, swayed by public b. Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry D. The U.S.S. Maine Explodes 1. U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up citizens, protect property 2. Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain III. War with Spain Erupts A. The U.S. Declares War 1. Spain agrees to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war

4 2. U.S. declares war April 1898 B. The War in the Philippines 1. First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines 2. Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor 3. Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey 4. 8/98, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. C. The War in the Caribbean 1. U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor 2. Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers a. volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied D. Rough Riders 1. Leonard Wood, T. Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry 2. TR declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill 3. Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle 4. U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after E. Treaty of Paris 1. Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty 2. Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines F. Debate over the Treaty 1. Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism 2. McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds 3. Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against 18 3: Acquiring New Lands In the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines I. Ruling Puerto Rico A. Military Rule 1. During Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies island 2. Puerto Rico under military control

5 3. People split on independence, statehood, selfgovernment under U.S. B. Return to Civil Government 1. PR strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal , Foraker Act sets up civil government a. president appoints governor, upper house , Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses II. Cuba and the United States A. American Soldiers 1. U.S. recognizes Cuban independence from Spain 2. Teller Amendment says U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba 3. After war U.S. occupies Cuba; has same officials in office as Spain a. Cuban protestors imprisoned or exiled 4. American military government helps rebuild the country B. Platt Amendment 1. U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitution 2. Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba to go into debt; also stipulates a. no treaties that let foreign power control land b. U.S. has right to intervene c. U.S. can buy, lease land for navy 3. Protectorate country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one C. Protecting American Business Interests 1. U.S. wants strong political presence to protect American businesses 2. Some object to colonial entanglements, do not think colonies needed 3. U.S. state department continues to push for control of Latin America III. Filipinos Rebel A. Philippine-American War 1. Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris call for annexation , Emilio Aguinaldo leads fight for independence against U.S.

6 3. U.S. forces Filipinos to live in designated zones in poor conditions a. white U.S. soldiers see Filipinos as inferior b. black troops troubled at spreading prejudice 4. 20,000 Filipinos die in fight for independence B. Aftermath of the War 1. U.S. prez appoints gov who appoints upper house a. people elect lower house 2. July 4, 1946, Philippines become independent IV. Foreign Influence in China A. U.S. Interest in China 1. China as vast market, investment opportunity? 2. France, Britain, Japan, Russia have settlements, spheres of influence B. John Hay s Open Door Notes 1. U.S. Sec. of State John Hay issues Open Door notes 2. Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S. 3. Other powers reluctantly agree C. The Boxer Rebellion in China 1. Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities 2. Chinese form secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners 3. Boxers kill hundreds of foreigners, Chinese converts to Christianity 4. U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxers D. Protecting American Rights 1. Hay issues new Open Door notes saying U. S. will keep trade open 2. Open Door policy reflects beliefs about U.S. economy: a. growth depends on exports b. U.S. has right to keep markets open c. closing of area threatens U.S. survival V. The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains A. The Anti-Imperialist League 1. McKinley s reelection mandate for imperialism? 2. Anti-Imperialist League has prominent people from different fields 3. for various reasons, agree wrong to rule others without their consent

7 Section 4: America as a World Power The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America s military and economic power. I. Teddy Roosevelt and the World A. Roosevelt the Peacemaker 1. Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics , Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea 3. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth: a. Japan gets Manchuria, Korea b. Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize 4. U.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks a. pledge to respect each other s possessions B. Panama Canal 1. U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships 2. U.S. buys French company s route through Panama 3. Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down 4. French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion a. U.S. gives military aid 5. U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone C. Constructing the Canal 1. Construction of canal is one of world s greatest engineering feats a. fight diseases, geographic obstacles b. at height, 43,400 workers employed D. The Roosevelt Corollary 1. Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America defaults 2. Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay out 3. Roosevelt Corollary U. S. to use force to protect economic interests E. Dollar Diplomacy 1. Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power on several occasions 2. Dollar diplomacy U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business

8 II. Woodrow Wilson s Missionary Diplomacy A. The Mexican Revolution 1. Missionary diplomacy U.S. has moral repsponsibility: a. will not recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic 2. Under dictator Porfirio Díaz, much U.S. $ in Mexico , peasants, workers led by Francisco Madero overthrow Díaz 4. General Victoriano Huerta takes over government; Madero is murdered 5. Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta s government B. Intervention in Mexico 1. Huerta s officers arrest U.S. sailors, quickly release 2. Wilson orders Marines to occupy Veracruz 3. Argentina, Brazil, Chile mediate to avoid war 4. Huerta regime falls; nationalist Venustiano Carranza new president C. Rebellion in Mexico 1. Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata oppose Carranza a. Zapata wants land reform b. Villa a fierce nationalist 2. Wilson recognizes Carranza s government; Villa threatens reprisals a. Villa s men kill Americans D. Chasing Villa 1. Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing leads force to capture Villa 2. Carranza demands withdrawal of U.S. troops; Wilson at first refuses 3. U.S. faces war in Europe, wants peace on southern border a. Wilson orders Pershing home 4. Mexico adopts new constitution: a. government controls oil, minerals b. restricts foreign investors , Alvaro Obregón new president; ends civil war, starts reforms

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