Volcanoes in the lab
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1 Photo: Etna, Italy 2004 Volcanoes in the lab Bettina Scheu Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan JSPS Science Dialog: Suwa Seiryo High School 27. July 2006
2 Where am I from? München, Deutschland -> Soccer Championship 2006!!
3 Why did I wanted to become a scientist? -> curiosity!! -> Why is this like that? I want to understand the reason. And why a geoscientist? -> I want to understand our home: the earth! -> What do we know about it? How is it working? -> How can we better live in it? Just some questions: Why is this the earth like it is? Why not like the moon or sun? Why do we have mountains, volcanoes, etc Why is the sea salty and rivers not?.
4 Why do we have volcanism? Many volcanoes at: -> subduction zones But: sometímes not!
5 Why do we have volcanism? -> hot spots -> midoceanridges
6 Ring of fire
7 Different kinds of volcanic activity Effusive Explosive Photograph by J.D. Griggs Photograph by R. McGimsey
8 Lava flows Mauna Loa, Hawaii Photos: Copyright: M. Fulle. Etna 2004, Italy
9 Fire fountains Stromboli Volcano, Italy Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Photograpg by Flo Becker, movie by M. Fulle. Photograph by J.D. Griggs
10 Explosive eruptions Asama, Japan (1973) Mt. Vesuvius, Italy (79 AD) Photograph by E. Koyama V. Day & Son, in G. Poullet Scrope, Masson, 1864
11 Volcanic Craters Volcano Island, Italy Gases Volcano Island, Italy
12 Volcanic domes Unzen Volcano, Japan Novarupta, Katmai Park, Alaska, USA Photograph by T.P. Miller
13 Pyroclastic flows Mayon Volcano, Philippines Photograph by C. Newhall
14 Mud volcanos Yellowstone Park, USA Geysers Yellowstone Park, USA Photograph by S.R. Brantley Photograph by S.R. Brantley
15 Volcanic hazards: Do youknowsome? Ash (Tephra) Pyroclastic flows Lahars Lava flows Gas Landslide From: USGS
16 Volcanic Ash Mt. St. Helens, USA Houses crash due to weight of ash Rabaul Volcano, Pagua Newguinea Photograph by E. Endo No snow ash!! trafic blocked Photograph by A. Post on May 18, 1980 Pinatubo Volcano, Philippines Photograph by R.P. Hoblitt
17 Pyroclastic flows Unzen Volcano, Japan Photograph by S.R. Brantley
18 Pyroclastic flows destroy by... direct impact. bury places with hot material Photograph by betty. burn forest and houses Photograph by W.E. Scott. melt ice and build lahars Photograph by K. Scott Photograph by C. Gardner
19 Lahars - are a mixture of water and rock fragments. - look like wet concrete and carry rocks > 10 m in diameter. 1. During eruption: melting of snow and ice 2. After eruption: heavy rainfalls From : USGS
20 Lahars burry houses and entire valleys. To minimize damage -> Sabo dam construction block rivers and form lakes. Photographs by C. Newhall
21 Good aspects of volcanism Nutricious soil Mineral resources Geothermal energy
22 Tourism National symbols: Fuji! Working material Onsen!
23 Why is volcanic activity different? Composition of magma! Where is the volcano? Properties of magma! depends on composition and: how fast is it rising? different temperature, viscosity,
24 Deformation of magma (modified after Dingwell, 1996) Slow deformation ductile Fast deformation brittle
25 What we can do to understand volcanism: 1. Field observation, geophysical monitoring 2. experiments in the lab 3. theoretical and numerical models
26 Field work Density measurements: Unzen Volcano, Japan
27 Density measurements: Unzen Volcano, Japan all values 30 Oshigadani valley 2000: frequency frequency field density (g/cm³) field density (g/cm³) Senbongi valley 30 Mizunashi valley frequency 8 4 frequency : field density (g/cm³) field density (g/cm³) Dome 30 Akamatsu-dani valley 12 frequency 8 4 frequency field density (g/cm³) field density (g/cm³)
28 Field work II Investigation of porosity (Unzen) (From: Scheu et al., Bull Volc., online)
29 Unzen Dome, today Someone drilled without permit! Who was it? Not me! Still not known!
30 Field work taking samples at Unzen
31 Volcanology in the lab Question: How and when does magma fracture? -> shocktube experiments: Rapid decompression Pressure range: 1 50 MPa Temperature range: C
32 What are we simulating? Implications 3 Fragmentation Front Volcano before rapid decompression Rapid decompression -> effusive eruption Rapid decompression ->explosive eruption (From: Müller et al., Geology, submitted)
33 Material: different natural samples
34 experimental setup
35 Fragmentation Experiments Sample is pressurized (From: Scheu et al., Bull Volc., online) Rapid decompression started; sample still pressurized. Rapid deompression of the sample. Sample fragmentation?
36 Pressure difference (MPa) Experimental records Unzen (53,5 % open porosity) 134 m/s upper pressure transducer lower pressure transducer 81 m/s 56 m/s 43 m/s Time (ms)
37 Fragmentation speed results: Unzen Open Porosity: 3-55 % --- most abundant: mid-dense (20%) Observed threshold range: 5-23 MPa (From: Scheu et al., Bull Volc., online)
38 Frag Speed vs. Energy Density: Unzen Gas can go easily through the sample
39 experiments + field work -> (From: Scheu et al., Bull Volc., online)
40 Unzen: Summary frequency all data 1104 Samples (2000&2001) FT < 7 MPa FT < 5MPa open porosity (%) Speed of fragmentation (m/s) vol% porosity 32.8 vol% porosity 20.5 vol% porosity 14.1 vol% porosity 6.7 vol% porosity initial pressure (MPa) Fragmentation Threshold coloured: no Fragmentation initial pressure (MPa) Porosity (vol%)
41 Vulcanian Explosions at Montserrat Modified from (Druitt et al. 2002) Vertical and Horizontal variation in porosity and pressure exists. (From: Kennedy et al., Geology, 2004)
42 Frag Speed vs. Energy Density: Montserrat Fractured particles of mid dense sample set at 20 MPa (a) and 30 MPa (b). The platy clasts show a concave shape. Samples of the very dense sample set. Samples are only partially fractured after DP = 30 MPa (a) and almost entirely at DP = 40 MPa (b).
43 Why did I came to Japan? Good place to study volcanoes: -> many volcanoes -> many very good research institutes specialised in volcanology. Possibility to work with Prof. Ichihara to combine work on natural and analog magma. To broaden my horizont: Living and working in a different culture in an interesting country with friendly people.
44 Thank you JSPS for giving my this great possibility!
45 You also can become a scientist! My Advise to you: Why? -> stay curious -> don t stop thinking -> try to find the reason of why? never stop asking questions! Don t be afraid to ask stupid questions - they do not exist. easy question have often difficult answers. Many unsolved questions are waiting for you to find answers! The Thinker by Rodin (Kyoto, copy of original)
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