District Cooling An Overnight Success in 45 Years

Transcription

1 District Cooling An Overnight Success in 45 Years Robert P. Thornton President International District Cooling Conference Emirates Palace Hotel Abu Dhabi, UAE January 14-17, 17, 2007

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3 Downtown district energy industry began in New York City 1881 Thomas Edison sold steam from urban CHP Plants to create market for electricity (and in order to make a profit!)

4 Con Edison Steam 1900 customers $660M US Annual Red dots are steam cooling customers (steam-driven chillers; absorbers 748,000 Tons Displaces 600 MW electric demand on Manhattan grid

5 New York City Underground

6 Early forms of air conditioning

7 Early users of air conditioning Theaters & Retail

8 1889 Early generation systems Colorado Automatic Refrigerating Company, Denver Piped ammonia through underground network Similar systems built in Atlantic City and St. Louis Many closed down over next 20+ years 1930 s Next phase - supply and return chilled water or brine through underground piping US Capitol Building (still served today) Rockefeller Center (Con Ed steam chillers) New York Stock Exchange 1930 History of District Cooling

9 Within 25 years, air conditioning will be provided as a utility service like water and natural gas metered and sold as a service to individual buildings from central stations in cities Willis Carrier, 1938

10 Dr. Carrier s prophecy was realized in June, 1962 in Hartford, Connecticut

11 Hartford Steam Company opens world s first combined heating and cooling system for commercial service to a downtown in June, 1962

12 Hartford Steam Company World s First Combined Downtown Heating and Cooling System 1962 Three plants 30,000 TR CHW Storage River water cooling Approx 85% market share Class A office % reliability In 1992, produced 23% EPS of parent gas company with 10% of revenue Hartford Steam Company, 2005

13 Downtown District Cooling Systems - USA Hartford '62 Century City '67 Omaha '69 Tulsa '70 Nashville '74 Commerce City '72 Trenton '88 New Haven '91 St. Paul '93 Chicago Trigen '96 Denver '98 Boston '99 Miami '99 Initial Demand Current Demand

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15 District Cooling Industry Since 1990, 38 new downtown systems in North America, driven by: CFC phase-out and aging chiller assets Electricity de-regulation and real time pricing Capital avoidance and higher value real estate Higher cooling loads tenants, computers, power Cooling systems expanding fastest 3:1 ratio cooling:heating BTU s / sq ft Significant cooling growth on campuses

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17 North America Market Growth for IDEA Members 30,720,226 SF added in 2005 Total reported in North America since District Energy Space began in 1990: 348,341,462 SF

18 District Energy Space Million Sq Ft Customer Space Committed Since 1990 Total Reported = 348,341,462 SF '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05

19 District Energy Space - Customer Sq Ft Connected/Committed to IDEA District Energy M i l l i o n s o f S q F t School, Hospital or Institution Residential & Other Hotels Government Entertainment, Cultural or Sporting Center Commercial

20 Residential, Hotel, Hospitals

21 Commercial, Government, Arena

22 Middle East Market Expanding 56,909,413 SF in ,072,455 SF in 2005

23 Residential, Commercial ,853,777 SF

24 Institutions, Healthcare ,218,677 SF

25 Why is District Cooling Growing? Customer benefits Growing demand for comfort cooling Real estate development in hot climates Tighter buildings with more tenant density More heat-generating equipment (e.g. computers) Refrigerant changeover, aging chiller assets Trend toward outsourcing Move toward market-based power Increasing value of on-peak power

26 Easy To Connect, Easy to Use More leasable square feet Customer connection costs can be amortized in long term contract Reduces size mechanical room; electrical vaults; condenser shafts and roof loads Lower CHW supply temp improves performance Lower maintenance costs

27 Building Interconnection Cooling Tower Eliminated District Cooling Plant Air Handling Unit Air to Floors 56 F - 60 F 38 F - 44 F Condenser Water Piping Multiple Chillers Ice/CHW Storage Energy Transfer Station Chillers/CFCs Eliminated 54 F 34 F Electrical Vault Size Reduced

28 Benefits to Customer End Users Enhanced comfort & humidity control year-round round Eliminates capital costs and reclaims space for chillers, cooling towers, vaults, ancillaries Improved reliability, ease of use, less vibration Reduced risks (capital and operating) Compares favorably with costs for equipment, fuels, electricity, operation and maintenance Clips peak electric demand; flattens power purchasing profile

29 Customer Cooling Requirements On-Site Chiller Capacity vs. System Contract Capacity (Annual Peak) Tons Cooling On-Site Design Actual Results A - Built ,000 sq. ft. B - Built ,000 sq. ft. C - Built ,000 sq. ft. 0 A B C

30 Protects From Operating Errors kw 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, :00 1:45 3:30 5:15 7:00 8:45 10:30 Boston Office Building Daily Load Profile 12:15 14:00 15:45 17:30 19:15 $10,000 21:00 22:45

31 New England Hourly Electricity Price Index - August 8, $ $ $.500 KW 1500 $.400 $.300 $/kwh 1000 $ $ $ :00 AM 6:00 AM kw Noon $/kwh 6:00 PM Midnight Source: New England Independent System Operator

32 Cuyahoga Savings Center Cleveland, OH Built in ,000 sq. ft. Commercial Office Displaced electric centrifugal chillers one (1) 500 ton one (1) 880 ton Converted to district cooling June 1994 Data from actual electric invoices

33 Cuyahoga Savings Center Consumption (kwh) 500 kwh (in thousands) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Before District Cooling District Cooling

34 Cuyahoga Savings Center Electric Demand (kw) Jan Feb Mar Apr kw May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Before District Cooling After District Cooling

35 1600 What We Leave Behind Flat Demand Profile Building Electricity Demand (KwD) varies less than 2% from Jan to Aug Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec kw

36 Higher Value Buildings Without DC With DC A Dubai Hotel Parking roof top View from the Suites & Rooms Shangri-la Parking Roof Top View from Shangri-la s Suites & Rooms

37 Cogeneration & District Cooling - Princeton University > 150 Buildings Academic Research Administrative Residential Athletic

38 Production Capacity & Peak Demands Princeton University Electricity Rating Peak Demand (1) Gas Turbine Generator 15 MW 27 MW Steam Generation (1) Heat Recovery Boiler 180,000 #/hr (2) Auxiliary Boilers 300,000#/hr 240,000 #/hr Chilled Water Plant (3) Steam-Driven Chillers 10,100 Tons (3) Electric Chillers 5,700 Tons 11,800 Tons (8) CHW Distribution Pumps 23,000 GPM 21,000 GPM Thermal Storage (2) Electric Chillers 5,000 Tons (1) Thermal Storage Tank 40,000 Ton-hours *peak discharge 10,000 tons (peak) (4) CHW Distribution Pumps 10,000 GPM

39 PJM Price vs. Capacity ($/MWh MWh) $200 $180 $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 P JM Total Demand, MW PJM = Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland Electric Grid ISO

40 Combined Cycle Cogeneration Air Fuel & Water Gas Turbine Power Turbine Gearbox Electric Generator AC Electricity Hot exhaust Gas CO Catalyst Feed Water Heat Recovery Boiler Exhaust Gas Steam

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42 Princeton Campus District Cooling System 9 M SF

43 Thermal Energy Storage Tank Stratification

44 Princeton Economic Dispatch PJM Electric Price Generate/Buy/Mix NYMEX Fuel Price Current Campus Loads Weather Prediction Production Equipment Efficiency & Availability Business Rules ICETEC Operating Display & Historical Trends Preferred Chiller & Boiler Selections Preferred Fuel Selections ICAP & Transmission Warnings Live feedback to Icetec Operator Action

45 Princeton Electric Generation Dispatch To Minimize Cost Generation Campus Demand Power Purchase Megawatts Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul 05

46 Electric Demand, Generation and Grid Price TES allows power purchase at low cost, reduces peak demand and increases minimum demand. Generator Output, MW Campus Demand, MW Power Import, MW PSEG Locational Marginal Price Megawatts PSEG LMP, $/Megawatt-hour Oct 09:00 30 Oct 15:00 30 Oct 21:00 31 Oct 03:00 31 Oct 09:00 31 Oct 15:00 31 Oct 21:00 1 Nov 03:00 1 Nov 09:00

47 TES Reduces Cost and Emissions Purchase daily power at least cost Reduce energy use Operates at design point More efficient at lower night time temperature Reduced transmission losses Lower storage temp lower pumping energy Increase Reliability & Ease of Operation De-coupled production from demand Increase night-time time load, reduced daytime load Easier daytime maintenance Reduced peak demand Excellent low-load load performance

48 TES Economic Dispatch Screen

49 because District Energy recycles energy it is about as clean as Renewable Energy is Christine Whitman Former EPA Administrator

50 Downtown System Washington DC Chilled water & steam service Very high reliability ( ) Critical loads (Federal Govt) Recently added 17,000 tons and 10 MW CHP

51 Co-generation & Refrigeration Plant Modernization GSA, Heating Operation & Transmission District - Energy since 1933

52 Co-generation & Refrigeration Plant Modernization

53 Co-generation & Refrigeration Plant Modernization GSA, Heating Operation & Transmission District - Energy since 1933

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60 Co-generation & Refrigeration Plant Modernization

61 Downtown District Cooling - Chicago Serving central city The Loop High value real estate - State & Adams Building structure 138 ft in height 12,000 sf footprint 10,000 sf retail ground floor Plant Cooling Capacity 25,000 tons (ice storage) Cooling network of 100,000 tons in four (4) connected plants

62 Downtown District Cooling - Chillers (2) York 2-stage 2 centrifugals each producing 2,800 tons of ice building capacity and 3,900 tons of water chilling Ice Storage 66,000 ton hours or 5,500,000 pounds of ice yields 7000 tons peak cooling capacity Ice manufactured on over 300 miles of pipe coil Refrigerant R22 Chicago

63 National Institutes of Health 60,000 Tons Capacity Bethesda, MD

64 Cornell Univ. Lake Water Cooling 16,000 Tons Capacity - $58,000,000 Lake source water: º F Lake return water : º F Campus loop supply/return : 45º - 60º F Lake source intake pipe: 10,400 ft long, 250 ft deep Campus S/R loop pipe: 12,000 ft Benefits: CO2 emissions cut 56 million # s/yr# Reduced cooling electricity by 87% - cutting 20 million kwh/yr Sulfur oxides cut 654,000 lbs/yr Nox reduced 55,000 lbs/yr 40,000 lbs CFC eliminated REDUCE ELECTRIC COSTS BY 87%

65 Toronto Deep Lake Cooling Enwave Energy Corp

66 Stockholm District Cooling

67 Beijing, China Zhongguancun District Cooling Cooling Tower Location Ice Storage Location

68 Tokyo, Japan

69 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

70 IDEA Long Term District Cooling Operations Harvard University 23,000 Tons Yale University 20,000 Tons MIT 22,000 Tons UCLA 16,600 Tons Stanford 20,000 Tons Mayo Clinic 15,000 Tons University of Texas, Austin 44,000 Tons Thermal Energy Corp (Texas Medical Center) 80,000 Tons

71 Gulf Region District Cooling Market Picture 569, , , ,000 2,220,00 13,455,76 UAE Saudi Arabia Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Oman

72 Regional Real Estate Boom Dubai Developments

73 Regional Energy Appetite Real Estate boom resulting in enormous requirement for power Current 4,500 MW to projected 15,000 MW by 2012 UAE s options Generate more power And make more efficient use of available power through district cooling

74 2,015 Savings to The Government Power Savings 2,005 Year 2,007 2,006 2,013 2,012 2,011 2,010 2,009 2,008 2,014 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Power Generation Capacity Reduction District Cooling MW Power Savings Conventional Cooling MW

75 Avoided Capital Investment in Electricity Infrastructure $ Billions 3.50 Cummulative saving in Power Generation Infrastructure Investment as a result of DC

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80 What will be the energy future?

81 Thank you! districtenergy.org IDEA International District Cooling Conference Emirates Palace, Abu Dhabi, UAE Jan 14-17, 17, 2007