Future Megacities in Balance Low Carbon Cities in Making: Masdar City Tobias Fiedler, TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik, Stuttgart

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1 Future Megacities in Balance Low Carbon Cities in Making: Masdar City Tobias Fiedler, TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik, Stuttgart Zeche Zollverein, Essen 11 th of October 2010

2 TRANSSOLAR Climate Engineering sustainable design consultancy regarding energy and comfort Stuttgart (30) New York (6) München (10)

3 Characteristics site area: 700 ha gross external area GEA about 4 million m² residents commuters time frame of the urban development: ? Design team of the master plan Client, ADFEC, Mubadala Development Comp. Architecture Traffic consultant Infrastructure Renewable energy systems (supply) Climate Engineering (demand / loads)

4 What is the motivation to develop low-carbon cities? It is the city where the fundamental question of global sustainability has to be solved! 27% 16% Gewerbe, Handel, Dienstleistung Wohnen Verkehr Industrie 29% 28% The residents of all cities cause 80 % of all carbon emissions. About 40 % of the world wide primary energy consumption is linked to the buildings, where we live in and work.

5 Phasing, functional units of the city MIST as core of the city University Special Economy Zone Commercial Technology Park Residential Car Parking Entertainment / Community Parks

6 Masdar city as first carbon neutral city - carbon balancing included Carbon for all energy use on site building operation including all equipment including on site traffic carbon emissions of waste considered water production all distribution energy waste and sewage treatment no waste to landfill excluded building and infrastructure material embedded carbon food embedded carbon consumption material embedded carbon

7 Abu Dhabi as of today consumption of resources Fresh water Mid of Europe: l/pers/d VAE: 320 l/pers/d Waste production Mid of Europe : 400 kg/pers/a VAE: kg/pers/a CO 2 -Emission USA: about 20 t/pers/a 7.77 kg-oil equivalent 20.4 % ( ) D: about 10 t/pers/a 4.23 kg-oil-equivalent -20 % ( ) VAE: about 30 t/pers/a kg-oil-equivalent 126 % ( )

8 Methodology analysis of climatic boundary conditions

9 Location and climate conditions Bottle Neck Arabic Golf Dubai Abu Dhabi

10 Location and climate conditions Saatiyat Island Lulu Island Central Abu Dhabi Central Abu Dhabi Raha Beach Light Railway Yas Island To Dubai Abu Abu Dhabi Dhabi Int. Int. Airport MASDAR MASDAR Khalifa City High Speed Train To Oman To Al Ain

11 Location and climate conditions Site Looking South Abu Dhabi Int. Airport Airport Road Kalifa City Raha Gardens Airport Road Site Boundary Kalifa City Site Boundary Abu Dhabi Int. Airport Site Looking West

12 Location and climate conditions - insolation Location and climate conditions summer sun angle at noon 89 winter sun angle at noon C mean temp. = Soil temperature in 30 feet depth insolation [kwh/m²] temperature [ C] 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 15 solar radiation 2205 kwh/m²a global insolation: 2205 kw h/m ²a yearly mean outside air temperature: C hours with outdoor air tem perature > 25 C : 5221 h hours with absolute humidity > 11,5 g/kg: 5253 h global insolation per m onth m onthly m ean air tem perature

13 Relative humidity Location and climate conditions outdoor temperature and humidity temperature [ C] iwec_abu_dhabi - 4 summer month very hot and humid - 4 winter month comfortable in temperature and humidity 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - summer humidity max. 26 g/kg nighttime % at > 30 C daytime % at > 40 C human indoor comfort range humidity ratio [g/kg] Dubai temperature [ C] observation range: 18-6 h 100% 50% Daytime humidity range 20% 10 %

14 Location and climate conditions wind comfort Sea water temperature range: C Important prerequisite for an improved outdoor comfort in the streets and on the piazzas: The uncomfortable humid and hot summer wind coming from the Arabic golf must be blocked from the pedestrian level. west heigth: 10 m; wind ve

15 Methodology concept approaches

16 World Wildlife Fund One Planet Living Report: What is a sustainable urban design? Zero Carbon (energy demand, total carbon footprint) Zero Waste Sustainable Transport Local and Sustainable Materials Local and Sustainable Food Sustainable Water Cycle Natural Habitats and Wildlife Culture and Heritage Equity and Fair Trade influenced by climate engineering BedZED eco village Health and Happiness (indoor / outdoor comfort in respect of wind, lighting, acoustics, temperature, humidity and air quality)

17 Concept approach historical urban design Shibam (Jemen) mud-brick apartment towers from the 16th century urban development characterized by a selfshading high density design surfaces are bright colored to enhance reflection and to limit solar absorption built on high ground to take advantage of stronger winds on roof level to dissipate absorbed solar gains

18 Concept approach historical building design, narrow streets Fez (Marokko) Aleppo (Syrien) Shibam (Jemen)

19 Concept approach historical building design Courtyards and Neighbourhoods Courtyard access to the building, building hub, building ventilation, natural day lighting Courtyard Airflow Diagram A courtyard home in Cairo

20 Concept approaches high density urban design Car Walking Cycling Personal Rapid Transport No fossil fuel cars within the city boundary 150 m 450 m Important prerequisite for a high dense city: No combustion engines for a reduced city ventilation to block the hot and humid summer winds coming from the Arabic golf. (driverless electric cars without cables and rails) City wide Light Rail Transport Central Abu Dhabi ~25 km

21 Concept approach improved outdoor comfort and city ventilation wind tunnel studies and studies using Computational Fluid Dynamics tools

22 Funktionsmodell Tageslicht Belichtung der Häuser über die Innenhöfe

23 Concept approach carbon neutral city building design guidelines, generic models

24 Concept approach carbon neutral city building design guidelines Masdar energy reduction 4th iteration compared to Abu Dhabi today 90% 80% 70% Energy savings Reduction [%] 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Retail/Lab./Prod. Office/Research Office Housing/Hotel Education total

25 Concept approach carbon neutral city energy concept Wind ETC Linear Fresnel Concentrated Solar Power Parabolic Through Waste to Energy Photovoltaic 100 % Renewable Energy

26 What we have learned

27 A sustainable approach cannot be solved only by technical concepts, but demands as well a rethinking in the way of living. This means a change in the daily behavior regarding mobility, comfort expectations, water, energy and material consumption and waste production. All resources such as energy, water and materials have to flow in cycles. Due to the limited capacities of renewable energies, like sun, wind and geothermal, the first essential step is to minimize the demands and loads Regarding the city energy demand there are 3 steps to a carbon neutral city: 1. Load and demand reduction via passive strategies (design guidelines for buildings and city grid) 2. Enhanced system efficiencies via system optimizations (system recommendations) 3. Renewable substitution The goal is an optimized balance of the city energy demand on one hand and the renewable energy supply on the site on the other hand.

28 Main concerns which could impede the carbon neutral approach of Masdar City and could soften the strict requirements which guaranty a sustainable urban development: 1. enormous pressure of time regarding the finalization of the whole city; today ADFEC refuses to give a completion date 2. short term economical payback thinking or wrong real estate market demands, e.g.: the small square has to be developed and is not used to house the energy systems anymore 3. a not balanced total energy budget of the city regarding the annual demand and annual renewable supply will provoke an energy import or fresh water import from outside 4. often changing responsibilities and consultants will provoke a softening in the building / design guidelines and will provoke a modification in essential concept approaches 5. an insufficient construction quality could provoke exceeding energy demand requirements 6. an insufficient training of occupants and residents could provoke exceeding energy demand requirements

29 10 MWp Solar Power Plant 50 % poly cristalline / 50 % thin film modules MWh/a 8.1 ha

30 buildings 1. Phase MIST: 1.4 ha

31 buildings

32 buildings

33 buildings

34 Thank you for your attention!