Cell Membranes & Cellular Energy Continued. MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Active transport: moving a solute AGAINST the concentration gradient
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1 Cell Membranes & Cellular Continued MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Active transport: moving a solute AGAINST the concentration gradient Transport protein Active transport requires energy Bonds between atoms have potential energy that is released when bonds break. Solute 1
2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Endergonic reactions use energy and decrease entropy (disorder) roducts otential energy Reactants energy required CHEMICAL REACTIONS Endergonic reactions use energy and decrease entropy (disorder) Example: hotosynthesis IN roducts otential energy Reactants energy required 2
3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Exergonic reactions use energy and increase entropy Reactants otential energy roducts energy released CHEMICAL REACTIONS Exergonic reactions use energy and increase entropy EX: Cellular respiration OUT Reactants otential energy roducts energy released 3
4 CHEMICAL REACTIONS roducts Exergonic Endergonic otential energy otential energy Reactants Reactants roducts energy required energy released AT OWERS CELLULAR WORK Adenosine triphosphate molecules are loaded with potential energy 4
5 AT OWERS CELLULAR WORK Hydrolysis releases energy and a phosphate group Triphosphate Adenosine AT H 2 O Diphosphate Adenosine AD hosphate CHEMICAL REACTIONS Hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction because free energy is released AT + WATER energy released otential energy + AD 5
6 ACTIVE TRANSORT AT provides energy for active transport of molecules Transport protein Solute AT HOSHORYLATION AT transfers and energy to another molecule to complete work Example: Active Transport AT AD + Transport protein Solute transported 6
7 HOSHORYLATION AT transfers and energy to another molecule to complete work Chemical work AT AD + Reactants roduct formed HOSHORYLATION AT transfers and energy to another molecule to complete work Mechanical work AT AD + Motor protein rotein filament moved 7
8 AT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY Read chapter 6 for NEXT WEEK! otential energy Hydrolysis AT roducts AD + energy released Cellular Respiration Chemical Work roducts otential energy AD + AT energy required REACTIONS REQUIRE ENERGY TO GET STARTED Activation energy makes bonds unstable, so reaction can proceed 8
9 ACTIVATION ENERGY Not all reaction require a lot of activation energy (EX: Rusting metal) ACTIVATION ENERGY Results in a barrier so your body does not spontaneously break down 9
10 ACTIVATION ENERGY that acts as a barrier to getting a reaction started Activation energy barrier Reactant roducts ENZYMES Lower the activation energy barrier Enzyme Reactant Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme roducts 10
11 ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS Enzymes lower the activation barrier by binding with reactants Type of protein with specific shape It s shape determines the type of reactant it works with Reactants (or substrates) fit into a part of the enzyme called the active site Name usually ends in ase Switched on and off by genes in cell Active site Substrate THE CATALYTIC CYLE How enzymes work (CH 5.14) 1. Substrate molecule binds to enzyme 2. Enzyme gives it a little hug (makes bonds unstable) Reaction occurs 4. Enzyme releases products
12 ENZYMES NEED OTIMAL CONDITIONS Temperature can affect how well an enzyme works Hot temperatures can DENATURE enzymes Optimal conditions depend on type of enzyme CHEMICALS CAN AFFECT ENZYMES Enzyme inhibitors bind to or block an enzyme s active site Competitive Inhibitor binds to active site and blocks Noncompetitive inhibitor binds elsewhere and changes enzyme shape Competitive inhibitor Noncompetitive inhibitor Enzyme inhibition 12
13 BENEFITS OF NATURAL INHIBITORS If your body makes too much of something, the product can inhibit enzymes This is called feedback inhibition Feedback inhibition is reversible Feedback inhibition Enzyme 1 A Reaction 1 Starting molecule B Enzyme 2 Reaction 2 C Enzyme 3 D Reaction 3 roduct MANY DRUGS ARE INHIBITORS Ibuprofen inhibits pain messenger molecules Antibiotics inhibit enzymes of bacteria in your body esticides and poisons inhibit enzymes in nervous system Some can not be reversed 13
14 ENZYMES IN GMOs Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have had genetic material altered in laboratories Often times, these modifications involve switching enzymes on and off or adding genes for completely new enzymes TODAY s CHECK IN (3pts) Open Notebook & NOTHING ELSE! 1. Describe what enzymes are and what they do. Use your own words (2pt) 2. Rate your understanding (1pt). A) Easy money, I totally get enzymes B) I get the idea but the details are still a tad fuzzy C) This was hard, I should probably stop by for office hours to clarify. 14
15 NO REQUIRED VIDEOS TODAY READ CHATER 6 FOR NEXT WEEK! READ CHATER 6 FOR NEXT WEEK! 15
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