Lesson 8 Ampère s Law and Differential Operators

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lesson 8 Ampère s Law and Differential Operators"

Transcription

1 Lesson 8 Ampèe s Law and Diffeential Opeatos Lawence Rees 7 You ma make a single cop of this document fo pesonal use without witten pemission 8 Intoduction Thee ae significant diffeences between the electic and magnetic field lines we have studied so fa Electic field lines spead outwad o convege inwad Magnetic field lines alwas fom closed loops Electic field lines natuall epesent the q/ dependence of the electic field of a point chage Magnetic field contous natuall epesent the i / dependence of the magnetic field of a long wie We found that electic field lines could be mathematicall epesented b flu and Gauss s law of electicit followed as a simple consequence It would stand to eason that we would be able to make simila sots of aguments about the magnetic field contous that would lead to anothe useful mathematical elationship And this is eactl what we ae going to do in this chapte 81 Ampèe's Law As ou ecall, a field contou is a set of sufaces which ae evewhee nomal to the field lines Magnetic field contous oiginate on cuent-caing wies The numbe of contous is chosen to be popotional to the cuent flowing in the wie The contous have a diection which is taken to be the diection of the magnetic field at an point on them When thee ae multiple wies, the field nea each wie, the nea field, is the same as it would be fo a single wie Think About It A cuent-caing wie alone in space has pependicula sufaces coming unifoml outwadl fom it As a second, paallel wie with cuent flowing in the same diection is bought neae to it, what happens to the field contous? Does it make an diffeence what the magnitude of the second cuent is? What happens when the second wie has cuent flowing in the opposite diection to the fist wie? Let s imagine some pependicula sufaces nea a wie Now imagine a closed loop in space nea the wie The loop can be of an shape o sie; the onl equiement is that it be closed A ubbe band is a good eample of a closed loop that can va in shape and sie Such a loop is called an Ampeian loop, as shown in Fig 81 Note that the 1

2 Figue 81 An Ampeian loop and the field contou of a wie caing cuent out of the sceen Ampeian loop has a diection which we have indicated with an aow We will take the diection of the Ampeian loop to be counteclockwise in ou dawings Now we want to define the concept of net numbe of sufaces cossed b the loop To do this, we go aound the loop in the diection of the aow As the loop passes though a pependicula suface, we eithe add +1 o add 1 to the net numbe of sufaces We add +1 if the loop is geneall in the same diection as the suface, and we add 1 if the loop is in the opposite diection geneall same, we mean moe pecisel that thee is an acute angle between the vecto diection of the suface and the vecto diection of the loop as it passes though the suface In Fig 81, the loop cosses a suface in the +1 sense seventeen times and it passes though a suface in the 1 sense once This gives us a net numbe of +16 contous cossed b the Ampeian loop Note that this concept is analogous to the "net numbe of field lines" passing though a Gaussian suface Figue 8 Ampeian loops with cuent passing though them

3 If we take a numbe of diffeent Ampeian loops aound the same wie, as shown in Fig 8, the net numbe of sufaces cossed b each loop is alwas +16 Think About It How would these esults diffe if the cuent in the wie wee going into the sceen? If the cuent wee going into the sceen, the aow on each pependicula suface would be evesed This would in tun change eve +1 into a 1 and eve -1 into a +1, so the net numbe of sufaces pieced b the loop would be 16 As long as we ae caeful to go aound ou Ampeian loop in a geneal counteclockwise sense, we can establish a convenient sign convention: Sign Convention If the numbe of sufaces pieced b an Ampeian loop is positive, the cuent comes out of the sceen If it is negative, cuent goes into the sceen Figue 83 An Ampeian loop with no cuent passing though it If, howeve, we choose ou Ampeian loop in such a wa that no cuent passes though it, as in Fig 83, the net numbe of pependicula sufaces pieced b the loop must be eo If the cuent in the wies doubles, the numbe of pependicula sufaces also doubles It should be evident that we can genealie these esults to give us a law fo magnetic field contous: 3

4 Ampèe s Law Let a set of pependicula sufaces fom a field contou The net numbe of sufaces pieced b an Ampeian loop is popotional to the cuent passing though the loop Ampèe's law is the thid of Mawell's equations As Gauss's law is a geometical wa of stating Coulomb's law, Ampèe's law is a geometical wa of descibing the magnetic field of cuent-caing wies Late we will find mathematical was of epessing this concept and we will use it quantitativel to detemine the magnetic field of cuent-caing objects with high degees of smmet Fist, howeve, we will appl Ampèe s conceptuall to clindical wies Things to emembe Ampeian loops ae closed loops Ampèe s law: The net numbe of sufaces pieced b an Ampeian loop is popotional to the cuent passing though the loop We alwas go aound Ampeian loops in a counteclockwise diection We also define positive cuent to be out and negative cuent to be in Ampèe s law is equivalent to the elation i /(π 8 Cuent Densit Even as it was necessa to define chage densit in the electical case, it is useful to define cuent densit in conjunction with magnetic fields To define cuent densit, let us think of cutting a wie pependiculal to its length and placing a gate in the wie The gate isn t a hole in the wie o a phsical object; it s just a loop though which electons pass We then just count the numbe of electons passing though this gate The cuent passing though the wie is equal to: Cuent (chage pe electon (numbe of electons passing though the gate in one second Now let us make the gate smalle than the coss section of the wie, as in Fig 84 The cuent densit is then: Cuent Densit (chage pe electon (numbe of electons passing though the gate in one second (coss sectional aea of the gate 4

5 small gate Figue 84 A wie with a small gate of aea da We use the lette j to denote cuent densit and measue cuent densit in units of ampees / squae mete ( A / m Think About It Descibe in wods the following cuent densit: 3 sinθ, 1 j(, θ, othewise To find the total cuent passing though a wie, we can integate ove the coss-section of the wie in much the same wa that we integated ove a suface chage densit to find the total chage on a cicula disk That is: I j da Things to emembe: Cuent densit j is the cuent pe unit aea passing though a wie Cuent densit ma va fom egion to egion in a wie; howeve, in tpical wies, cuent densit is quite unifom We can integate cuent densit to get total cuent I j da 83 The Fields of Cuent Distibutions with Radial Clindical Smmet Conside a wie with a cuent densit having adial clindical smmet Recall that b ou definition of adial smmet, the cuent densit ma va with distance fom the ais of the wie,, but it ma not va with angle ecause of this smmet, the sufaces of the field contou outside the wie must come adiall outwad fom the ais and be unifoml spaced Theefoe, the magnetic field in this egion must be the same as the field of a thin wie having 5

6 the same total cuent flowing though it Thus the magnetic field outside a wie does not depend upon the wie's adius ut how do we find the magnetic field within the wie having a adiall smmetic cuent densit? We can be guided b the method we used to find the electic field inside a spheical chage distibution Thee, we divided the spheical chage into two egions: a hollow sphee and a coe We used smmet along with Gauss s law to pove that the electic field inside the hollow sphee is eo Finall, we concluded that the electic field was just the electic field of the coe which in tun was the electic field of a point chage having the same chage as the coe alone Now let s appl the same logic to cuent in a wie Fist, we constuct an Ampeian loop at a adius within the wie We then divide the wie into two pieces, a hollow clinde, and a clindical coe, as shown in Fig 85 Fist, let s conside the hollow coe Since no cuent is passing though the coe, Ampèe s law tells us that the net numbe of pependicula sufaces pieced b the Ampeian loop must be eo ecause of the adial smmet of the hollow wie, an sufaces within the hollow pat of the wie must be adial and the all must point in the same diection (as the sufaces in Fig 81 do Howeve, this contadicts the conclusion that the Ampeian loop pieces eo net sufaces unless thee ae no sufaces at all in the wie We theefoe conclude that thee can be no magnetic field inside a hollow wie that has a clindical cuent densit The entie magnetic field at adius must then be the magnetic field poduced b the cuent in the coe, the cuent that passes though the Ampeian loop of adius Figue 85 Dividing a wie into a hollow conducto and a clindical coe This leads us to the conclusion that ienc ( π whee: ( is the magnetic field at of a wie with a chage densit that is adiall smmetic is the adius of an Ampeian loop o R i enc is the total cuent passing though the Ampeian loop ienc j ( π d 6

7 Things to emembe: The magnetic field is eo inside a hollow wie with adiall smmetic cuent densit The magnetic field ( inside a solid wie with adiall smmetic cuent densit is the magnetic field of the coe (the pat of the wie with adius < alone 84 The Magnetic Line Integal In the same wa that we used flu to ceate an integal fom fo Gauss's law, we now want to do something simila fo the magnetic field to develop an integal equation fo Ampèe's law We peviousl epessed Ampèe's law in the following manne: "The net numbe of pependicula sufaces pieced b an Ampeian loop is popotional to the cuent passing though the loop" We built the geomet of the magnetic field into the field contous in such a wa that the numbe of pependicula sufaces pe unit length is popotional to the magnetic field stength We must now put this in mathematical fom Let us begin with the magnetic field of an infinitel-long, cuent-caing wie The magnetic field lines pass aound the wie in concentic cicles and the field contou is composed of a set of half-planes oiginating on the wie Let s use a magnetic field line at adius as ou Ampeian loop We then know that numbe of sufaces cossed l whee l π is the length of the loop We ma solve this fo the numbe of pependicula sufaces cossed b the loop: Let us epess this as an equalit: numbe of pependicula sufaces cossed l numbe of pependicula sufaces cossed kl whee k is a constant that depends on how man sufaces we associate with each ampee of Λ kλ cuent We call the quantit l the "magnetic line integal" and denote it with an uppe case lambda, Λ We know then that numbe of pependicula sufaces cossed Since l, the line integal is a measue of how much field lies along the Ampeian loop The units of the line integal ae Tm (tesla metes The Magnetic Line Integal fo Segment of a Field Line (81 Λ l 7

8 In a moe geneal case, the Ampeian loop need not lie along a magnetic field line To calculate how much of the field tends to lie along the loop, we need to take the dot poduct of the magnetic field with the diection of the loop: l The poblem we now have is that the elative oientation of and l usuall changes as we go aound the loop We need then to look at the contibution to the total line integal fom one small segment of the wie: dλ d l The total line integal aound the loop is then just the sum ove all such contibutions The Magnetic Line Integal (8 Λ d l The smbol denotes an integation aound the entie Ampeian loop This tpe of integal is called a "line integal" o "path integal We have peviousl used line integals when we have calculated the wok done b a foce The magnetic line integal diffes fom othe one-dimensional integals in that it is a sum of the integand along a path which is alwas closed and often iegulal shaped That is, it usuall cannot educe to a simple integal ove d, fo eample In geneal we have to slice the path into small sections, calculate fo each section, calculate the length of the path segment and the diection of the path to get d l, take the dot poduct of these two vectos, and then continue this pocess fo each segment aound the entie path As ou ma be hoping, we will alwas evaluate the line integal in cases whee it educes to a simple fom; howeve, this pesciption fo doing a line integal can be applied to numeical calculations fo integals that ae not easil done b hand The ke to undestanding the behavio of the line integal is to think of the dot poduct between the field and each segment d l of the loop If the path is paallel to the loop d Λ + dl, if the path is opposite the loop dλ dl, and if the path is pependicula to the loop d Λ Things to emembe: The line integal is a quantit that is popotional to the numbe of sufaces (belonging to a field contou pieced b a line segment When we choose a magnetic field line fo the line segment and the magnetic field is constant on the field line, the line integal educes to Λ l The geneal fom fo the line integal is Λ d l 8

9 85 The Integal Fom of Ampèe's Law Now that we have a mathematical epession fo the line integal, we ma easil fomulate Ampèe's law in tems of it Since the line integal is popotional to the net numbe of pependicula sufaces cossed b the Ampeian loop, we know it is also popotional to the cuent flowing though the loop Thus: Λ ci enc whee c is a constant, and i enc is the total cuent passing though the loop To evaluate the constant, let us appl Ampèe's law to the case of a simple cuentcaing wie Since we know the magnetic field of such a wie, we can diectl evaluate the line integal We again use a magnetic field line at adius as the Ampeian loop The line integal is eas to evaluate because the magnetic field is paallel to the path evewhee Theefoe d l is just dl We then can put the epession fo the magnetic field of a long wie into the integal: i Λ dl l π i π Λ ut, b Ampèe's law c i enc Compaing the two esults, we see that the constant c Knowing this constant, we can wite Ampèe's law in its integal fom: Ampèe s Law (83 Λ d l ienc whee: Λ is the magnetic line integal aound an abita Ampeian loop It has units of tesla metes (Tm d l is the (vecto length of a small segment of the Ampeian loop in units of m is the magnetic field on d l in units of tesla (T 7 is the pemeabilit of fee space, 4π 1 Tm / A i is the cuent passing though the Ampeian loop It has units of ampees (A enc As with Gauss's law, Ampèe's law is alwas tue, even if we do not know how to evaluate the integal If a cuent i passes though a loop of an shape o sie, the line integal is alwas i If ou ae asked to find a line integal aound a loop, ou need not evaluate a complicated integal as long as ou know the total cuent passing though the loop 9

10 Think About It When we discussed Ampèe's law ealie, we defined the net numbe of pependicula sufaces intesected as the "numbe of pependicula sufaces pieced in the same geneal diection as the loop minus the numbe cossed in the opposite diection" How does ou definition of the line integal incopoate this concept? In woking with line integals, we appl the same conventions we did ealie: Go aound the Ampeian loop in a counteclockwise diection Cuents coming out of the page have positive line integals; those going into the page have negative line integals To use Ampèe's law to find magnetic fields thee ae two conditions that must be met: We must choose the Ampeian loop such that the magnetic field is paallel to the loop ( is paallel to l d This allows us to simplif the integand: dl l Note that this implies that the Ampeian loop is chosen to be a magnetic field line The poblem must have smmet such that the magnitude of the magnetic field is constant ove the entie loop (o the entie pat of the loop whee the field is non-eo Then the integal becomes Ampèe's law then simplifies to dl dl l Ampèe s Law Pactical Fom (84 i enc l whee: is the magnetic field on an Ampeian loop ( must be a constant l is the length of the entie Ampeian loop 7 is the pemeabilit of fee space, 4π 1 Tm / A o R i enc is the total cuent passing though the Ampeian loop ienc j ( d 1

11 Things to emembe: Ampèe s law in integal fom is In pactical applications this educes to Λ l l jda d jda ienc 86 Appling Ampèe's Law Now we wish to appl Ampèe's law to find magnetic fields fo a few special cases A Cuent Distibutions with Radial Clindical Smmet Let us now find the magnetic field of an infinitel long wie with a adiall smmetic distibution of cuent The magnetic field lines ae cleal cicles centeed on the ais of the wie, so we will use a cicula Ampeian loop of adius Smmet also equies the magnitude of the magnetic field to be constant on the loop, so we ma diectl appl Eq (84: o a ienc (85 of a clindical wie ( j( π d π π whee is the adius of the Ampeian loop (the adius at which we wish to find the field a is the adius of the wie The integal is taken ove the aea bounded b the Ampeian loop Thus, the uppe limit in this integal is dependent on whethe we wish to find the magnetic field inside the wie o outside the wie Eample 81 Magnetic field inside a clindical wie A clindical wie of adius R has a cuent I passing though it Find the magnetic field at adius inside the wie In a standad wie, the chage densit is essentiall unifom, so we can easil solve fo it: I I j A πa total Fom hee, we can find the enclosed cuent in one of two diffeent was: I Geometicall, we know that π π a enc jaenc jπ I i I a 11

12 II We can solve fo the enclosed cuent b eplicitl integating ove the cuent densit: I I π I πa πa a enc jda j d π d π i Putting this in Ampèe s law, we have: ( i π π a I enc I π a Eample 8 Magnetic field outside a poton beam A poton beam of adius a has a cuent densit of magnetic outside the beam j α whee α is a constant Find the We poceed in essentiall the same wa as in Eample 81, ecept fo two things: 1 We ae foced to integate to obtain the enclosed cuent, and the integal ove cuent densit must have a as its uppe limit since the thee ae no potons at >a a 4 3 πα a ienc jda jπ d πα d ( i π πα a π a enc α Infinite Plane of Wies Let us now take an aa of wies stacked one on top of anothe and each caing cuent I out of the sceen as shown in the Fig 86 If the plane of wies continues infinitel, we ma use Ampee's law to find the magnetic field 1

13 3 d P Figue 86 The magnetic field of a plana aa of wies The cuent is out of the sceen Fist we need to qualitativel undestand the field At point P in Fig 86, the total magnetic field is the sum of the magnetic fields fom each wie The field fom wie is diected upwad The field fom wie 1 has components both upwad and to the ight The field fom wie 3 has components both upwad and to the left When we add the thee vectos togethe, the net esult is upwad On the left-hand side of the aa of wies the net field must be downwad Let us then daw an Ampeian loop as shown in the figue The magnetic field will va somewhat along the left and ight sides of the loop; howeve, if the wies ae sufficientl closel spaced, this vaiation is small We will take the field to be a constant along these segments The fields on the top and bottom segments of the loop ma not eo; howeve, we do know that the field on the top must be the same as the field on the bottom, and since we ae tavesing the loop in opposite diections on top and bottom, the net contibution to the line integal fom the top plus the bottom must be eo (In an case, we can let the length of the top and bottom be small enough that l on these segments is small Λ The total path integal is then d The enclosed cuent is the cuent in each wie, i, times the numbe of wies N Ampèe's law then gives: Λ d Ni N 1 ni d 13

14 Think About It If two planes of wies ae paallel to each othe, what is the magnetic field in each egion of space? How does the diection of the cuent in each plane affect ou esult? If thee ae two planes of chage with cuent going in opposite diections, the magnetic field has much in common with the electic field of a capacito On the outsides of the planes, the field is eo between the planes the fields add to give ni ased on the magnetic fields of wies and planes of wies, we ma daw some conclusions as we did with the electic field (The dependence on path length fo the plane includes onl the pats of the path fo which the integal is non-eo Souce of Field Dimensionalit of Souce Dependence of Path Length Dependence of Field Line Plane C Solenoid A solenoid is a coil of wie wapped aound a clindical coe We will assume that the solenoid has a length much lage than its adius, so that effects caused b the non-unifomit of the field nea the ends ma be ignoed In some was we can think of a solenoid as simila to two planes of wies with cuent going in opposite diections Ignoing end effects, the field outside the solenoid is eo Thus, a solenoid concentates magnetic field lines inside the coil much as paallel-plate capacitos concentate electic field lines between the plates Solenoids ae used in man pactical applications whee lage magnetic fields ae needed Often a pemanent magnet is placed inside the solenoid coil so that when cuent is tuned on in the solenoid, the pemanent magnet is pulled into the solenoid o pushed out of it Such a solenoid can do wok, such as stat a ca engine tuning We ma teat solenoids much as the plane of cuent in the above eample We daw an Ampeian loop of length d with one side placed inside the solenoid and one outside On the outside, thee is no field, so the contibution to the line integal is eo On the top and bottom, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is pependicula to the loop, so the contibution is again eo Hence, the line integal is just the contibution fom the left side of the loop: Λ d 14

15 d 1 3 Figue 87 A solenoid Note that, as with the infinite plane of wies, the field stength does not depend on position; we get eactl the same esult no matte whee we place the left side of the Ampeian loop inside the solenoid Thus the field is not onl concentated inside solenoids, but it is unifom within Appling Ampèe s law, we have: d Ni N i d If we call the numbe of tuns pe unit length in the solenoid n, this becomes: Magnetic Field in a Solenoid (86 ni whee: is the magnetic field anwhee within the solenoid The units ae tesla (T 7 is the pemeabilit of fee space, 4π 1 Tm / A n is the numbe of coils pe mete in the solenoid I is the cuent passing though the solenoid 15

16 D Tous Λ A tous is a solenoid which is fomed in a doughnut shape so that the ends ae joined It has simila chaacteistics to a solenoid, but is somewhat diffeent because the wies ae fathe apat fom each othe on the outside the tous than on the inside smmet, we know the magnetic field lines will be cicula loops within the tous We use one field line of adius fo an Ampeian loop as shown in Fig 87 smmet we know the field must be constant on this loop The path integal is then just π If N is the total numbe of tuns in the tous, Ampee's law gives: Λ π N i (87 of a tous π N i Figue 88 A tous with an Ampeian loop (dotted Things to emembe: e able to use Ampèe s law to find the magnetic field inside and outside a wie with adiall smmetic cuent densit e able to use Ampèe s law to find the magnetic field in a solenoid and in a tous You do not need to memoie the fomulas fo these magnetic fields 87 Finding Fields with Diect Integation I m attaching two sections at the end of this chapte as a bief intoduction into othe applications of electomagnetic theo This section deals with diect integation ove chage and cuent distibutions to find electic and magnetic fields The basic idea hee is that, if we know the location and velocit of all the chages in a egion, we can simpl add up all the contibutions to the field fom these chage to obtain the total electic and magnetic fields We alead applied this sot of method to find the electic and magnetic fields of a cuent-caing wie in Lesson 16

17 In this section we will do essentiall the same thing, but in tems of electic and magnetic fields athe than in tems of theads and stubs and thei foces Fist we ll begin with electic potential We know that the electic potential of a point chage is 1 q V ( 4πε R This equation assumes that the souce chage is located at the oigin of a coodinate sstem With an etended souce, we need to make an adjustment in ou notation The following diagam eplains the smbols we will use P R Figue 89 Integating ove a chage distibution We wish to find the electic potential V( at a point P which is located at coodinates (,, We slice the chage distibution into a lot of small egions, such as the cube shown in Fig 89 The coodinates of the cube ae (,, We then define the vectos fom the oigin to the field point P and to the cube to be : ˆ + ˆ + ˆ ˆ + ˆ + ˆ Now, in ou equation fo the electic potential, the that appeas in the denominato is the vecto fom the chage to the field point This is: R 17

18 In tems of this vecto, the contibution to the total electic potential fom the small volume dv, the cube, is 1 dq 1 ρ dv 1 ρ d d d dv 4πε R 4πε R 4πε R The total electic potential is then 1 ρ( d d d (88 V dv 4πε R whee R R ( ˆ + ( ˆ + ( ˆ ( + ( + ( and the integal is ove the entie chage distibution A simila equation holds fo the electic field of the chage distibution, based on Coulomb s law: 1 de 4πε R dq 3 R 1 ρ( R d d d (89 E( de 3 4πε R Eample 83 The chaged od Find the electic field at a distance fom an infinitel-long, thin od of unifom chage densit Geomet fo Eample R d

19 We basicall have to use Eq (89 as a ecipe, but let s caefull wite down each step to be sue evething is coect 1 Choose a field point We want the field at a point located a distance fom the od We can put ou aes an place we want, so let s put the point of inteest on the ais Then ˆ Slice the distibution Rods ae eas to slice we just take slices along the od, in the diection 3 Find the coodinates of the slice We need to emembe to put pimes on all the coodinates associated with the souce so the don t become confused with the coodinates of the field point ˆ 4 Find the vecto fom the slice to the field point R ˆ ˆ 5 Find the magnitude of this vecto ( + 1/ R 6 Find the chage on the slice The length of the slice is d (We alwas pime the vaiables that appea in the slices of the souce distibution, too so that dq λ d 7 Now plug evething in to the equations, using cae to get the limits of integation coect I ve done the integation itself using Maple λ E 4πε λ ˆ 4πε λ ˆ 4πε λ E( πε ( ˆ ˆ ( + ˆ ( 3 / 4 + ( + d d 3 / λ ˆ 4πε λ πε d Note that we can also solve this poblem using Gauss s law: q EA ε enc, λ L E, π Lε 3 / E λ πε 19

20 Eample 84 The shot chaged od Find the electic field and the electic potential at a adial distance fom the end of a thin od of unifom chage densit ad length L Geomet fo Eample 84 Again, we use Eqs (88 and (89 Steps 1 though 6 ae identical to Eample 83 R d L 7 Now plug evething in to the equations, using cae to get the limits of integation coect I ve done the integation itself using Maple λ L V 4πε λ L E 4πε λ L ˆ 4πε λ ˆ 4πε λ 4πε ( + ( ˆ ˆ ( + ( / ( + d 1 d L + L d + L 1/ 3 / λ 4πε ˆ ˆ 4 λ πε acsinh λ πε + L [ L ˆ ( + L ˆ ] L + L L d 3 / The second tpe of diect integation poblem we want to conside is that of finding the magnetic field of a segment of thin wie caing a cuent i To do this, we stat with Eq (17 fo a slowl moving paticle to obtain the magnetic field of a moving point chage 1 1 β s E vs E c c

21 If we let the chage move slowl, the electic field is essentiall just the Coulomb field We also use the epession c 1/ ε to simplif the elationship: 1 q R s ε vs 3 4πε R qsvs R 3 4π R What we eall want now, howeve, is an epession that involves cuent athe than the velocit of a single chage Using a little sleight of hand, we can tansfom this equation as: d dq l dq R d R l dqv R dt dt i dl R d s 4π 3 R 4π 3 R 4π 3 R 4π 3 R Integating ove the wie segment, we get a esult suggested b iot and Savat in the 19 th centu: i dl R (81 The iot-savat Law d 3 4π R whee is the magnetic field of a segment of cuent caing wie, measued in tesla (T 7 is the pemeabilit of fee space, 4π 1 Tm / A i is the cuent flowing though the wie dl is a slice of the wie of length dl and pointing in the diection of the cuent R is the vecto distance fom the slice of the wie to the field point Eample 85 the magnetic field of a wie segment A length of wie etends fom to L along the ais it caies cuent i flowing in the diection Find the magnetic field at a point along the ais R d Geomet fo Eample 85 1 L i

22 Let s again keep tack of the solution step b step 1 Choose a field point We e given ˆ Slice the distibution Slice the wie along the ais 3 Find the coodinates of the slice Again, we put pimes on all the coodinates associated with the souce: 4 Find the vecto fom the slice to the field point R ˆ ˆ 5 Find the magnitude of this vecto ( + 1/ R ˆ 6 Find d l The length of the slice is d and the diection of the cuent is in the diection Theefoe dl d ˆ 7 Take the coss poduct dl R d ˆ ˆ ˆ d ˆ ( ( as ˆ ˆ, ˆ ˆ ˆ 8 Now plug evething in to the equations, using cae to get the limits of integation coect I ve done the integation itself using Maple L d 4π i ˆ 4π i ( 4π i d ˆ ( + L L + L + L 3 / Eample 86 A cuent loop A cuent loop of adius a is placed in the - plane with its cente at the oigin of a coodinate sstem Find the magnetic field on the ais The cuent flows counteclockwise when viewed fom the + ais

23 P i θ a dθ Geomet fo Eample 84 Again, we go step b step 1 Choose a field point We e given ˆ Slice the distibution Slice the wie in sections along its length as shown in the figue 3 Find the coodinates of the slice it s most convenient to wok in pola coodinates hee: 4 Find the vecto fom the slice to the field point R ˆ a cosθ ˆ a sinθ ˆ 5 Find the magnitude of this vecto ( a 1/ R + a cosθ ˆ + a sinθ ˆ 6 Find d l The length of the slice is a dθ (using the fomula fo the length of an ac The diection is just a bit tick We know the diection is pependicula to the vecto, so its slope is the negative ecipocal of the slope of We also note that at the segment shown, the component of d l is negative while the component is positive Thus: dl ad θ sin θ ˆ + ad θ cos θ ˆ 7 Take the coss poduct 3

24 dl R adθ ( adθ sinθ ˆ + adθ cosθ ˆ ( ˆ a cosθ ˆ a sinθ ˆ ( a sinθ ˆ + a sin θ ˆ + a cosθ ˆ + a cos θ ˆ a dθ ( sinθ ˆ + cosθ ˆ + ˆ 8 Now plug evething in to the equation, using cae to get the limits of integation coect The integations themselves ae eas: π ia sinθ ˆ + cosθ ˆ + ˆ d d 3 / 4 θ π ia 4π ( + + ia ( a + 3 / ( a + ˆ π ˆ ( a + 3 / Things to emembe: e able to find integal epessions fo the electic field and the electic potential of staight ods and chaged, cicula loops on the ais e able to find integal epessions fo the magnetic fields of staight wie segments and cicula wie loops on the ais You do not need to know how to evaluate the integals that aise 88 The Diffeential Fom of Gauss s Law and Ampèe s Law Thee is one ve fundamental diffeence between the electic fields of static chages and the magnetic fields of cuents: Electic field lines alwas stat o end on electic chages, o else go off to infinit Magnetic field lines alwas fom closed loops This diffeence is evident in Gauss's law and Ampèe's law Flu is a measuement of the net numbe of field lines passing though a suface If a Gaussian suface contains net chage, thee must be net flu though the suface The magnetic flu though a Gaussian suface must be eo because magnetic field lines fom loops, and eve field line which passes into a Gaussian suface must pass back out again The line integal is a measue of how much a field line tends to fom loops Magnetic fields aound wies have line integals popotional to the cuent The line integals of electic fields fom static chages ae alwas eo We can sa that these electic field spead and these magnetic fields loop The diffeence between speading and looping fields can be descibed b two mathematical concepts: divegence and cul 4

25 A Divegence When light as fom the sun pass though a focusing lens, the fom a small image of the sun We sa the light as "convege" If light fom the sun passes though a defocusing lens, the light as spead out and we sa the as "divege" Wheneve electic field lines ae poduced b finite objects (so we can ignoe special cases such as infinite planes, the electic field lines divege if the object has positive chage and convege if it has negative chage This, howeve, is not what we mean mathematicall when we use the tem divegence efoe we define divegence, let us eview a few concepts about fields The electic field is a vecto field That is, at eve point in space we can define an electic field vecto The electic potential is a scala field At eve point in space, the electic potential, a scala quantit, is defined (The two ae closel elated; the electic field gives the magnitude and diection of the change in the electic potential Divegence is simila to electic potential in that it is a scala field A scala quantit, the divegence, is defined at eve point in space The divegence is a measuement of how much a field diveges fom a given point in space That is, it is a measuement of how man field lines begin o end nea that point We can tell if a field has divegence at a point because the flu though a small suface aound the point will not be eo Thus, to measue divegence, we suound a point with a Gaussian suface and measue the flu though it ut to define the divegence at a point, we must let the Gaussian suface get small We then have b Gauss's law: q 1 ( Φ enc ρ E ρ( dv v as v ε ε ε We use this flu then to define the divegence Letting " div E " epesent the divegence of the electic field: (811 The Definition of Divegence div E lim v Φ E v ρ( ε This ma seem just a bit complicated; howeve, the essential idea is that we define divegence at a point to be the flu pe unit volume though a small Gaussian suface located aound that point Think About It A single point chage is in empt space Whee is the divegence of the electic field eo? Whee is it non-eo? What if we eplace the point chage with a unifoml chaged sphee? 5

26 Thus, the divegence of an electic field at point in space is popotional to the chage densit at that point The geate the chage densit, the moe field lines begin o end nea that point The souce of an electic field with divegence is electic chage This equation is, in the end, just a diffeent wa of witing Gauss's law We call it the "diffeential fom" of Gauss's law as the divegence can be epessed in tems of deivatives Thus, this is eall a diffeential equation fo the electic field using the methods of patial diffeential equations, we can solve fo the electic field at eve point in space as long as we know the chage densit at eve point in space (Unfotunatel, it still is difficult! A simila equation can be obtained fo magnetic field; howeve, we know that no magnetic chage eists so the ight-hand side of the equation is eo In summa: (81 whee Gauss s Law of Electicit Diffeential Fom div E( ρ( ε div E( is the divegence of the electic field at a point ρ ( is the chage densit at a point in units of ε is the pemittivit of fee space It equals 3 C / m 885 Nm 1 1 C / Gauss s Law of Magnetism Diffeential Fom (813 div ( whee div ( is the divegence of the electic field at a point Cul Divegence is a measuement of how much field speads awa fom (o in towad a point souce Divegence is a scala field ecause the field lines of a point paticle tend to emanate unifoml in all diections, thee is no paticula diection associated with the divegence Cul is a measuement of how much a field loops aound a line Cul is a vecto field because at an point we can measue how much the field loops aound lines pointing in the,, o diections Since the cul is a vecto, we can eithe epess cul at a point in space in tems of thee components o in tems of a magnitude and diection The diection of the cul of the magnetic field is the diection cuent flows at that point Fo now, we will assume that the cuent flows in the diection To measue cul, we cleal must el on the line integal To calculate the cul, we 1 choose a point in space, take the line which passes though the point 6

27 in the diection of the cuent, 3 constuct an Ampeian loop aound the line, and 4 calculate the line integal aound the Ampeian loop To get a meaningful quantit fo the cul; howeve, we must let the Ampeian loop get small If we let a be the aea of the loop, we have b Ampee's law: Λ i j ( da j ( a as a enc Hee, j is the cuent densit with the subscipt simpl emphasiing the fact that the cuent is flowing in the diection We then use this elationship to define the component of the cul of : Definition of Cul Λ lim j ( a a (814 [ cul ] ( This then is the diffeential fom of Ampèe's law It simpl states that electical cuents ae a souce of magnetic fields with cul Notice that it is onl in the egion whee thee is cuent that the cul of the field is non-eo Howeve, this diffeential equation can be used to solve fo magnetic fields thoughout all space We ma genealie this to cuents which flow in abita diections b defining a vecto cuent densit which points in the diection of the cuent at a given point in space: Ampèe s Law fo Cuents (815 cul ( j( whee: cul ( is the cul of the magnetic field at 7 is the pemeabilit of fee space, 4π 1 Tm / A j( is the cuent densit at in units of A / m It points in the diection of the cuent C The Gadient Opeato Mathematicall speaking, an opeato is something which does something to something else With that vague of a definition, just about anthing could be consideed an opeato And that is tue Opeatos include multiplication, squae oots, deivatives, etc Cul and divegence ae opeatos Howeve, befoe we discuss the cul and divegence opeatos, let us stat fom a moe fundamental opeato, the gadient opeato The gadient is witten as and often ponounced "del" As with othe opeatos, we need to know what the gadient can act on and what is poduced afte it has acted on something The gadient opeato acts on a scala field and poduces a vecto field The gadient tells how much the scala field changes in each of the thee diections,,, and Theefoe, it is much like a deivative in thee dimensions The gadient opeato in Catesian coodinates can be witten as: 7

28 8 + + ˆ ˆ ˆ Even if ou ae not used to the tem "gadient," ou have used gadient opeatos alead We have seen such an epession when we discussed the elationship between electic field and electic potential In shothand, we can wite: Electic Field is the Gadient of Electic Potential (816 V E,, ( In othe wods: V V V V E + + ˆ ˆ ˆ,, ( What this means, then, is that the electic field is a vecto that tells how apidl and what diection the electic potential deceases D Divegence and Cul as Diffeential Opeatos Divegence and cul can be epessed in tems of the gadient opeato Man times students think of the definition of divegence and cul as these diffeential opeatos; howeve, it is best to emembe that the ae defined in tems of the flu and the line integal The diffeential fom of these opeatos is tpified b the following epessions: cul E E E E div E ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ E Eamples 1 A sphee has unifom chage densit ρ Gauss s law, we can find the electic field inside the sphee:

29 q EA ε 4π enc 3 4π ρ E 3ε ρ E 3ε Since the field is adial, we can wite the electic field in vecto fom as E ρ ρ 3ε 3ε ( ˆ + ˆ + ˆ Then we can take the gadient of the electic field: ρ ρ E ( ε ε which is just the diffeential fom of Gauss s law A wie has unifom cuent densit j Ampèe s law, we can find the magnetic field inside the wie: l i enc π π j Since the field lines cicle the wie, it takes a bit of wok to find the field diection We see that the magnetic field id j / times a vecto of length pointing in the tangent diection In Fig 81, we daw this vecto, assuming cuent goes in the diection We can then wite the magnetic field as: j j ( sinθ ˆ + cosθ ˆ ( ˆ + ˆ j 9

30 sinθ ˆ cosθ ˆ θ Figue 81 Finding a vecto of length in the tangential diection Finall, we can take the cul of the magnetic field: j ( ˆ + ˆ j ˆ j This is just the diffeential fom of Ampèe s law Things to emembe: Φ E The definition of divegence: div E lim v v Λ, The definition of cul: [ cul ( ] lim a a ρ Gauss s law of Electicit: E ε Gauss s law of Magnetism: Ampèe s law: j Gadient opeato: ˆ + ˆ + ˆ E E Divegence opeato: div E E + Cul opeato: cul E + 3

Coordinate Systems L. M. Kalnins, March 2009

Coordinate Systems L. M. Kalnins, March 2009 Coodinate Sstems L. M. Kalnins, Mach 2009 Pupose of a Coodinate Sstem The pupose of a coodinate sstem is to uniquel detemine the position of an object o data point in space. B space we ma liteall mean

More information

Gauss Law. Physics 231 Lecture 2-1

Gauss Law. Physics 231 Lecture 2-1 Gauss Law Physics 31 Lectue -1 lectic Field Lines The numbe of field lines, also known as lines of foce, ae elated to stength of the electic field Moe appopiately it is the numbe of field lines cossing

More information

Chapter 30: Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

Chapter 30: Magnetic Fields Due to Currents d Chapte 3: Magnetic Field Due to Cuent A moving electic chage ceate a magnetic field. One of the moe pactical way of geneating a lage magnetic field (.1-1 T) i to ue a lage cuent flowing though a wie.

More information

UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY

UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY The Unit Cicle is the cicle centeed at the oigin with adius unit (hence, the unit cicle. The equation of this cicle is + =. A diagam of the unit cicle is shown below: + = - - -

More information

Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electric Fields

Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electric Fields Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electic Fields Lawence B. Rees 7. You may make a single copy of this document fo pesonal use without witten pemission. 7. Intoduction While it is impotant to gain a solid conceptual

More information

Chapter 22. Outside a uniformly charged sphere, the field looks like that of a point charge at the center of the sphere.

Chapter 22. Outside a uniformly charged sphere, the field looks like that of a point charge at the center of the sphere. Chapte.3 What is the magnitude of a point chage whose electic field 5 cm away has the magnitude of.n/c. E E 5.56 1 11 C.5 An atom of plutonium-39 has a nuclea adius of 6.64 fm and atomic numbe Z94. Assuming

More information

2 r2 θ = r2 t. (3.59) The equal area law is the statement that the term in parentheses,

2 r2 θ = r2 t. (3.59) The equal area law is the statement that the term in parentheses, 3.4. KEPLER S LAWS 145 3.4 Keple s laws You ae familia with the idea that one can solve some mechanics poblems using only consevation of enegy and (linea) momentum. Thus, some of what we see as objects

More information

Voltage ( = Electric Potential )

Voltage ( = Electric Potential ) V-1 of 9 Voltage ( = lectic Potential ) An electic chage altes the space aound it. Thoughout the space aound evey chage is a vecto thing called the electic field. Also filling the space aound evey chage

More information

Fluids Lecture 15 Notes

Fluids Lecture 15 Notes Fluids Lectue 15 Notes 1. Unifom flow, Souces, Sinks, Doublets Reading: Andeson 3.9 3.12 Unifom Flow Definition A unifom flow consists of a velocit field whee V = uî + vĵ is a constant. In 2-D, this velocit

More information

Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces. Young and Freedman Chapter 27

Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces. Young and Freedman Chapter 27 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Foces Young and Feedman Chapte 27 Intoduction Reiew - electic fields 1) A chage (o collection of chages) poduces an electic field in the space aound it. 2) The electic field

More information

Voltage ( = Electric Potential )

Voltage ( = Electric Potential ) V-1 Voltage ( = Electic Potential ) An electic chage altes the space aound it. Thoughout the space aound evey chage is a vecto thing called the electic field. Also filling the space aound evey chage is

More information

Physics 235 Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Gravitation

Physics 235 Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Gravitation Chapte 5 Gavitation In this Chapte we will eview the popeties of the gavitational foce. The gavitational foce has been discussed in geat detail in you intoductoy physics couses, and we will pimaily focus

More information

Mechanics 1: Work, Power and Kinetic Energy

Mechanics 1: Work, Power and Kinetic Energy Mechanics 1: Wok, Powe and Kinetic Eneg We fist intoduce the ideas of wok and powe. The notion of wok can be viewed as the bidge between Newton s second law, and eneg (which we have et to define and discuss).

More information

Forces & Magnetic Dipoles. r r τ = μ B r

Forces & Magnetic Dipoles. r r τ = μ B r Foces & Magnetic Dipoles x θ F θ F. = AI τ = U = Fist electic moto invented by Faaday, 1821 Wie with cuent flow (in cup of Hg) otates aound a a magnet Faaday s moto Wie with cuent otates aound a Pemanent

More information

Vector Calculus: Are you ready? Vectors in 2D and 3D Space: Review

Vector Calculus: Are you ready? Vectors in 2D and 3D Space: Review Vecto Calculus: Ae you eady? Vectos in D and 3D Space: Review Pupose: Make cetain that you can define, and use in context, vecto tems, concepts and fomulas listed below: Section 7.-7. find the vecto defined

More information

Skills Needed for Success in Calculus 1

Skills Needed for Success in Calculus 1 Skills Needed fo Success in Calculus Thee is much appehension fom students taking Calculus. It seems that fo man people, "Calculus" is snonmous with "difficult." Howeve, an teache of Calculus will tell

More information

Mechanics 1: Motion in a Central Force Field

Mechanics 1: Motion in a Central Force Field Mechanics : Motion in a Cental Foce Field We now stud the popeties of a paticle of (constant) ass oving in a paticula tpe of foce field, a cental foce field. Cental foces ae ve ipotant in phsics and engineeing.

More information

FXA 2008. Candidates should be able to : Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it.

FXA 2008. Candidates should be able to : Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it. Candidates should be able to : Descibe how a mass ceates a gavitational field in the space aound it. Define gavitational field stength as foce pe unit mass. Define and use the peiod of an object descibing

More information

The force between electric charges. Comparing gravity and the interaction between charges. Coulomb s Law. Forces between two charges

The force between electric charges. Comparing gravity and the interaction between charges. Coulomb s Law. Forces between two charges The foce between electic chages Coulomb s Law Two chaged objects, of chage q and Q, sepaated by a distance, exet a foce on one anothe. The magnitude of this foce is given by: kqq Coulomb s Law: F whee

More information

A r. (Can you see that this just gives the formula we had above?)

A r. (Can you see that this just gives the formula we had above?) 24-1 (SJP, Phys 1120) lectic flux, and Gauss' law Finding the lectic field due to a bunch of chages is KY! Once you know, you know the foce on any chage you put down - you can pedict (o contol) motion

More information

12. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum

12. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 12. olling, Toque, and Angula Momentum 1 olling Motion: A motion that is a combination of otational and tanslational motion, e.g. a wheel olling down the oad. Will only conside olling with out slipping.

More information

2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES

2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES . TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES In ode to etend the definitions of the si tigonometic functions to geneal angles, we shall make use of the following ideas: In a Catesian coodinate sstem, an

More information

1240 ev nm 2.5 ev. (4) r 2 or mv 2 = ke2

1240 ev nm 2.5 ev. (4) r 2 or mv 2 = ke2 Chapte 5 Example The helium atom has 2 electonic enegy levels: E 3p = 23.1 ev and E 2s = 20.6 ev whee the gound state is E = 0. If an electon makes a tansition fom 3p to 2s, what is the wavelength of the

More information

Episode 401: Newton s law of universal gravitation

Episode 401: Newton s law of universal gravitation Episode 401: Newton s law of univesal gavitation This episode intoduces Newton s law of univesal gavitation fo point masses, and fo spheical masses, and gets students pactising calculations of the foce

More information

The Electric Potential, Electric Potential Energy and Energy Conservation. V = U/q 0. V = U/q 0 = -W/q 0 1V [Volt] =1 Nm/C

The Electric Potential, Electric Potential Energy and Energy Conservation. V = U/q 0. V = U/q 0 = -W/q 0 1V [Volt] =1 Nm/C Geneal Physics - PH Winte 6 Bjoen Seipel The Electic Potential, Electic Potential Enegy and Enegy Consevation Electic Potential Enegy U is the enegy of a chaged object in an extenal electic field (Unit

More information

Moment and couple. In 3-D, because the determination of the distance can be tedious, a vector approach becomes advantageous. r r

Moment and couple. In 3-D, because the determination of the distance can be tedious, a vector approach becomes advantageous. r r Moment and couple In 3-D, because the detemination of the distance can be tedious, a vecto appoach becomes advantageous. o k j i M k j i M o ) ( ) ( ) ( + + M o M + + + + M M + O A Moment about an abita

More information

Graphs of Equations. A coordinate system is a way to graphically show the relationship between 2 quantities.

Graphs of Equations. A coordinate system is a way to graphically show the relationship between 2 quantities. Gaphs of Equations CHAT Pe-Calculus A coodinate sstem is a wa to gaphicall show the elationship between quantities. Definition: A solution of an equation in two vaiables and is an odeed pai (a, b) such

More information

Chapter 2. Electrostatics

Chapter 2. Electrostatics Chapte. Electostatics.. The Electostatic Field To calculate the foce exeted by some electic chages,,, 3,... (the souce chages) on anothe chage Q (the test chage) we can use the pinciple of supeposition.

More information

NURBS Drawing Week 5, Lecture 10

NURBS Drawing Week 5, Lecture 10 CS 43/585 Compute Gaphics I NURBS Dawing Week 5, Lectue 1 David Been, William Regli and Maim Pesakhov Geometic and Intelligent Computing Laboato Depatment of Compute Science Deel Univesit http://gicl.cs.deel.edu

More information

Deflection of Electrons by Electric and Magnetic Fields

Deflection of Electrons by Electric and Magnetic Fields Physics 233 Expeiment 42 Deflection of Electons by Electic and Magnetic Fields Refeences Loain, P. and D.R. Coson, Electomagnetism, Pinciples and Applications, 2nd ed., W.H. Feeman, 199. Intoduction An

More information

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up AP Physics Electomagnetic Wap Up Hee ae the gloious equations fo this wondeful section. F qsin This is the equation fo the magnetic foce acting on a moing chaged paticle in a magnetic field. The angle

More information

Carter-Penrose diagrams and black holes

Carter-Penrose diagrams and black holes Cate-Penose diagams and black holes Ewa Felinska The basic intoduction to the method of building Penose diagams has been pesented, stating with obtaining a Penose diagam fom Minkowski space. An example

More information

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation in vectorial. Gm 1 m 2. r 2

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation in vectorial. Gm 1 m 2. r 2 F Gm Gavitation and Keple s Laws Newton s Law of Univesal Gavitation in vectoial fom: F 12 21 Gm 1 m 2 12 2 ˆ 12 whee the hat (ˆ) denotes a unit vecto as usual. Gavity obeys the supeposition pinciple,

More information

Gravitation. AP Physics C

Gravitation. AP Physics C Gavitation AP Physics C Newton s Law of Gavitation What causes YOU to be pulled down? THE EARTH.o moe specifically the EARTH S MASS. Anything that has MASS has a gavitational pull towads it. F α Mm g What

More information

Experiment MF Magnetic Force

Experiment MF Magnetic Force Expeiment MF Magnetic Foce Intoduction The magnetic foce on a cuent-caying conducto is basic to evey electic moto -- tuning the hands of electic watches and clocks, tanspoting tape in Walkmans, stating

More information

Experiment 6: Centripetal Force

Experiment 6: Centripetal Force Name Section Date Intoduction Expeiment 6: Centipetal oce This expeiment is concened with the foce necessay to keep an object moving in a constant cicula path. Accoding to Newton s fist law of motion thee

More information

Solution Derivations for Capa #8

Solution Derivations for Capa #8 Solution Deivations fo Capa #8 1) A ass spectoete applies a voltage of 2.00 kv to acceleate a singly chaged ion (+e). A 0.400 T field then bends the ion into a cicula path of adius 0.305. What is the ass

More information

SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS

SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS MISN-0-144 SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS by Pete Signell Michigan State Univesity 1. Intoduction.............................................. 1 A 2. Self-Inductance L.........................................

More information

The Detection of Obstacles Using Features by the Horizon View Camera

The Detection of Obstacles Using Features by the Horizon View Camera The Detection of Obstacles Using Featues b the Hoizon View Camea Aami Iwata, Kunihito Kato, Kazuhiko Yamamoto Depatment of Infomation Science, Facult of Engineeing, Gifu Univesit aa@am.info.gifu-u.ac.jp

More information

Chapter 2 Coulomb s Law

Chapter 2 Coulomb s Law Chapte Coulomb s Law.1 lectic Chage...-3. Coulomb's Law...-3 Animation.1: Van de Gaaff Geneato...-4.3 Pinciple of Supeposition...-5 xample.1: Thee Chages...-5.4 lectic Field...-7 Animation.: lectic Field

More information

CHAPTER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL

CHAPTER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL CHATER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND OTENTIAL 5. Intoduction. This chapte deals with the calculation of gavitational fields and potentials in the vicinity of vaious shapes and sizes of massive bodies. The

More information

PY1052 Problem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions

PY1052 Problem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions PY052 Poblem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions H h () A solid ball stats fom est at the uppe end of the tack shown and olls without slipping until it olls off the ight-hand end. If H 6.0 m and h 2.0 m, what

More information

Figure 2. So it is very likely that the Babylonians attributed 60 units to each side of the hexagon. Its resulting perimeter would then be 360!

Figure 2. So it is very likely that the Babylonians attributed 60 units to each side of the hexagon. Its resulting perimeter would then be 360! 1. What ae angles? Last time, we looked at how the Geeks intepeted measument of lengths. Howeve, as fascinated as they wee with geomety, thee was a shape that was much moe enticing than any othe : the

More information

Chapter 3 Savings, Present Value and Ricardian Equivalence

Chapter 3 Savings, Present Value and Ricardian Equivalence Chapte 3 Savings, Pesent Value and Ricadian Equivalence Chapte Oveview In the pevious chapte we studied the decision of households to supply hous to the labo maket. This decision was a static decision,

More information

Chapter 19: Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields ( ) ( 6 )( 6

Chapter 19: Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields ( ) ( 6 )( 6 Chapte 9 lectic Chages, Foces, an Fiels 6 9. One in a million (0 ) ogen molecules in a containe has lost an electon. We assume that the lost electons have been emove fom the gas altogethe. Fin the numbe

More information

Semipartial (Part) and Partial Correlation

Semipartial (Part) and Partial Correlation Semipatial (Pat) and Patial Coelation his discussion boows heavily fom Applied Multiple egession/coelation Analysis fo the Behavioal Sciences, by Jacob and Paticia Cohen (975 edition; thee is also an updated

More information

Charges, Coulomb s Law, and Electric Fields

Charges, Coulomb s Law, and Electric Fields Q&E -1 Chages, Coulomb s Law, and Electic ields Some expeimental facts: Expeimental fact 1: Electic chage comes in two types, which we call (+) and ( ). An atom consists of a heavy (+) chaged nucleus suounded

More information

Model Question Paper Mathematics Class XII

Model Question Paper Mathematics Class XII Model Question Pape Mathematics Class XII Time Allowed : 3 hous Maks: 100 Ma: Geneal Instuctions (i) The question pape consists of thee pats A, B and C. Each question of each pat is compulsoy. (ii) Pat

More information

Lecture 16: Color and Intensity. and he made him a coat of many colours. Genesis 37:3

Lecture 16: Color and Intensity. and he made him a coat of many colours. Genesis 37:3 Lectue 16: Colo and Intensity and he made him a coat of many colous. Genesis 37:3 1. Intoduction To display a pictue using Compute Gaphics, we need to compute the colo and intensity of the light at each

More information

Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration

Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration Displacement, Velocity And Acceleation Vectos and Scalas Position Vectos Displacement Speed and Velocity Acceleation Complete Motion Diagams Outline Scala vs. Vecto Scalas vs. vectos Scala : a eal numbe,

More information

4a 4ab b 4 2 4 2 5 5 16 40 25. 5.6 10 6 (count number of places from first non-zero digit to

4a 4ab b 4 2 4 2 5 5 16 40 25. 5.6 10 6 (count number of places from first non-zero digit to . Simplify: 0 4 ( 8) 0 64 ( 8) 0 ( 8) = (Ode of opeations fom left to ight: Paenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition Subtaction). Simplify: (a 4) + (a ) (a+) = a 4 + a 0 a = a 7. Evaluate

More information

Multiple choice questions [70 points]

Multiple choice questions [70 points] Multiple choice questions [70 points] Answe all of the following questions. Read each question caefull. Fill the coect bubble on ou scanton sheet. Each question has exactl one coect answe. All questions

More information

TECHNICAL DATA. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Screw Thread. Specifications

TECHNICAL DATA. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Screw Thread. Specifications JIS (Japanese Industial Standad) Scew Thead Specifications TECNICAL DATA Note: Although these specifications ae based on JIS they also apply to and DIN s. Some comments added by Mayland Metics Coutesy

More information

Chapter 17 The Kepler Problem: Planetary Mechanics and the Bohr Atom

Chapter 17 The Kepler Problem: Planetary Mechanics and the Bohr Atom Chapte 7 The Keple Poblem: Planetay Mechanics and the Boh Atom Keple s Laws: Each planet moves in an ellipse with the sun at one focus. The adius vecto fom the sun to a planet sweeps out equal aeas in

More information

The Role of Gravity in Orbital Motion

The Role of Gravity in Orbital Motion ! The Role of Gavity in Obital Motion Pat of: Inquiy Science with Datmouth Developed by: Chistophe Caoll, Depatment of Physics & Astonomy, Datmouth College Adapted fom: How Gavity Affects Obits (Ohio State

More information

Exam 3: Equation Summary

Exam 3: Equation Summary MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Depatment of Physics Physics 8.1 TEAL Fall Tem 4 Momentum: p = mv, F t = p, Fext ave t= t f t= Exam 3: Equation Summay total = Impulse: I F( t ) = p Toque: τ = S S,P

More information

Questions & Answers Chapter 10 Software Reliability Prediction, Allocation and Demonstration Testing

Questions & Answers Chapter 10 Software Reliability Prediction, Allocation and Demonstration Testing M13914 Questions & Answes Chapte 10 Softwae Reliability Pediction, Allocation and Demonstation Testing 1. Homewok: How to deive the fomula of failue ate estimate. λ = χ α,+ t When the failue times follow

More information

7 Circular Motion. 7-1 Centripetal Acceleration and Force. Period, Frequency, and Speed. Vocabulary

7 Circular Motion. 7-1 Centripetal Acceleration and Force. Period, Frequency, and Speed. Vocabulary 7 Cicula Motion 7-1 Centipetal Acceleation and Foce Peiod, Fequency, and Speed Vocabulay Vocabulay Peiod: he time it takes fo one full otation o evolution of an object. Fequency: he numbe of otations o

More information

Lab M4: The Torsional Pendulum and Moment of Inertia

Lab M4: The Torsional Pendulum and Moment of Inertia M4.1 Lab M4: The Tosional Pendulum and Moment of netia ntoduction A tosional pendulum, o tosional oscillato, consists of a disk-like mass suspended fom a thin od o wie. When the mass is twisted about the

More information

PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13. May 1, 2013

PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13. May 1, 2013 PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13 May 1, 2013 0.1 In intoductoy physics laboatoies, a typical Cavendish balance fo measuing the gavitational constant G uses lead sphees with masses of 2.10 kg and 21.0

More information

An Introduction to Omega

An Introduction to Omega An Intoduction to Omega Con Keating and William F. Shadwick These distibutions have the same mean and vaiance. Ae you indiffeent to thei isk-ewad chaacteistics? The Finance Development Cente 2002 1 Fom

More information

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics Oveview Fluid kinematics deals with the motion of fluids without consideing the foces and moments which ceate the motion. Items discussed in this Chapte. Mateial deivative and its elationship to Lagangian

More information

Determining solar characteristics using planetary data

Determining solar characteristics using planetary data Detemining sola chaacteistics using planetay data Intoduction The Sun is a G type main sequence sta at the cente of the Sola System aound which the planets, including ou Eath, obit. In this inestigation

More information

AN IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY AND FLOATING POINT CHROMOSOME REPRESENTATION IN GENETIC ALGORITHM

AN IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY AND FLOATING POINT CHROMOSOME REPRESENTATION IN GENETIC ALGORITHM AN IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY AND FLOATING POINT CHROMOSOME REPRESENTATION IN GENETIC ALGORITHM Main Golub Faculty of Electical Engineeing and Computing, Univesity of Zageb Depatment of Electonics, Micoelectonics,

More information

Ilona V. Tregub, ScD., Professor

Ilona V. Tregub, ScD., Professor Investment Potfolio Fomation fo the Pension Fund of Russia Ilona V. egub, ScD., Pofesso Mathematical Modeling of Economic Pocesses Depatment he Financial Univesity unde the Govenment of the Russian Fedeation

More information

(Ch. 22.5) 2. What is the magnitude (in pc) of a point charge whose electric field 50 cm away has a magnitude of 2V/m?

(Ch. 22.5) 2. What is the magnitude (in pc) of a point charge whose electric field 50 cm away has a magnitude of 2V/m? Em I Solutions PHY049 Summe 0 (Ch..5). Two smll, positively chged sphees hve combined chge of 50 μc. If ech sphee is epelled fom the othe by n electosttic foce of N when the sphees e.0 m pt, wht is the

More information

Continuous Compounding and Annualization

Continuous Compounding and Annualization Continuous Compounding and Annualization Philip A. Viton Januay 11, 2006 Contents 1 Intoduction 1 2 Continuous Compounding 2 3 Pesent Value with Continuous Compounding 4 4 Annualization 5 5 A Special Poblem

More information

Spirotechnics! September 7, 2011. Amanda Zeringue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeringue Dierential Geometry Project

Spirotechnics! September 7, 2011. Amanda Zeringue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeringue Dierential Geometry Project Spiotechnics! Septembe 7, 2011 Amanda Zeingue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeingue Dieential Geomety Poject 1 The Beginning The geneal consensus of ou goup began with one thought: Spiogaphs ae awesome.

More information

TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION

TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION MISN-0-34 TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION shaft TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION by Kiby Mogan, Chalotte, Michigan 1. Intoduction..............................................

More information

GAUSS S LAW APPLIED TO CYLINDRICAL AND PLANAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS ` E MISN-0-133. CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS by Peter Signell, Michigan State University

GAUSS S LAW APPLIED TO CYLINDRICAL AND PLANAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS ` E MISN-0-133. CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS by Peter Signell, Michigan State University MISN-0-133 GAUSS S LAW APPLIED TO CYLINDRICAL AND PLANAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS GAUSS S LAW APPLIED TO CYLINDRICAL AND PLANAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS by Pete Signell, Michigan State Univesity 1. Intoduction..............................................

More information

F G r. Don't confuse G with g: "Big G" and "little g" are totally different things.

F G r. Don't confuse G with g: Big G and little g are totally different things. G-1 Gavity Newton's Univesal Law of Gavitation (fist stated by Newton): any two masses m 1 and m exet an attactive gavitational foce on each othe accoding to m m G 1 This applies to all masses, not just

More information

The LCOE is defined as the energy price ($ per unit of energy output) for which the Net Present Value of the investment is zero.

The LCOE is defined as the energy price ($ per unit of energy output) for which the Net Present Value of the investment is zero. Poject Decision Metics: Levelized Cost of Enegy (LCOE) Let s etun to ou wind powe and natual gas powe plant example fom ealie in this lesson. Suppose that both powe plants wee selling electicity into the

More information

dz + η 1 r r 2 + c 1 ln r + c 2 subject to the boundary conditions of no-slip side walls and finite force over the fluid length u z at r = 0

dz + η 1 r r 2 + c 1 ln r + c 2 subject to the boundary conditions of no-slip side walls and finite force over the fluid length u z at r = 0 Poiseuille Flow Jean Louis Maie Poiseuille, a Fench physicist and physiologist, was inteested in human blood flow and aound 1840 he expeimentally deived a law fo flow though cylindical pipes. It s extemely

More information

Structure and evolution of circumstellar disks during the early phase of accretion from a parent cloud

Structure and evolution of circumstellar disks during the early phase of accretion from a parent cloud Cente fo Tubulence Reseach Annual Reseach Biefs 2001 209 Stuctue and evolution of cicumstella disks duing the ealy phase of accetion fom a paent cloud By Olusola C. Idowu 1. Motivation and Backgound The

More information

4.1 - Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles

4.1 - Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles 4.1 - Tigonometic Functions of cute ngles a is a half-line that begins at a point and etends indefinitel in some diection. Two as that shae a common endpoint (o vete) fom an angle. If we designate one

More information

Lab #7: Energy Conservation

Lab #7: Energy Conservation Lab #7: Enegy Consevation Photo by Kallin http://www.bungeezone.com/pics/kallin.shtml Reading Assignment: Chapte 7 Sections 1,, 3, 5, 6 Chapte 8 Sections 1-4 Intoduction: Pehaps one of the most unusual

More information

(a) The centripetal acceleration of a point on the equator of the Earth is given by v2. The velocity of the earth can be found by taking the ratio of

(a) The centripetal acceleration of a point on the equator of the Earth is given by v2. The velocity of the earth can be found by taking the ratio of Homewok VI Ch. 7 - Poblems 15, 19, 22, 25, 35, 43, 51. Poblem 15 (a) The centipetal acceleation of a point on the equato of the Eath is given by v2. The velocity of the eath can be found by taking the

More information

Functions of a Random Variable: Density. Math 425 Intro to Probability Lecture 30. Definition Nice Transformations. Problem

Functions of a Random Variable: Density. Math 425 Intro to Probability Lecture 30. Definition Nice Transformations. Problem Intoduction One Function of Random Vaiables Functions of a Random Vaiable: Density Math 45 Into to Pobability Lectue 30 Let gx) = y be a one-to-one function whose deiatie is nonzeo on some egion A of the

More information

Thank you for participating in Teach It First!

Thank you for participating in Teach It First! Thank you fo paticipating in Teach It Fist! This Teach It Fist Kit contains a Common Coe Suppot Coach, Foundational Mathematics teache lesson followed by the coesponding student lesson. We ae confident

More information

CRRC-1 Method #1: Standard Practice for Measuring Solar Reflectance of a Flat, Opaque, and Heterogeneous Surface Using a Portable Solar Reflectometer

CRRC-1 Method #1: Standard Practice for Measuring Solar Reflectance of a Flat, Opaque, and Heterogeneous Surface Using a Portable Solar Reflectometer CRRC- Method #: Standad Pactice fo Measuing Sola Reflectance of a Flat, Opaque, and Heteogeneous Suface Using a Potable Sola Reflectomete Scope This standad pactice coves a technique fo estimating the

More information

12.1. FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER

12.1. FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER ndei Tokmakoff, MIT epatment of Chemisty, 3/5/8 1-1 1.1. FÖRSTER RESONNCE ENERGY TRNSFER Föste esonance enegy tansfe (FR) efes to the nonadiative tansfe of an electonic excitation fom a dono molecule to

More information

VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS

VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS One of the key assumptions fo ideal gases is that the motion of a given paticle is independent of any othe paticles in the system. With this assumption in place, one can use

More information

Financing Terms in the EOQ Model

Financing Terms in the EOQ Model Financing Tems in the EOQ Model Habone W. Stuat, J. Columbia Business School New Yok, NY 1007 hws7@columbia.edu August 6, 004 1 Intoduction This note discusses two tems that ae often omitted fom the standad

More information

Quantity Formula Meaning of variables. 5 C 1 32 F 5 degrees Fahrenheit, 1 bh A 5 area, b 5 base, h 5 height. P 5 2l 1 2w

Quantity Formula Meaning of variables. 5 C 1 32 F 5 degrees Fahrenheit, 1 bh A 5 area, b 5 base, h 5 height. P 5 2l 1 2w 1.4 Rewite Fomulas and Equations Befoe You solved equations. Now You will ewite and evaluate fomulas and equations. Why? So you can apply geometic fomulas, as in Ex. 36. Key Vocabulay fomula solve fo a

More information

Things to Remember. r Complete all of the sections on the Retirement Benefit Options form that apply to your request.

Things to Remember. r Complete all of the sections on the Retirement Benefit Options form that apply to your request. Retiement Benefit 1 Things to Remembe Complete all of the sections on the Retiement Benefit fom that apply to you equest. If this is an initial equest, and not a change in a cuent distibution, emembe to

More information

est using the formula I = Prt, where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the interest rate, and t is the time in years.

est using the formula I = Prt, where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the interest rate, and t is the time in years. 9.2 Inteest Objectives 1. Undestand the simple inteest fomula. 2. Use the compound inteest fomula to find futue value. 3. Solve the compound inteest fomula fo diffeent unknowns, such as the pesent value,

More information

Do Vibrations Make Sound?

Do Vibrations Make Sound? Do Vibations Make Sound? Gade 1: Sound Pobe Aligned with National Standads oveview Students will lean about sound and vibations. This activity will allow students to see and hea how vibations do in fact

More information

STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION

STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION Page 1 STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION C. Alan Blaylock, Hendeson State Univesity ABSTRACT This pape pesents an intuitive appoach to deiving annuity fomulas fo classoom use and attempts

More information

CHAPTER 10 Aggregate Demand I

CHAPTER 10 Aggregate Demand I CHAPTR 10 Aggegate Demand I Questions fo Review 1. The Keynesian coss tells us that fiscal policy has a multiplied effect on income. The eason is that accoding to the consumption function, highe income

More information

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 19 Jul 04 NMR.1 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE In this expeiment the phenomenon of nuclea magnetic esonance will be used as the basis fo a method to accuately measue magnetic field stength, and to study magnetic

More information

Electrostatic properties of conductors and dielectrics

Electrostatic properties of conductors and dielectrics Unit Electostatic popeties of conductos and dielectics. Intoduction. Dielectic beaking. onducto in electostatic equilibium..3 Gound connection.4 Phenomena of electostatic influence. Electostatic shields.5

More information

Symmetric polynomials and partitions Eugene Mukhin

Symmetric polynomials and partitions Eugene Mukhin Symmetic polynomials and patitions Eugene Mukhin. Symmetic polynomials.. Definition. We will conside polynomials in n vaiables x,..., x n and use the shotcut p(x) instead of p(x,..., x n ). A pemutation

More information

Magnetic Bearing with Radial Magnetized Permanent Magnets

Magnetic Bearing with Radial Magnetized Permanent Magnets Wold Applied Sciences Jounal 23 (4): 495-499, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.04.23080 Magnetic eaing with Radial Magnetized Pemanent Magnets Vyacheslav Evgenevich

More information

Gravitational Mechanics of the Mars-Phobos System: Comparing Methods of Orbital Dynamics Modeling for Exploratory Mission Planning

Gravitational Mechanics of the Mars-Phobos System: Comparing Methods of Orbital Dynamics Modeling for Exploratory Mission Planning Gavitational Mechanics of the Mas-Phobos System: Compaing Methods of Obital Dynamics Modeling fo Exploatoy Mission Planning Alfedo C. Itualde The Pennsylvania State Univesity, Univesity Pak, PA, 6802 This

More information

Summary: Vectors. This theorem is used to find any points (or position vectors) on a given line (direction vector). Two ways RT can be applied:

Summary: Vectors. This theorem is used to find any points (or position vectors) on a given line (direction vector). Two ways RT can be applied: Summ: Vectos ) Rtio Theoem (RT) This theoem is used to find n points (o position vectos) on given line (diection vecto). Two ws RT cn e pplied: Cse : If the point lies BETWEEN two known position vectos

More information

PAN STABILITY TESTING OF DC CIRCUITS USING VARIATIONAL METHODS XVIII - SPETO - 1995. pod patronatem. Summary

PAN STABILITY TESTING OF DC CIRCUITS USING VARIATIONAL METHODS XVIII - SPETO - 1995. pod patronatem. Summary PCE SEMINIUM Z PODSTW ELEKTOTECHNIKI I TEOII OBWODÓW 8 - TH SEMIN ON FUNDMENTLS OF ELECTOTECHNICS ND CICUIT THEOY ZDENĚK BIOLEK SPŠE OŽNO P.., CZECH EPUBLIC DLIBO BIOLEK MILITY CDEMY, BNO, CZECH EPUBLIC

More information

Converting knowledge Into Practice

Converting knowledge Into Practice Conveting knowledge Into Pactice Boke Nightmae srs Tend Ride By Vladimi Ribakov Ceato of Pips Caie 20 of June 2010 2 0 1 0 C o p y i g h t s V l a d i m i R i b a k o v 1 Disclaime and Risk Wanings Tading

More information

YARN PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT: AN OPTICAL APPROACH

YARN PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT: AN OPTICAL APPROACH nd INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE, CLOTHING & ESIGN CONFERENCE Magic Wold of Textiles Octobe 03 d to 06 th 004, UBROVNIK, CROATIA YARN PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT: AN OPTICAL APPROACH Jana VOBOROVA; Ashish GARG; Bohuslav

More information

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Chapte 1 1 1.6. Solved Examples Example 1.1 Dimensions and Units A body weighs 1 Ibf when exposed to a standad eath gavity g = 3.174 ft/s. (a) What is its mass in kg? (b) What will the weight of this body

More information

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics 4-1 Lagangian g and Euleian Desciptions 4-2 Fundamentals of Flow Visualization 4-3 Kinematic Desciption 4-4 Reynolds Tanspot Theoem (RTT) 4-1 Lagangian and Euleian Desciptions (1) Lagangian desciption

More information