2 r2 θ = r2 t. (3.59) The equal area law is the statement that the term in parentheses,

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "2 r2 θ = r2 t. (3.59) The equal area law is the statement that the term in parentheses,"

Transcription

1 3.4. KEPLER S LAWS Keple s laws You ae familia with the idea that one can solve some mechanics poblems using only consevation of enegy and (linea) momentum. Thus, some of what we see as objects move aound in the wold is a diect consequence of these consevation laws athe than being the esult of some detailed mechanism. It is nice to give an example of how consevation of angula momentum has similaly poweful (and pehaps moe famous) consquences. We ecall that oughly 500 yeas ago, Keple made one of the geat beakthoughs (not just in physics, but in human thought), poviding evidence that planet motions as descibe by Tycho Bahe ae much moe simply descibed in a wold model with the sun (athe than the eath) at the cente. I don t think we can ovestate the impotance of ealizing that we ae not at the cente of the univese. Quantitatively, Keple noticed seveal things (Keple s laws): The obits of planets aound the sun ae elliptical, the peiods of the obits ae elated to thei adii, and as the obit poceeds it sweeps out equal aea in equal times. Of these, the equal aea law is the one which is elated to consevation of angula momentum. If the obits wee cicula it would be tivial that they sweep out aea at a constant ate. The equal aea law is, in a sense, all that is left of the pefection that people had sought with cicula obits. If we ae at a distance fom the cente of ou coodinate system (the sun), and we move by an angle θ, then fo small angles the aea that is swept out is A = 1 ( ) 1 dθ 2 2 θ = 2 t. (3.59) 2 The equal aea law is the statement that the tem in paentheses, da = 1 dθ 2 2, (3.60) is a constant, independent of time. We know that angula momentum is conseved, so let s see if this has something to do with the equal aea law. The vecto position of the planet can always be witten as = ˆ, whee ˆ is a unit vecto pointing outwad towad the cuent location. The velocity consists of components in the ˆ diection and in the ˆθ diection, aound the cuve, d = d dθ + ˆ ˆθ. (3.61)

2 146 CHAPTER 3. WE ARE NOT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE Hence p m d = m d dθ + m ˆ ˆθ (3.62) ( L p = (ˆ ) m d ) ( ˆ +(ˆ ) m dθ ) ˆθ. (3.63) To finish the calculation we pull all the scalas out of the coss poducts, ( L = m d ) ( (ˆ ˆ )+ m 2 dθ ) (ˆ ˆθ), (3.64) and then we note that ˆ ˆ = 0, (3.65) ˆ ˆθ = ẑ. (3.66) Thus we find that the angula momentum is given by ( L = m 2 dθ ) ẑ. (3.67) Compaing Eq. (3.60) with Eq. (3.67), we see that da = 1 2m ( L ẑ ), (3.68) so that consevation of angula momentum ( L = constant) implies that da/ is a constant the equal aea law. To go futhe in deiving Keple s laws we need to know about the actual foces between the sun and the planets. You pobably know that one of Newton s geat tiumphs was to ealize that if gavity obeys the invese squae law, then the ate at which the moon is falling towad the eath as it obits is consistent with the ate at which objects we can hold in ou hands fall towad the gound. In moden language we say that the potential enegy fo two masses M and m sepaated by a distance is given by V () = GMm, (3.69) whee G is (appopiately enough) known as Newton s constant. We ae inteested in the case whee m is the mass of a planet and M is the mass of the sun. We choose a coodinate system in which the sun is fixed at the oigin. To undestand what happens it is useful to wite down the total enegy of the system. We have the potential enegy explicitly, so we need the kinetic

3 3.4. KEPLER S LAWS 147 enegy. We know that the velocity has two components, one in the adial diection and one in the angula diection, d = d dθ + ˆ ˆθ, (3.70) so that 1 2 mv2 1 2 m d 2 = 1 2 m [ (d ) 2 ( + dθ ) ] 2. (3.71) So the total enegy of the system, kinetic plus potential, is given by [ (d E = 1 ) 2 ( 2 m + dθ ) ] 2 GMm. (3.72) But we know that angula momentum is conseved, so we can say something about the tem that has dθ/ in it: L z = m 2 dθ (3.73) dθ = L z m 2. (3.74) Substituting into ou expession fo the total enegy this becomes [ (d E = 1 ) 2 ( 2 m + L ) ] 2 z m 2 GMm (3.75) = 1 ( ) d 2 2 m + L2 z 2m 2 GMm (3.76) = 1 ( ) d 2 2 m + V eff(), (3.77) whee in the last step we have intoduced an effective potential V eff () = L2 z 2m 2 GMm. (3.78) Notice that by doing this ou expession fo the total enegy comes to look like the enegy fo motion in one dimension (), with a potential enegy that has one pat fom gavity and one pat fom the indiect effect of the angula momentum. Notice that the contibution fom angula momentum is positive, and vaies as 1/ 2. This means that the coesponding foce F = V/

4 148 CHAPTER 3. WE ARE NOT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE gavitational potential!!1/ centifugal potential! +1/ 2 total effective potential hamonic appoximation 40 potential V() 20 0!20!40!60!80! adius (abitay units) Figue 3.1: Effective potential enegy fo planetay motion, fom Eq (3.78).

5 3.4. KEPLER S LAWS 149 1/ is positive it pushes outwad along the adius. This foce is what we expeience when we sit in a ca going aound a cuve: the centifugal foce. Imagine that we tie a weight on the end of a sting and swing it in a cicle ove ou heads. The sting will stay taught, and this must be because thee is a foce pulling outwad; again this is the centifugal foce, and is geneated by this special tem in the effective potential. Notice that we have eliminated any mention of the angle θ, and in the pocess have changed the potential enegy fo motion along the adial diection. This is a much moe geneal idea. We often eliminate coodinates in the hope of simplifying things, and ty to take account of thei effects though an effective potential fo the coodinates that we do keep in ou desciption. This is vey impotant in big molecules, fo example, whee we don t want to keep tack of evey atom but hope that we can just think about a few things such as the distance between key esidues o the angle between two big ams of the molecule. It s not at all obvious that this should wok, even as an appoximation, although in the pesent case it s actually exact. Recall that the total enegy is the sum of kinetic and potential, and this total is conseved o constant ove time. Thee is a minimum effective potential enegy fo adial motion, as can be seen in Fig 3.1, If the total enegy is equal to this minimum, then thee can be no kinetic enegy associated with the coodinate, hence d/ = 0. Thus fo minimum enegy obits, the adius is constant the planet moves in a cicula obit. If we look at obits that have enegies just a bit lage than the minimum, we can appoximate V eff () as being like a hamonic oscillato. Then the adius should oscillate in time, but time is being maked by going aound the obit, so eally the adius will be a sine o cosine function of the angle, and this is the desciption of an ellipse if it is not too eccentic. In fact if you wok hade you can show that the obits ae exactly ellipses fo any value of the enegy up to some maximum. This is anothe of Keple s laws. Once you have the ellipse you can elate its size (the analog of adius fo a cicle) to the peiod of the obit, and this is the last of Keple s laws. Notice that if the enegy is positive then it is possible fo the planet to escape towad at finite velocity, and then the obit is not bound. But if the total enegy is negative, thee is no escape, and the adius moves between two limiting values, namely the points whee the total enegy intesects the effective potential. We eally should say moe about all this, but it is teated in many standad texts.

6 150 CHAPTER 3. WE ARE NOT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE

Gravitation. AP Physics C

Gravitation. AP Physics C Gavitation AP Physics C Newton s Law of Gavitation What causes YOU to be pulled down? THE EARTH.o moe specifically the EARTH S MASS. Anything that has MASS has a gavitational pull towads it. F α Mm g What

More information

FXA 2008. Candidates should be able to : Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it.

FXA 2008. Candidates should be able to : Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it. Candidates should be able to : Descibe how a mass ceates a gavitational field in the space aound it. Define gavitational field stength as foce pe unit mass. Define and use the peiod of an object descibing

More information

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation in vectorial. Gm 1 m 2. r 2

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation in vectorial. Gm 1 m 2. r 2 F Gm Gavitation and Keple s Laws Newton s Law of Univesal Gavitation in vectoial fom: F 12 21 Gm 1 m 2 12 2 ˆ 12 whee the hat (ˆ) denotes a unit vecto as usual. Gavity obeys the supeposition pinciple,

More information

Episode 401: Newton s law of universal gravitation

Episode 401: Newton s law of universal gravitation Episode 401: Newton s law of univesal gavitation This episode intoduces Newton s law of univesal gavitation fo point masses, and fo spheical masses, and gets students pactising calculations of the foce

More information

The Role of Gravity in Orbital Motion

The Role of Gravity in Orbital Motion ! The Role of Gavity in Obital Motion Pat of: Inquiy Science with Datmouth Developed by: Chistophe Caoll, Depatment of Physics & Astonomy, Datmouth College Adapted fom: How Gavity Affects Obits (Ohio State

More information

Exam 3: Equation Summary

Exam 3: Equation Summary MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Depatment of Physics Physics 8.1 TEAL Fall Tem 4 Momentum: p = mv, F t = p, Fext ave t= t f t= Exam 3: Equation Summay total = Impulse: I F( t ) = p Toque: τ = S S,P

More information

F G r. Don't confuse G with g: "Big G" and "little g" are totally different things.

F G r. Don't confuse G with g: Big G and little g are totally different things. G-1 Gavity Newton's Univesal Law of Gavitation (fist stated by Newton): any two masses m 1 and m exet an attactive gavitational foce on each othe accoding to m m G 1 This applies to all masses, not just

More information

Physics 235 Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Gravitation

Physics 235 Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Gravitation Chapte 5 Gavitation In this Chapte we will eview the popeties of the gavitational foce. The gavitational foce has been discussed in geat detail in you intoductoy physics couses, and we will pimaily focus

More information

PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13. May 1, 2013

PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13. May 1, 2013 PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #13 May 1, 2013 0.1 In intoductoy physics laboatoies, a typical Cavendish balance fo measuing the gavitational constant G uses lead sphees with masses of 2.10 kg and 21.0

More information

Mechanics 1: Motion in a Central Force Field

Mechanics 1: Motion in a Central Force Field Mechanics : Motion in a Cental Foce Field We now stud the popeties of a paticle of (constant) ass oving in a paticula tpe of foce field, a cental foce field. Cental foces ae ve ipotant in phsics and engineeing.

More information

Chapter 17 The Kepler Problem: Planetary Mechanics and the Bohr Atom

Chapter 17 The Kepler Problem: Planetary Mechanics and the Bohr Atom Chapte 7 The Keple Poblem: Planetay Mechanics and the Boh Atom Keple s Laws: Each planet moves in an ellipse with the sun at one focus. The adius vecto fom the sun to a planet sweeps out equal aeas in

More information

1240 ev nm 2.5 ev. (4) r 2 or mv 2 = ke2

1240 ev nm 2.5 ev. (4) r 2 or mv 2 = ke2 Chapte 5 Example The helium atom has 2 electonic enegy levels: E 3p = 23.1 ev and E 2s = 20.6 ev whee the gound state is E = 0. If an electon makes a tansition fom 3p to 2s, what is the wavelength of the

More information

2. Orbital dynamics and tides

2. Orbital dynamics and tides 2. Obital dynamics and tides 2.1 The two-body poblem This efes to the mutual gavitational inteaction of two bodies. An exact mathematical solution is possible and staightfowad. In the case that one body

More information

Determining solar characteristics using planetary data

Determining solar characteristics using planetary data Detemining sola chaacteistics using planetay data Intoduction The Sun is a G type main sequence sta at the cente of the Sola System aound which the planets, including ou Eath, obit. In this inestigation

More information

Mechanics 1: Work, Power and Kinetic Energy

Mechanics 1: Work, Power and Kinetic Energy Mechanics 1: Wok, Powe and Kinetic Eneg We fist intoduce the ideas of wok and powe. The notion of wok can be viewed as the bidge between Newton s second law, and eneg (which we have et to define and discuss).

More information

12. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum

12. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 12. olling, Toque, and Angula Momentum 1 olling Motion: A motion that is a combination of otational and tanslational motion, e.g. a wheel olling down the oad. Will only conside olling with out slipping.

More information

Voltage ( = Electric Potential )

Voltage ( = Electric Potential ) V-1 Voltage ( = Electic Potential ) An electic chage altes the space aound it. Thoughout the space aound evey chage is a vecto thing called the electic field. Also filling the space aound evey chage is

More information

Physics HSC Course Stage 6. Space. Part 1: Earth s gravitational field

Physics HSC Course Stage 6. Space. Part 1: Earth s gravitational field Physics HSC Couse Stage 6 Space Pat 1: Eath s gavitational field Contents Intoduction... Weight... 4 The value of g... 7 Measuing g...8 Vaiations in g...11 Calculating g and W...13 You weight on othe

More information

Deflection of Electrons by Electric and Magnetic Fields

Deflection of Electrons by Electric and Magnetic Fields Physics 233 Expeiment 42 Deflection of Electons by Electic and Magnetic Fields Refeences Loain, P. and D.R. Coson, Electomagnetism, Pinciples and Applications, 2nd ed., W.H. Feeman, 199. Intoduction An

More information

Coordinate Systems L. M. Kalnins, March 2009

Coordinate Systems L. M. Kalnins, March 2009 Coodinate Sstems L. M. Kalnins, Mach 2009 Pupose of a Coodinate Sstem The pupose of a coodinate sstem is to uniquel detemine the position of an object o data point in space. B space we ma liteall mean

More information

CHAPTER 9 THE TWO BODY PROBLEM IN TWO DIMENSIONS

CHAPTER 9 THE TWO BODY PROBLEM IN TWO DIMENSIONS 9. Intoduction CHAPTER 9 THE TWO BODY PROBLEM IN TWO DIMENSIONS In this chapte we show how Keple s laws can be deived fom Newton s laws of motion and gavitation, and consevation of angula momentum, and

More information

Vector Calculus: Are you ready? Vectors in 2D and 3D Space: Review

Vector Calculus: Are you ready? Vectors in 2D and 3D Space: Review Vecto Calculus: Ae you eady? Vectos in D and 3D Space: Review Pupose: Make cetain that you can define, and use in context, vecto tems, concepts and fomulas listed below: Section 7.-7. find the vecto defined

More information

The force between electric charges. Comparing gravity and the interaction between charges. Coulomb s Law. Forces between two charges

The force between electric charges. Comparing gravity and the interaction between charges. Coulomb s Law. Forces between two charges The foce between electic chages Coulomb s Law Two chaged objects, of chage q and Q, sepaated by a distance, exet a foce on one anothe. The magnitude of this foce is given by: kqq Coulomb s Law: F whee

More information

Gravity. A. Law of Gravity. Gravity. Physics: Mechanics. A. The Law of Gravity. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. B. Gravitational Field. C.

Gravity. A. Law of Gravity. Gravity. Physics: Mechanics. A. The Law of Gravity. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. B. Gravitational Field. C. Physics: Mechanics 1 Gavity D. Bill Pezzaglia A. The Law of Gavity Gavity B. Gavitational Field C. Tides Updated: 01Jul09 A. Law of Gavity 3 1a. Invese Squae Law 4 1. Invese Squae Law. Newton s 4 th law

More information

TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION

TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION MISN-0-34 TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION shaft TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CIRCULAR MOTION by Kiby Mogan, Chalotte, Michigan 1. Intoduction..............................................

More information

Chapter 22. Outside a uniformly charged sphere, the field looks like that of a point charge at the center of the sphere.

Chapter 22. Outside a uniformly charged sphere, the field looks like that of a point charge at the center of the sphere. Chapte.3 What is the magnitude of a point chage whose electic field 5 cm away has the magnitude of.n/c. E E 5.56 1 11 C.5 An atom of plutonium-39 has a nuclea adius of 6.64 fm and atomic numbe Z94. Assuming

More information

Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces. Young and Freedman Chapter 27

Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces. Young and Freedman Chapter 27 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Foces Young and Feedman Chapte 27 Intoduction Reiew - electic fields 1) A chage (o collection of chages) poduces an electic field in the space aound it. 2) The electic field

More information

PY1052 Problem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions

PY1052 Problem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions PY052 Poblem Set 8 Autumn 2004 Solutions H h () A solid ball stats fom est at the uppe end of the tack shown and olls without slipping until it olls off the ight-hand end. If H 6.0 m and h 2.0 m, what

More information

Voltage ( = Electric Potential )

Voltage ( = Electric Potential ) V-1 of 9 Voltage ( = lectic Potential ) An electic chage altes the space aound it. Thoughout the space aound evey chage is a vecto thing called the electic field. Also filling the space aound evey chage

More information

Analytical Proof of Newton's Force Laws

Analytical Proof of Newton's Force Laws Analytical Poof of Newton s Foce Laws Page 1 1 Intouction Analytical Poof of Newton's Foce Laws Many stuents intuitively assume that Newton's inetial an gavitational foce laws, F = ma an Mm F = G, ae tue

More information

Figure 2. So it is very likely that the Babylonians attributed 60 units to each side of the hexagon. Its resulting perimeter would then be 360!

Figure 2. So it is very likely that the Babylonians attributed 60 units to each side of the hexagon. Its resulting perimeter would then be 360! 1. What ae angles? Last time, we looked at how the Geeks intepeted measument of lengths. Howeve, as fascinated as they wee with geomety, thee was a shape that was much moe enticing than any othe : the

More information

Multiple choice questions [60 points]

Multiple choice questions [60 points] 1 Multiple choice questions [60 points] Answe all o the ollowing questions. Read each question caeully. Fill the coect bubble on you scanton sheet. Each question has exactly one coect answe. All questions

More information

Carter-Penrose diagrams and black holes

Carter-Penrose diagrams and black holes Cate-Penose diagams and black holes Ewa Felinska The basic intoduction to the method of building Penose diagams has been pesented, stating with obtaining a Penose diagam fom Minkowski space. An example

More information

(a) The centripetal acceleration of a point on the equator of the Earth is given by v2. The velocity of the earth can be found by taking the ratio of

(a) The centripetal acceleration of a point on the equator of the Earth is given by v2. The velocity of the earth can be found by taking the ratio of Homewok VI Ch. 7 - Poblems 15, 19, 22, 25, 35, 43, 51. Poblem 15 (a) The centipetal acceleation of a point on the equato of the Eath is given by v2. The velocity of the eath can be found by taking the

More information

7 Circular Motion. 7-1 Centripetal Acceleration and Force. Period, Frequency, and Speed. Vocabulary

7 Circular Motion. 7-1 Centripetal Acceleration and Force. Period, Frequency, and Speed. Vocabulary 7 Cicula Motion 7-1 Centipetal Acceleation and Foce Peiod, Fequency, and Speed Vocabulay Vocabulay Peiod: he time it takes fo one full otation o evolution of an object. Fequency: he numbe of otations o

More information

Gauss Law. Physics 231 Lecture 2-1

Gauss Law. Physics 231 Lecture 2-1 Gauss Law Physics 31 Lectue -1 lectic Field Lines The numbe of field lines, also known as lines of foce, ae elated to stength of the electic field Moe appopiately it is the numbe of field lines cossing

More information

Spirotechnics! September 7, 2011. Amanda Zeringue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeringue Dierential Geometry Project

Spirotechnics! September 7, 2011. Amanda Zeringue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeringue Dierential Geometry Project Spiotechnics! Septembe 7, 2011 Amanda Zeingue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeingue Dieential Geomety Poject 1 The Beginning The geneal consensus of ou goup began with one thought: Spiogaphs ae awesome.

More information

Classical Mechanics (CM):

Classical Mechanics (CM): Classical Mechanics (CM): We ought to have some backgound to aeciate that QM eally does just use CM and makes one slight modification that then changes the natue of the oblem we need to solve but much

More information

Semipartial (Part) and Partial Correlation

Semipartial (Part) and Partial Correlation Semipatial (Pat) and Patial Coelation his discussion boows heavily fom Applied Multiple egession/coelation Analysis fo the Behavioal Sciences, by Jacob and Paticia Cohen (975 edition; thee is also an updated

More information

SAMPLE CHAPTERS UNESCO EOLSS THE MOTION OF CELESTIAL BODIES. Kaare Aksnes Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics University of Oslo

SAMPLE CHAPTERS UNESCO EOLSS THE MOTION OF CELESTIAL BODIES. Kaare Aksnes Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics University of Oslo THE MOTION OF CELESTIAL BODIES Kaae Aksnes Institute of Theoetical Astophysics Univesity of Oslo Keywods: celestial mechanics, two-body obits, thee-body obits, petubations, tides, non-gavitational foces,

More information

UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY

UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY UNIT CIRCLE TRIGONOMETRY The Unit Cicle is the cicle centeed at the oigin with adius unit (hence, the unit cicle. The equation of this cicle is + =. A diagam of the unit cicle is shown below: + = - - -

More information

Fluids Lecture 15 Notes

Fluids Lecture 15 Notes Fluids Lectue 15 Notes 1. Unifom flow, Souces, Sinks, Doublets Reading: Andeson 3.9 3.12 Unifom Flow Definition A unifom flow consists of a velocit field whee V = uî + vĵ is a constant. In 2-D, this velocit

More information

CHAPTER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL

CHAPTER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL CHATER 5 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND OTENTIAL 5. Intoduction. This chapte deals with the calculation of gavitational fields and potentials in the vicinity of vaious shapes and sizes of massive bodies. The

More information

Chapter 30: Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

Chapter 30: Magnetic Fields Due to Currents d Chapte 3: Magnetic Field Due to Cuent A moving electic chage ceate a magnetic field. One of the moe pactical way of geneating a lage magnetic field (.1-1 T) i to ue a lage cuent flowing though a wie.

More information

Forces & Magnetic Dipoles. r r τ = μ B r

Forces & Magnetic Dipoles. r r τ = μ B r Foces & Magnetic Dipoles x θ F θ F. = AI τ = U = Fist electic moto invented by Faaday, 1821 Wie with cuent flow (in cup of Hg) otates aound a a magnet Faaday s moto Wie with cuent otates aound a Pemanent

More information

Skills Needed for Success in Calculus 1

Skills Needed for Success in Calculus 1 Skills Needed fo Success in Calculus Thee is much appehension fom students taking Calculus. It seems that fo man people, "Calculus" is snonmous with "difficult." Howeve, an teache of Calculus will tell

More information

Experiment 6: Centripetal Force

Experiment 6: Centripetal Force Name Section Date Intoduction Expeiment 6: Centipetal oce This expeiment is concened with the foce necessay to keep an object moving in a constant cicula path. Accoding to Newton s fist law of motion thee

More information

Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration

Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration Displacement, Velocity And Acceleation Vectos and Scalas Position Vectos Displacement Speed and Velocity Acceleation Complete Motion Diagams Outline Scala vs. Vecto Scalas vs. vectos Scala : a eal numbe,

More information

Solutions for Physics 1301 Course Review (Problems 10 through 18)

Solutions for Physics 1301 Course Review (Problems 10 through 18) Solutions fo Physics 1301 Couse Review (Poblems 10 though 18) 10) a) When the bicycle wheel comes into contact with the step, thee ae fou foces acting on it at that moment: its own weight, Mg ; the nomal

More information

Experiment MF Magnetic Force

Experiment MF Magnetic Force Expeiment MF Magnetic Foce Intoduction The magnetic foce on a cuent-caying conducto is basic to evey electic moto -- tuning the hands of electic watches and clocks, tanspoting tape in Walkmans, stating

More information

Lab #7: Energy Conservation

Lab #7: Energy Conservation Lab #7: Enegy Consevation Photo by Kallin http://www.bungeezone.com/pics/kallin.shtml Reading Assignment: Chapte 7 Sections 1,, 3, 5, 6 Chapte 8 Sections 1-4 Intoduction: Pehaps one of the most unusual

More information

Gravitational Mechanics of the Mars-Phobos System: Comparing Methods of Orbital Dynamics Modeling for Exploratory Mission Planning

Gravitational Mechanics of the Mars-Phobos System: Comparing Methods of Orbital Dynamics Modeling for Exploratory Mission Planning Gavitational Mechanics of the Mas-Phobos System: Compaing Methods of Obital Dynamics Modeling fo Exploatoy Mission Planning Alfedo C. Itualde The Pennsylvania State Univesity, Univesity Pak, PA, 6802 This

More information

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws

Gravitation and Kepler s Laws 3 Gavitation and Keple s Laws In this chapte we will ecall the law of univesal gavitation and will then deive the esult that a spheically symmetic object acts gavitationally like a point mass at its cente

More information

Lecture 16: Color and Intensity. and he made him a coat of many colours. Genesis 37:3

Lecture 16: Color and Intensity. and he made him a coat of many colours. Genesis 37:3 Lectue 16: Colo and Intensity and he made him a coat of many colous. Genesis 37:3 1. Intoduction To display a pictue using Compute Gaphics, we need to compute the colo and intensity of the light at each

More information

Lab M4: The Torsional Pendulum and Moment of Inertia

Lab M4: The Torsional Pendulum and Moment of Inertia M4.1 Lab M4: The Tosional Pendulum and Moment of netia ntoduction A tosional pendulum, o tosional oscillato, consists of a disk-like mass suspended fom a thin od o wie. When the mass is twisted about the

More information

est using the formula I = Prt, where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the interest rate, and t is the time in years.

est using the formula I = Prt, where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the interest rate, and t is the time in years. 9.2 Inteest Objectives 1. Undestand the simple inteest fomula. 2. Use the compound inteest fomula to find futue value. 3. Solve the compound inteest fomula fo diffeent unknowns, such as the pesent value,

More information

12.1. FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER

12.1. FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER ndei Tokmakoff, MIT epatment of Chemisty, 3/5/8 1-1 1.1. FÖRSTER RESONNCE ENERGY TRNSFER Föste esonance enegy tansfe (FR) efes to the nonadiative tansfe of an electonic excitation fom a dono molecule to

More information

4a 4ab b 4 2 4 2 5 5 16 40 25. 5.6 10 6 (count number of places from first non-zero digit to

4a 4ab b 4 2 4 2 5 5 16 40 25. 5.6 10 6 (count number of places from first non-zero digit to . Simplify: 0 4 ( 8) 0 64 ( 8) 0 ( 8) = (Ode of opeations fom left to ight: Paenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition Subtaction). Simplify: (a 4) + (a ) (a+) = a 4 + a 0 a = a 7. Evaluate

More information

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics Oveview Fluid kinematics deals with the motion of fluids without consideing the foces and moments which ceate the motion. Items discussed in this Chapte. Mateial deivative and its elationship to Lagangian

More information

2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES

2. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES . TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ANGLES In ode to etend the definitions of the si tigonometic functions to geneal angles, we shall make use of the following ideas: In a Catesian coodinate sstem, an

More information

A r. (Can you see that this just gives the formula we had above?)

A r. (Can you see that this just gives the formula we had above?) 24-1 (SJP, Phys 1120) lectic flux, and Gauss' law Finding the lectic field due to a bunch of chages is KY! Once you know, you know the foce on any chage you put down - you can pedict (o contol) motion

More information

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Chapte 1 1 1.6. Solved Examples Example 1.1 Dimensions and Units A body weighs 1 Ibf when exposed to a standad eath gavity g = 3.174 ft/s. (a) What is its mass in kg? (b) What will the weight of this body

More information

Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electric Fields

Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electric Fields Lesson 7 Gauss s Law and Electic Fields Lawence B. Rees 7. You may make a single copy of this document fo pesonal use without witten pemission. 7. Intoduction While it is impotant to gain a solid conceptual

More information

Solution Derivations for Capa #8

Solution Derivations for Capa #8 Solution Deivations fo Capa #8 1) A ass spectoete applies a voltage of 2.00 kv to acceleate a singly chaged ion (+e). A 0.400 T field then bends the ion into a cicula path of adius 0.305. What is the ass

More information

PAN STABILITY TESTING OF DC CIRCUITS USING VARIATIONAL METHODS XVIII - SPETO - 1995. pod patronatem. Summary

PAN STABILITY TESTING OF DC CIRCUITS USING VARIATIONAL METHODS XVIII - SPETO - 1995. pod patronatem. Summary PCE SEMINIUM Z PODSTW ELEKTOTECHNIKI I TEOII OBWODÓW 8 - TH SEMIN ON FUNDMENTLS OF ELECTOTECHNICS ND CICUIT THEOY ZDENĚK BIOLEK SPŠE OŽNO P.., CZECH EPUBLIC DLIBO BIOLEK MILITY CDEMY, BNO, CZECH EPUBLIC

More information

Chapter 3 Savings, Present Value and Ricardian Equivalence

Chapter 3 Savings, Present Value and Ricardian Equivalence Chapte 3 Savings, Pesent Value and Ricadian Equivalence Chapte Oveview In the pevious chapte we studied the decision of households to supply hous to the labo maket. This decision was a static decision,

More information

Explicit, analytical solution of scaling quantum graphs. Abstract

Explicit, analytical solution of scaling quantum graphs. Abstract Explicit, analytical solution of scaling quantum gaphs Yu. Dabaghian and R. Blümel Depatment of Physics, Wesleyan Univesity, Middletown, CT 06459-0155, USA E-mail: ydabaghian@wesleyan.edu (Januay 6, 2003)

More information

CHAPTER 10 Aggregate Demand I

CHAPTER 10 Aggregate Demand I CHAPTR 10 Aggegate Demand I Questions fo Review 1. The Keynesian coss tells us that fiscal policy has a multiplied effect on income. The eason is that accoding to the consumption function, highe income

More information

The LCOE is defined as the energy price ($ per unit of energy output) for which the Net Present Value of the investment is zero.

The LCOE is defined as the energy price ($ per unit of energy output) for which the Net Present Value of the investment is zero. Poject Decision Metics: Levelized Cost of Enegy (LCOE) Let s etun to ou wind powe and natual gas powe plant example fom ealie in this lesson. Suppose that both powe plants wee selling electicity into the

More information

The Gravity Field of the Earth - Part 1 (Copyright 2002, David T. Sandwell)

The Gravity Field of the Earth - Part 1 (Copyright 2002, David T. Sandwell) 1 The Gavity Field of the Eath - Pat 1 (Copyight 00, David T. Sandwell) This chapte coves physical geodesy - the shape of the Eath and its gavity field. This is just electostatic theoy applied to the Eath.

More information

Charges, Coulomb s Law, and Electric Fields

Charges, Coulomb s Law, and Electric Fields Q&E -1 Chages, Coulomb s Law, and Electic ields Some expeimental facts: Expeimental fact 1: Electic chage comes in two types, which we call (+) and ( ). An atom consists of a heavy (+) chaged nucleus suounded

More information

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up AP Physics Electomagnetic Wap Up Hee ae the gloious equations fo this wondeful section. F qsin This is the equation fo the magnetic foce acting on a moing chaged paticle in a magnetic field. The angle

More information

An Introduction to Omega

An Introduction to Omega An Intoduction to Omega Con Keating and William F. Shadwick These distibutions have the same mean and vaiance. Ae you indiffeent to thei isk-ewad chaacteistics? The Finance Development Cente 2002 1 Fom

More information

The Electric Potential, Electric Potential Energy and Energy Conservation. V = U/q 0. V = U/q 0 = -W/q 0 1V [Volt] =1 Nm/C

The Electric Potential, Electric Potential Energy and Energy Conservation. V = U/q 0. V = U/q 0 = -W/q 0 1V [Volt] =1 Nm/C Geneal Physics - PH Winte 6 Bjoen Seipel The Electic Potential, Electic Potential Enegy and Enegy Consevation Electic Potential Enegy U is the enegy of a chaged object in an extenal electic field (Unit

More information

Converting knowledge Into Practice

Converting knowledge Into Practice Conveting knowledge Into Pactice Boke Nightmae srs Tend Ride By Vladimi Ribakov Ceato of Pips Caie 20 of June 2010 2 0 1 0 C o p y i g h t s V l a d i m i R i b a k o v 1 Disclaime and Risk Wanings Tading

More information

Moment and couple. In 3-D, because the determination of the distance can be tedious, a vector approach becomes advantageous. r r

Moment and couple. In 3-D, because the determination of the distance can be tedious, a vector approach becomes advantageous. r r Moment and couple In 3-D, because the detemination of the distance can be tedious, a vecto appoach becomes advantageous. o k j i M k j i M o ) ( ) ( ) ( + + M o M + + + + M M + O A Moment about an abita

More information

Ilona V. Tregub, ScD., Professor

Ilona V. Tregub, ScD., Professor Investment Potfolio Fomation fo the Pension Fund of Russia Ilona V. egub, ScD., Pofesso Mathematical Modeling of Economic Pocesses Depatment he Financial Univesity unde the Govenment of the Russian Fedeation

More information

Graphs of Equations. A coordinate system is a way to graphically show the relationship between 2 quantities.

Graphs of Equations. A coordinate system is a way to graphically show the relationship between 2 quantities. Gaphs of Equations CHAT Pe-Calculus A coodinate sstem is a wa to gaphicall show the elationship between quantities. Definition: A solution of an equation in two vaiables and is an odeed pai (a, b) such

More information

DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURAL LOADING IN WIND TURBINES

DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURAL LOADING IN WIND TURBINES DYNAMIS AND STRUTURAL LOADING IN WIND TURBINES M. Ragheb 12/30/2008 INTRODUTION The loading egimes to which wind tubines ae subject to ae extemely complex equiing special attention in thei design, opeation

More information

Structure and evolution of circumstellar disks during the early phase of accretion from a parent cloud

Structure and evolution of circumstellar disks during the early phase of accretion from a parent cloud Cente fo Tubulence Reseach Annual Reseach Biefs 2001 209 Stuctue and evolution of cicumstella disks duing the ealy phase of accetion fom a paent cloud By Olusola C. Idowu 1. Motivation and Backgound The

More information

Thank you for participating in Teach It First!

Thank you for participating in Teach It First! Thank you fo paticipating in Teach It Fist! This Teach It Fist Kit contains a Common Coe Suppot Coach, Foundational Mathematics teache lesson followed by the coesponding student lesson. We ae confident

More information

arxiv:1012.5438v1 [astro-ph.ep] 24 Dec 2010

arxiv:1012.5438v1 [astro-ph.ep] 24 Dec 2010 Fist-Ode Special Relativistic Coections to Keple s Obits Tyle J. Lemmon and Antonio R. Mondagon Physics Depatment, Coloado College, Coloado Spings, Coloado 80903 (Dated: Decembe 30, 00) Abstact axiv:0.5438v

More information

10. Collisions. Before During After

10. Collisions. Before During After 10. Collisions Use conseation of momentum and enegy and the cente of mass to undestand collisions between two objects. Duing a collision, two o moe objects exet a foce on one anothe fo a shot time: -F(t)

More information

Quantity Formula Meaning of variables. 5 C 1 32 F 5 degrees Fahrenheit, 1 bh A 5 area, b 5 base, h 5 height. P 5 2l 1 2w

Quantity Formula Meaning of variables. 5 C 1 32 F 5 degrees Fahrenheit, 1 bh A 5 area, b 5 base, h 5 height. P 5 2l 1 2w 1.4 Rewite Fomulas and Equations Befoe You solved equations. Now You will ewite and evaluate fomulas and equations. Why? So you can apply geometic fomulas, as in Ex. 36. Key Vocabulay fomula solve fo a

More information

VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS

VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS VISCOSITY OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS One of the key assumptions fo ideal gases is that the motion of a given paticle is independent of any othe paticles in the system. With this assumption in place, one can use

More information

Define What Type of Trader Are you?

Define What Type of Trader Are you? Define What Type of Tade Ae you? Boke Nightmae srs Tend Ride By Vladimi Ribakov Ceato of Pips Caie 20 of June 2010 1 Disclaime and Risk Wanings Tading any financial maket involves isk. The content of this

More information

Chapter 2. Electrostatics

Chapter 2. Electrostatics Chapte. Electostatics.. The Electostatic Field To calculate the foce exeted by some electic chages,,, 3,... (the souce chages) on anothe chage Q (the test chage) we can use the pinciple of supeposition.

More information

SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS

SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS MISN-0-144 SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS by Pete Signell Michigan State Univesity 1. Intoduction.............................................. 1 A 2. Self-Inductance L.........................................

More information

Magnetic Bearing with Radial Magnetized Permanent Magnets

Magnetic Bearing with Radial Magnetized Permanent Magnets Wold Applied Sciences Jounal 23 (4): 495-499, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.04.23080 Magnetic eaing with Radial Magnetized Pemanent Magnets Vyacheslav Evgenevich

More information

Continuous Compounding and Annualization

Continuous Compounding and Annualization Continuous Compounding and Annualization Philip A. Viton Januay 11, 2006 Contents 1 Intoduction 1 2 Continuous Compounding 2 3 Pesent Value with Continuous Compounding 4 4 Annualization 5 5 A Special Poblem

More information

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Chapte Relativistic Quantum Mechanics In this Chapte we will addess the issue that the laws of physics must be fomulated in a fom which is Loentz invaiant, i.e., the desciption should not allow one to

More information

NURBS Drawing Week 5, Lecture 10

NURBS Drawing Week 5, Lecture 10 CS 43/585 Compute Gaphics I NURBS Dawing Week 5, Lectue 1 David Been, William Regli and Maim Pesakhov Geometic and Intelligent Computing Laboato Depatment of Compute Science Deel Univesit http://gicl.cs.deel.edu

More information

The Detection of Obstacles Using Features by the Horizon View Camera

The Detection of Obstacles Using Features by the Horizon View Camera The Detection of Obstacles Using Featues b the Hoizon View Camea Aami Iwata, Kunihito Kato, Kazuhiko Yamamoto Depatment of Infomation Science, Facult of Engineeing, Gifu Univesit aa@am.info.gifu-u.ac.jp

More information

STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION

STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION Page 1 STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION C. Alan Blaylock, Hendeson State Univesity ABSTRACT This pape pesents an intuitive appoach to deiving annuity fomulas fo classoom use and attempts

More information

3.02 Potential Theory and Static Gravity Field of the Earth

3.02 Potential Theory and Static Gravity Field of the Earth 3.02 Potential Theoy and Static Gavity Field of the Eath C. Jekeli, The Ohio State Univesity, Columbus, OH, USA ª 2007 Elsevie B.V. All ights eseved. 3.02. Intoduction 2 3.02.. Histoical Notes 2 3.02..2

More information

Comparing Availability of Various Rack Power Redundancy Configurations

Comparing Availability of Various Rack Power Redundancy Configurations Compaing Availability of Vaious Rack Powe Redundancy Configuations By Victo Avela White Pape #48 Executive Summay Tansfe switches and dual-path powe distibution to IT equipment ae used to enhance the availability

More information

Supplementary Material for EpiDiff

Supplementary Material for EpiDiff Supplementay Mateial fo EpiDiff Supplementay Text S1. Pocessing of aw chomatin modification data In ode to obtain the chomatin modification levels in each of the egions submitted by the use QDCMR module

More information

Symmetric polynomials and partitions Eugene Mukhin

Symmetric polynomials and partitions Eugene Mukhin Symmetic polynomials and patitions Eugene Mukhin. Symmetic polynomials.. Definition. We will conside polynomials in n vaiables x,..., x n and use the shotcut p(x) instead of p(x,..., x n ). A pemutation

More information

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics 4-1 Lagangian g and Euleian Desciptions 4-2 Fundamentals of Flow Visualization 4-3 Kinematic Desciption 4-4 Reynolds Tanspot Theoem (RTT) 4-1 Lagangian and Euleian Desciptions (1) Lagangian desciption

More information

Concept and Experiences on using a Wiki-based System for Software-related Seminar Papers

Concept and Experiences on using a Wiki-based System for Software-related Seminar Papers Concept and Expeiences on using a Wiki-based System fo Softwae-elated Semina Papes Dominik Fanke and Stefan Kowalewski RWTH Aachen Univesity, 52074 Aachen, Gemany, {fanke, kowalewski}@embedded.wth-aachen.de,

More information