Chapters 21-29 Chapter 21:45,63 Chapter 22:25,49 Chapter 23:35,38,53,55,58,59 Chapter 24:17,18,20,42,43,44,50,52,53.59,63 Chapter 26:27,33,34,39,54 Chapter 27:17,18,34,43,50,51,53,56 Chapter 28: 10,11,28,47,52 Chapter 29: 9,15,17,24,25,26,27,33 x (a) 6.8 Ω Magnetic Force Magnetic forces arise from the interactions of moving charges in magnetic fields. (The electrical force is between two charges at rest) F=BQvsinΘ F=BIlsinΘ for a moving charge for a current
> 2r F E =qe, F M =qvb Stage 1: qe=qvb thus v=e/b Stage 2: qvb =mv 2 /r so m=qb r/v=qbb r/v 1. Complete the following statement: The magnitude of the magnetic force that acts on a charged particle in a magnetic field is independent of (a) the sign of the charge. (b) the magnitude of the charge. (c) the magnitude of the magnetic field. (d) the direction of motion of the particle. (e) the velocity components of the particle. X 2. A charged particle is moving in a uniform, constant magnetic field. Which one of the following statements concerning the magnetic force exerted on the particle is false? (a) It does no work on the particle. (b) It increases the speed of the particle. (c) It changes the velocity of the particle. (d) It can act only on a particle in motion. (e) It does not change the kinetic energy of the particle. X Which one of the following statements best explains why a constant magnetic field can do no work on a moving charged particle? (a) The magnetic field is conservative. (b) The magnetic force is a velocity dependent force. (c) The magnetic field is a vector and work is a scalar quantity. X(d) The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. (e) The electric field associated with the particle cancels the effect of the magnetic field on the particle. A beam consisting of five types of ions labeled A, B, C, D, and E enters a region that contains a uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure below. The field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper, but its precise direction is not given. All ions in the beam travel with the same speed.the table below gives the masses and charges of the ions. Note: 1 mass unit = 1.67 10 27 kg and e = 1.6 10 19 C. Magnetic field at the center of a current loop B=μ o I/2πr B=μ o I/2r X 1. Which ion falls at position 2? (a) A (c) C (e) E (b) B (d) D 2. What is the direction of the magnetic field? (a) toward the right X(c) into the page (e) toward the bottom (b) toward the left (d) out of the page of the page Ion Mass Charge A 2 units +e B 4 units +e C 6 units +e D 2 units e E 4 units e I r B < B I r >
F21.31.jpg EMF Induced in Moving Conductor Faraday s Law Motional EMF=ΔΦ B /Δt=BΔA/ A/Δt=BlvΔt/ t/δt=blv EMF= - ΔΦ B /Δt
Optics and Modern Physics Transverse electromagnetic (EM) Waves c=λf The Lens Equation 1/d o +1/d i =1/f Snell s Law h o 2F f F O F d o d i h i n 1 sin i =n 2 sin r Or sin i /sin r =v 1 /v 2
d Θ Θ Extra distance mλ sinθ=mλ/d or dsinθ=mλ m=0,1,2,3,... Constructive inference m=1/2,3/2,5/2,... Destructive inference A prism also disperses light n depends on λ The shorter λ, the greater n Polarization I=I o cos 2 Θ Two Principles of Relativity: The laws of physics are the same for all uniformly moving observers. The speed of light is the same for all observers. Consequences: Different observers measure different times, lengths, and masses. Only spacetime is observer-independent. Time Dilation Moving clocks runs slowly (as compared to clock at rest) t = T[1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2 (v has to be reasonably close to c)
Length Contraction Moving objects are shorter in the direction of motion than when at rest l=l [1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2 Mass Increase and KE The mass of a body is measured to increase with speed m = m o /[1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2 Kinetic Energy KE=(m-m o )c 2 Example: Find the speed for which the length of a meterstick is 0.5 m. Solution: Given: l=0.5 m L=1 m v=? Since l=l[1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2 v=c[1-(l/lo) 2 ]1/2=c[1-(0.5/1) 2 ]1/2=0.866c Example: An observer watching a high-speed spaceship pass by notices that a clock on board runs slow by a factor of 1.5. If the rest mass of the clock is 0.32 kg, what is its kinetic energy? Solution: Since t = T[1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2 v=c[1 - (T/t) 2 ] 1/2 =c[1 - (1/1.5) 2 ] 1/2 =0.745 c KE=(m-m o )c 2 =m o c 2 {1/[1 - (v/c) 2 ] 1/2-1} =1.44x10 16 J Photoelectric Effect h f = KE max + W o W o KE max or KE max = h f W o KE max is the work function, minimum energy required to get an electron out through the surface. Particle Nature of Light h f = KE max + W o KE max Wave-Particle Duality λ=h/mv
Bohr Model Electron s angular momentum L=Iω=mvr n =nh/2π, n=1,2,3 n is called quantum number of the orbit Radius of a circular orbit r n =(n 2 /Z)r 1 where r 1 =5.29x10-11 m (n=1) r 1 is called Bohr radius, the smallest orbit in H Total energy for an electron in the nth orbit: E n =(Z 2 /n 2 )E 1 where E 1 =-13.6 ev (n=1) E 1 is called Ground State of the hydrogen Both orbits and energies depend on n, the quantum number 1/λ=R(1/2 2-1/n 2 ), n=3,4, for Balmer series where Rydberg constant R=1.097x10 7 m -1 Example: A beam of white light containing frequencies between 4.0x10 14 Hz and 7.9x10 14 Hz is incident on sodium surface, which has a work function of 2.28 ev. (a) What is the range of frequencies in this beam of light for which electrons are ejected from the sodium surface? (b) Find the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected from this surface. Solution: (a) f min =W o /h=2.28ev(1.6x10-19 J)/6.63x10-34 J s=5.5x10 14 Hz Frequencies that eject electrons: 5.5x10 14-7.9x10 14 Hz (b) K max =hf-wo =(6.63x10-34 J s)(7.9x10 14 Hz)- 2.28eV(1.6x10-19 J) =1.59x10-19 J Early Quantum Theory Photoelectric effect: hf=ke max +W o De Broglie wavelength: λ=h/mv Wave-particle duality Bohr theory for hydrogen: E n =E 1 /n 2 where E 1 =-13.6 ev Bohr Model Quantum mechanics Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Momentum and position ΔxΔp h/2π Energy and time ΔEΔt h/2π Definite circular orbits of electrons No precise orbits of electrons, only the probability of finding a given electron at a given point
α, β, γ Decay Parent nucleus and daughter nucleus are different Parent nucleus and daughter nucleus are the same Parent nucleus and daughter nucleus are different What have we learned after all? Knowledge of physics Skills physicists apply in physics that are transferable to other academic disciplines such as reasoning, logical thinking, idealization, approximation, mathematical and graphical representations of phenomena, etc. I wish all of you a bright future!