How To Test Antimatter
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1 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 1/24 Antimatter Experiments at CERN Dezső Horváth Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary & ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
2 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 2/24 Outline CPT Invariance and its Tests The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN ASACUSA: Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons ALPHA: Antimatter Laser PHysics Apparatus ATRAP: Antimatter trap AEGIS: Antimatter gravity ACE: Antimatter Cell Experiment AMS2: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Outlook: ELENA
3 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 3/24 Antimatter mysteries Why there is practically no antimatter in our Universe? At the Big Bang particles and antiparticles should have been produced together. Where did antimatter go? Could they be hiding in parts of the Universe inaccessible for us? Could there be a tiny difference between particle and antiparticle to cause this asymmetry? Are there particles which are their own antiparticles (Majorana particles)? Could the dark matter of the Universe consist of such particles? Can antimatter be used for something in everyday life or is it just an expensive curiousity?
4 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 4/24 CPT Invariance Charge conjugation: Space reflection: Time reversal: C p(r, t)> = p(r, t)> P p(r, t)> = p( r, t)> T p(r, t)> = p(r, t)> Basic assumption of field theory: CPT p(r,t)> = p( r, t)> p(r,t)> meaning free antiparticle particle going backwards in space and time. Giving up CPT one has to give up: locality of interactions causality, or unitarity conservation of matter, information,... or Lorentz invariance e e + γ γ
5 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 5/24 CPT-violating theories Weak interaction violates P and CP symmetry Theoreticians in general: CP T cannot be violated Standard Model valid up to Planck scale ( GeV). Above Planck scale new physics Lorentz violation possible Quantum gravity: fluctuations Lorentz violation loss of information in black holes unitarity violation Motivation for testing CPT at low energy Quantitative expression of Lorentz and CPT invariance needs violating theory low-energy tests can limit possible high energy violation
6 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 6/24 How to test CPT? Particle = antiparticle? [m(k 0 ) m(k 0 )]/m(average) < proton antiproton? (compare m, q, µ) hydrogen antihydrogen? (2S 1S, HFS)
7 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 7/24 Accelerators at CERN ??
8 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 8/24 The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN has been built to test CPT invariance hree experiments test CPT: TRAP: q(p)/m(p) q(p)/m(p) H(2S 1S) H(2S 1S) LPHA: H(2S 1S) H(2S 1S) SACUSA: q(p) 2 m(p) q(p) 2 m(p) µ l (p) µ l (p) H H HF structure ED: done, GREEN: planned c Ryugo S. Hayano
9 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 9/24 The Antiproton Decelerator: cooling Momentum p[gev/c] pbar injection Bunch rotation Stochastic cooling 17 s. Stochastic cooling 6.6 s. Electron cooling 16s. Electron cooling 8 s. Rebunching Fast Extraction RF ON: time [s] MeV/c antiprotons every 85 s Pavel Belochitskii: AIP Conf. Proc. 821 (2006) 48
10 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 10/24 Antihydrogen, e + p atom 2S 1S transition with 2-photons Long lifetime, narrow transition, Doppler-free spectroscopy M. Charlton, J. Eades, D. Horváth, R. J. Hughes, C. Zimmermann: Antihydrogen physics, Physics Reports 241 (1994) 65. M.H. Holzscheiter, M. Charlton, M.M. Nieto: The route to ultra-low energy antihydrogen, Physics Reports 402 (2004) 1.
11 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 11/24 Steps toward H spectroscopy Putting antiprotons (p) in electromagnetic trap Trapping and cooling antiprotons Cooling slow positrons (e + from 22 Na) in trap Mixing pand e + recombination Trapping antihydrogen, waiting for deexcitation 2014 Cooling antihydrogen Laser spectroscopy on antihydrogen Future
12 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 12/24 ASACUSA: Mass of the antiproton Proton s well (?) known: m(p)/m(e) = (75) q(e) = (35) C Precision: and Relative measurements: proton vs. antiproton Cyclotron frequency in trap q/m TRAP ATRAP collaboration Harvard, Bonn, München, Seoul p and H together precision Atomic transitions: E n m red c 2 (Zα) 2 /(2n) m q 2 PS-205 ASACUSA collaboration Tokyo, Brescia, Budapest, Debrecen, Munich, Vienna Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons Asakusa, Tokyo
13 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 13/24 ALPHA ALPHA: Antimatter Laser PHysics Apparatus H trapped for 1000 s; resonant HF transition induced; limit on H charge; proposal for gravity measurement.
14 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 14/24 ATRAP: Antimatter trap Continuous H production
15 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 15/24 AEGIS: antimatter gravity Antihydrogen Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy Moiré deflectometry: gravitational falling of collimated H as compared to light
16 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 16/24 ACE: Antimatter Cell Experiment Cancer therapy research (USA) at AD of CERN Advantage: Antiprotons lose energy in very small volume, choosing the right energy concentrates damage in tumor. Disadvantage: Antiprotons are very expensive and annihilation radiation damages as well.
17 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 17/24 Antihydrogen beam ASACUSA: MUSASHI Monoenergetic Ultra Slow Antiproton Source for High precision Investigations Musashi Miyamoto self-portrait MeV p injected into RFQ 100 kev p injected into trap 10 6 p trapped and cooled (2002) slow p extracted (2004) Cold p compressed in trap (2008) ( p, E = 0.3 ev, R = 0.25 mm) H-beam formed: ASACUSA,
18 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 18/24 Spectroscopy withh-beam p antiproton and positron Trap / Recombination + e Sextupole I Microwave Cavity Sextupole II Antihydrogen Detector H-beam path: polariser, resonator, analyser Analogy to polarised light R.S. Hayano, M. Hori, D. Horváth, E. Widmann, Rep. Progr. Phys. 70 (2007) 1995.
19 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 19/24 xtra Low ENergy Antiprotons (ELENA) Physics Motivation Test the Standard Model and General Relativity for antimatter Test SM extensions for antimatter (Lorentz-violation, black holes, new interactions,...) Stringent CPT tests with antihydrogen Antimatter gravity measurement (weak equivalence) Added precision for physical constants (CODATA) assuming CPT invariance All existing AD experiments profit, new ones made possible (gravity, X-rays, nuclear studies)
20 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 20/24 ELENA at the AD: plan M.-E.Angoletta et al: ELENA: A Preliminary Cost And Feasibility Study, CERN-AB
21 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 21/24 Antimatter in Space AMS-2: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to discover antimatter (anti-helium!) and dark matter Mass: 8500 kg, 1200 kg perm. magnet Father: Sam Ting, cost: 2 G$ Construction: CERN Launch: May 2011, USA Control room: CERN
22 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 22/24 AMS-2: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer First results ( ): No antihelium observed. High energy positrons everywhere. Could come from dark matter or pulsars. AMS2 will collect data for years.
23 Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 23/24 ASACUSA at AD Conclusion Two-photon spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium: results agree with 3-body calculations. Determined M p /m e ratio to 1.3 ppb. Result agrees with CODATA proton value (0.4 ppb). Further improvement partially hindered by theoretical uncertainty. Future prospects Colder atoms, better lasers, better detectors. ELENA (colder antiproton beams at 100 kev of higher luminosity). Spectroscopy with trapped antihydrogen and with antihydrogen beam. AMS2 delivers more and more data on antimatter in space.
24 Next: ASACUSA, antiprotonic helium Dezső Horváth Antimatter FFK-2014, 1-5 December 2014, Dubna, Russia p. 24/24
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