Theoretical Particle Physics FYTN04: Oral Exam Questions, version ht15
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1 Theoretical Particle Physics FYTN04: Oral Exam Questions, version ht15 Examples of The questions are roughly ordered by chapter but are often connected across the different chapters. Ordering is as in the lectures (Chapters refer to the old textbook). You should be able to show the main lines and principles behind the derivations. Chapter 1 What are the different interactions? Which are the particles in the standard model? What are the magnitudes of the various masses in the Standard Model (roughly)? What is the main difference between quarks and leptons? What are generations/families? Chapter 2 This chapter is an extremely short introduction to field theory. It is meant to give a flavour rather than full understanding of field theory. What is a field? What is Noether s theorem and why is it so important? What are creation/annihilation operators and anti-particles? Can you explain the Feynman rules qualitatively? Which type of terms in the Lagrangian lead to propagators and which to interactions? How does a typical Lagrangian look for a real scalar, complex scalar, fermion, vector or gauge boson? Chapter 3 Can you give some arguments why we want gauge invariance? What is a covariant derivative and why do we like it so much? What is the main physical consequence of introducing local gauge invariance? Explain how the covariant derivative works, i.e. how it allows gaugeinvariant Lagrangians to be constructed and how the difference with the normal partial derivative achieves this. Chapter 4 and extra part about group theory What is a group and what does it have to do with gauge invariance? What is a representation of a group? Can you give some examples of groups, Lie groups and representations? What is a field strength? 1
2 Can you sketch the argument for the form of the nonabelian field strength? What consequences do the extra terms in the nonabelian field strength have? Chapter 5 What are γ matrices? What is left/right-handed? What forms of bilinears can we have, can you split them in left/right handed parts? Chapter 6 Why does the Standard Model violate parity? What is the gauge group of the standard model? How do the various fermions fit in representations of the standard model group? What is the covariant derivative of the Standard Model? Are all terms present for all particles? Chapter 7 How do you determine Y L and Y R? Explain the relation between B µ, W 0 µ and A µ, Z µ? Why is the Z µ precisely the combination (7.10) in the book? What is the neutral/charged current interaction? Which processes are contained in the term q λ a G a µγ µ q? Chapter 8 Explain spontaneous symmetry breaking? What is a Goldstone Boson? What do you know about the Higgs mechanism? (Abelian, Non-abelian) How do you obtain masses for the leptons/quarks in the standard model? Explain the relation between masses and the couplings to the Higgs boson. How do the W and Z boson get mass, why does the photon not get a mass, how do you know m W /m Z? Chapter 9 Describe scattering through a resonance. What is a Breit-Wigner? Describe the form of a Breit-Wigner distribution. How do you calculate the W decay width? Can you deduce the number of colours (N c ) from this? How do you calculate the Z decay width? Can you determine the number of generations from this? 2
3 Chapter 10 What is a parton density? Describe the calculation of the W production rate at hadron colliders. Discuss the W mass measurement at a hadron collider. Chapter 11 and 25 How would you measure the gauge coupling constants in the Standard Model? Describe the calculation of the muon decay rate? How were the top quark and tau neutrino found? How did we know beforehand that these particles must exist? Chapter 12 and 13 Which are the main high energy accelerators? What is luminosity and how would you estimate it in a collider? How does a generic high energy physics detector look like? Chapter 21 Describe the main decay modes of the Higgs and why do these change so much with the mass of the Higgs? Describe possible production channels for a Higgs in e + e and in pp collisions. Can you give some search strategies for the Higgs at the LHC? Chapter 15 What is confinement? What is a jet? How does a jet get produced? Chapter 16 What are mesons and baryons? Why do we only see these combinations? Describe the quantum numbers of mesons and baryons? Can you explain the rough order of hadron masses? Which types of decays can hadrons have? Chapter 17 What is charmonium? What are the equivalent states of J/ψ and D-mesons for light quarks? How do heavy quarks decay? Can you give some examples of B or D decays? 3
4 Chapter 18 What is deeply inelastic scattering? The ratio Q 2 /(2P q) is often defined for deeply inelastic scattering. What is it called and what meaning does it have? Derive. What is a structure function, a parton density and what is the relation between both? How do you measure the parton densities? What are scaling violations in parton densities, and how do they arise? Chapter 19 What is R and how does its measurement prove the quark model and determine the number of colours? How would you describe τ decays? How can you see a gluon in e + e collisions? Which tests exist that show that SU(3) is the right group for QCD? Chapter 20 Explain the physics of a running coupling constant? How is it different for an abelian versus a nonabelian gauge theory? Chapter 14 Can you give some examples of low-energy and non-accelerator experiments? Chapter 22 Explain the idea behind mixing between the generations? What are quark or lepton mixing angles? Can you explain their origin in the Lagrangian of the standard model? Chapter 24 What is CP and what is CP violation? Where has CP violation been observed? How does CP violation fit in the Lagrangian of the Standard Model? Chapter 29 What do you know about neutrino masses? Describe the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations. How can matter induce neutrino oscillations? 4
5 Chapter 26 Give some open problems in the standard model. How many (and which) free parameters are there in the Standard Model? Chapter 27 What is the main idea behind Grand Unification? How does Grand Unification solve charge quantization? What are the main predictions of Grand Unification? At what scale is Grand Unification expected to occur and how does one know that? Discuss how Grand Unification allows proton decay and how the proton lifetime can be estimated. Recent developments These chapters are intended to show you the possibilities more than being fully part of the course. Chapter 28 and string theory What is supersymmetry? Give some examples of extra particles needed in a supersymmetric version of the standard model. Give examples of supersymmetric vertices and their coupling strengths. What are strings? Particle Physics and the Universe Describe some connections between astrophysics and particle physics, i.e. does it give limits on particle properties? What is the cosmic microwave background? Give some problems of standard cosmology. What is inflation and how does it solve the above problems, how can particle physics help here? 5
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