REALIZING EINSTEIN S DREAM Exploring Our Mysterious Universe
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1 REALIZING EINSTEIN S DREAM Exploring Our Mysterious Universe
2 The End of Physics Albert A. Michelson, at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago, 1894
3 The Miracle Year Relativity Quantum Physics Atoms General Theory of Relativity, the theory of gravity, based on warped space
4 Einstein s Theoretical Discoveries Light comes in small packets - photons The speed of light is a constant Independent of observer s motion
5 Einstein s Theoretical Discoveries Light comes in small packets - photons The speed of light is a constant Independent of observer s motion E=mc 2
6 Einstein s Theoretical Discoveries Light comes in small packets - photons The speed of light is a constant Independent of observer s motion E=mc 2 Space is warped by massive objects Cosmological constant Many other important discoveries
7 Einstein s Theoretical Discoveries Light comes in small packets - photons The speed of light is a constant Independent of observer s motion E=mc 2 Space is warped by massive objects Cosmological constant Many other important discoveries xx xx xx xx xx Remain central to our exploration of the universe
8 Einstein s Dream To understand the underlying simplicity behind the vast complexities of Nature Suspected gravity was a key
9 Unification Einstein s Dream Understand how nature s forces are related electricity, electromagnetism magnetism, and gravity strong nuclear force weak nuclear force
10 Einstein s Dream Today Today, STRING THEORY Unifies all forces Overcomes inconsistencies between gravity and quantum mechanics Ultimate Explanation? from the tiniest quanta to the cosmos The Dream Lives On Needs experimental verification There are encouraging signs that success is near
11 Willamette Hall The Universe is Mysterious, but Comprehensible
12 No doubt about it Desh Willamette Hall we ve mathematically expressed the purpose of the universe. The Universe is Mysterious, but Comprehensible Gad, how I love the thrill of scientific discovery.
13 The Next Revolution Today on the threshold of a revolution in understanding of the Universe Recent discoveries and powerful set of tools:
14 The Frontier Now What is the universe made of? Ordinary matter and the known forces? Or more? How does it work? From the sub-atomic to the cosmic scale How many spatial dimensions are there? Just 3, or more (hidden dimensions) Why does matter have mass? What was the Big Bang?
15 Convergence of the Large and the Small
16 Mysteries of the Universe Quarks Leptons Higgs Bosons Supersymmetric Particles SuperString Theory Dark Matter Dark Energy and the cosmological constant Accelerating Universe Gravity Waves Extra Dimensions
17 Modern scientific instruments Pine Mountain Observatory
18 Modern scientific instruments Cerro Tololo,, Chile Hubble Space Telescope LIGO Laboratory, Hanford Stanford Linear Accelerator Fermilab,, near Chicago
19 What is matter? All matter we are familiar with is composed of atoms, or parts of atoms Living things butterflys, elephants, people Inanimate things rocks, watches, cannonballs Astrophysical objects planets, moon, stars, asteroids
20 Even cosmic rays!
21 What is Matter? Particle collider experiments detailed understanding of matter and how it behaves PROTON ANTI-PROTON
22 Quarks What is matter? combine to make protons and neutrons Leptons eg. electron, neutrino Force Carriers defines behavior of matter We have a precise understanding of matter and its behavior
23 The Structure of Matter??
24 Are atoms alone a sufficient basis for explaining the Universe? No not even close
25 Halo of Dark Matter
26 How do we know that galaxies are surrounded by dark halo? Galaxies are spinning too fast to be held together by gravity of the stars Vera Rubin 1950s
27 Dark Matter Evidence 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood Fritz Zwicky
28 Dark Matter Evidence 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood Fritz Zwicky s Refined studies show dark matter dominance
29 Distant Galaxy Imaging Dark Matter Galaxies forming Lens Cluster of Galaxies Earthly Observers
30 Imaging Dark Matter Hubble Data analyzed by Yale astrophysicist
31 Observing Galaxies There must be a dominant presence of a dark form of matter It is invisible! We see it through gravitational effects this is the only way we know it exists What is it? Is it just faint, ordinary matter? Most likely not - Promising candidate - exotic type of fundamental particle which is anticipated by particle theory Supersymmetric particle (Neutralino)
32 Symmetries of particles 1928, Paul A.M. Dirac Theory of the electron Combining relativity and quantum mechanics He needed to assume there were partner particles for every known particle ANTI-MATTER DOUBLED THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
33 Discovery of Anti-Matter Carl Anderson The anti-electron, or positron All known particles have anti-particles ELEMENTARY ANTI-PARTICLES Anti- Leptons Anti- Quarks
34 SuperString Theory Unifies all particles and all forces gravity with quantum mechanics Fundamental particles are represented as vibrations on string String is miniscule Atom is 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 x bigger Space is ten-dimensional (not 3D!) A matching set of particles appear the super-partners of ordinary particles
35 The Structure of Matter? hypothesis?
36 Supersymmetry and Strings History repeats? Just as for anti-matter, New particles are required to make successful theory ELEMENTARY ANTI-PARTICLES Anti- Leptons Anti- Quarks The supersymmetric particles have just the properties expected of Dark Matter
37 Another puzzle What gives matter mass? An ocean of Higgs Bosons - Higgs Field The Universe
38 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland Nearing Completion Begins operation in 2007 Scientific agenda: Higgs Boson, Dark Matter, Extra Dimensions, New Forces, Unexpected
39 International Linear Collider (ILC) Under development Planned to begin operation soon after 2015 (extending discoveries of Large Hadron Collider) 30 Miles Scientific agenda: Higgs Boson, Dark Matter, Extra Dimensions, New Forces, Unexpected
40 The Big Bang Fundamental Physics needed to understand Big Bang
41 The Cosmic Fireball Microwaves in the sky Visible remnant of the Big Bang microwaves in the sky traveling through space for 14 billion years
42 Probing the Big Bang Studied since 1965 discovery Series of increasingly more sensitive experiments Lastest - WMAP
43 Probing the Big Bang Analysis of the WMAP data is equivalent to weighing the universe
44 Probing the Big Bang The stars are a very small fraction Energy of Our Universe Additional ordinary matter, Still a small fraction Anti- matter miniscule What is the rest?
45 Probing the Big Bang The dominant weight of the universe is dark matter and dark energy Dark Energy Surprise Related to Einstein s Cosmological Constant
46 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY Dark Matter is strange! What about Dark Energy?
47 Measuring the Universe Expansion Acceleration thought to be driven by Dark Energy
48 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing The closest realization of nothing is the vacuum empty space Quantum physics -> no truly empty space Empty space filled with temporary particles
49 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing Empty Space
50 Dark Energy Dark Matter The Dark Energy Something from Nothing Quantum Fluctuations Create a Dark Energy Cosmological constant
51 Something from Nothing We can calculate the effect of these virtual particles on Dark Energy This theoretical result is too big By a factor of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 This is a BIG-time mystery we know how the universe might make Dark Energy, but we don t know how to make so little
52 Seeking the Primordial Gravity Waves The fabric of the universe is still rattling from the violent Big Bang Hanford LIGO
53 String Theory Extra Dimensions 10-dimensional space Particle Collider Experiments are looking for these hidden dimensions
54 Our Mysterious Universe
55 Realizing Einstein s Dream Now on eve of revolution in physics Many mysteries Solutions appear near Deeper understanding of the universe itself Dark Matter particles may appear soon in particle collider experiments at accelerators Why is there mass? Higgs Boson Dark Energy this is the biggest mystery of all Combined study by astrophysical observatories, and ground-based particle colliders needed
56 Acknowledgements RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
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