Bipolar Junction Transistors. Online Resource for ETCH 213 Faculty: B. Allen

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1 Bipolar Junction Transistors

2 Transistor types NPN Transistor A thin, highly doped p-type region (base) is sandwiched between two n-type regions (emitter and collector). PNP Transistor A thin, highly doped n-type region (base) is sandwiched between two p-type regions (emitter and collector).

3 Base, emitter, collector Base The region that lies between an emitter and a collector of a transistor and into which minority carriers are injected. Emitter A transistor region from which charge carriers are injected into the base. Collector A semiconductor region through which a flow of charge carriers leaves the base of the transistor.

4 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) types.

5 Transistor construction and packaging

6 Transistor operation Transistors are basically controlled to operate as a switch, or are controlled to operate as a variable resistor.

7 ON/OFF switching

8 Transistor s variable resistor Transistance The effect of transferring resistance

9 Transistor applications Digital Logic Gate Circuit Analog Amplifier Circuit

10 Transistor as a digital logic gate

11 Transistor as an analog amplifier Amplification Boosting in strength, or increasing amplitude, of an electronic signal.

12 Input-output voltage waveforms

13 Voltage Gain (A V ) The ratio of the output signal voltage change to the input signal voltage change. Output Signal Voltage Change Change in the output signal voltage in response to a change in the input signal voltage. Input Signal Voltage Change The input voltage change that causes a corresponding change in the output voltage.

14 Correctly biased NPN transistor circuit For normal operation, the NPN transistor s emitter diode junction is forward biased while the collector diode or junction is reverse biased.

15 Basic switching regulator action

16 Emitter Current (I E ) The current at the transistor s emitter terminal. Base Current (I B ) The relatively small current at the transistor s base terminal. Collector Current (I C ) The current emerging out of the transistor s collector. I E = I B + I C I C I E

17 Current-controlled transistor As I B I C and I E

18 Operating a transistor in the active region Active Operation When the base-emitter is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. In this mode, the transistor is equivalent to a variable resistor between the collector and the emitter.

19 Operation in cutoff and saturation Cutoff A transistor is in cutoff when the bias voltage is reduced to a point that it stops current in the transistor. Saturation A transistor is in saturation when the bias voltage is increased to such a point that further increase will not cause any increase in the current through the transistor.

20 Biasing PNP bipolar transistors Use negative base voltage. Use negative collector voltage.

21 Bipolar transistor configurations Configurations Different circuit interconnections. Common Shared by two or more services, circuits, or devices. Although the term common ground is frequently used to describe two or more connections sharing a common ground, the term common alone does not indicate a ground connection, only a share connection.

22 A correctly biased PNP transistor circuit

23 Common-emitter circuits Common-Emitter (C-E) Circuits A configuration in which the input signal is applied between the base and the emitter while the output signal appears between the transistor s collector and emitter. Current Gain The increase in current produced by the transistor circuit. Beta (β) The transistor s current gain in a common-emitter configuration. DC Beta (β DC ) The ratio of a transistor s dc output current to its input current.

24 Common-emitter circuits (cont.) AC Beta (β AC ) The ratio of a transistor s ac output current to its input current Voltage Gain: Power Gain: A A A V P P = = = V V P P A out in V out in β AC

25

26 Common-emitter circuits (cont.) Active Region Flat part of the collector s characteristic curve. A transistor is normally operated in this region, where it is equivalent to a variable resistor between the collector and emitter. Quiescent Operating Point (Q-point) The voltage or current values that set up the no input signal or operating point bias voltage.

27 Common-emitter circuits (cont.) Breakdown Region The point at which the collector supply voltage will cause a damaging value of current through the transistor. Saturation region The point at which the collector supply voltage has the transistor operating in saturation. Cutoff region The point at which the collector supply voltage has the transistor operating in cutoff.

28 Common-emitter circuits (cont.) Input Resistance (R in ) The amount of opposition offered to an input signal by the input base-emitter junction (emitter diode). Input Impedance (Z in ) The total opposition offered by the transistor to an input signal. Output Resistance (R out ) The amount of opposition offered to an output signal by the output base-collector junction (collector diode). Output Impedance(Z out ) The total opposition offered by the transistor to the output signal.

29 Common-Base (C-B) configuration Common-Base Configuration A configuration in which the input signal is applied between the transistor s emitter and base, while the output is developed across the transistor s collector and base.

30 Common-Base configuration (continued) DC Alpha (α DC ) The ratio for calculation a C-B transistor s dc current gain. AC Alpha (α AC ) The ratio of the input emitter current change to the output collector current change in a C-B transistor Power gain in a C-B transistor configuration A P = A V α AC α DC α = AC I I C E = I I C E

31 Common-Collector (C-C) configuration A configuration in which the input signal is applied between the transistor s base and collector, while the output is developed across the transistor s collector and emitter.

32 C-C (continued) DC current gain = I E / IB DC current gain = 1 + β DC Since β DC = I C /I B

33 C-C (continued) C-C dc current gain C-E dc current gain (β DC ) AC current gain = I I E B C-C ac current gain C-E ac current gain (β AC )

34 Degenerative effect An effect that causes a reduction in the amplification due to negative feedback. Emitter-Follower or Voltage-Follower The C-C circuit in which the emitter output voltage seems to track or follow the phase and amplitude of the input voltage.

35 C-C as an impedance matching circuit Impedance Matching Circuit A circuit that can match, or isolate, a high resistance (low current) source. Buffer Current Amplifier The C-C circuit that can ensure that power is efficiently transferred from the source to the load.

36 Bipolar data sheet

37 Testing bipolar junction transistors Transistor Tester A special test instrument that can be used to test both NPN and PNP bipolar transistors.

38 Using an Ohmmeter to test a BJT

39 Bipolar transistor biasing circuits Base biasing Voltage divider biasing

40 Base biasing Base Biasing A transistor biasing method in which the dc supply voltage is applied to the base of the transistor via a base bias resistor V BE = 0.7V

41 DC load line DC Load Line A line representing all the DC operating points of a transistor for a given load resistance.

42 Typical dc load line with Q point

43 Voltage divider biasing A biasing method used with amplifiers in which a series arrangement of two fixed-value resistors is connected across the voltage source. The result is that a desired fraction of the total voltage is obtained at the center of the two resistors and is used to bias the amplifier.

44 End of Bipolar Junction Transistors

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