FLUORESCENT PROTEINS - XFPs
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1 FLUORESCENT PROTEINS - XFPs Marcel Walser; PhD student ETH Zürich Taskforce Kommunikation
2 Presentations Content - Originating organisms - GFP characteristics - Applications - Short protein structure review - GFP 3-D Structure - GFP Maturation - XFP Maturation Problems - New XFP Generation - RFP Maturation - XFP Fusion-Proteins 2
3 XFPs originate from reefs Coral Zoanthus Jellyfish - Aequorea 3
4 GFP Green Fluorescent Protein -1962: Osamu Shimomura et al. -Aequorea victoria, -238 Aminoacids kda -Fusion-protein Marker since 1994: Doug Prasher et al. -Unique quarternary structure for fluorescence 4
5 Cell Marker and Fusion Proteins Fluorescent cells for FACS Fusion-proteins 5
6 Short Protein Review 20 Amino Acids 6
7 Primary Structures Die Carboxy- und die Aminofunktion kondensieren zur Peptidbindung Ein Peptid: eine Aminosäurekette mit Anfang und ein Ende Primärstruktur: Die Aminosäuresequenz 7
8 Secondary Structures α-helix: Every fourth Aminoacid is connected via H-bonds to form a helical structure. β-sheet: H-Bonds of neighboring Aminoacids build up a sheet like structure. 8
9 Tertiary Structures Wechselwirkungen der Polypeptidketten (Ionenbindung, Wasserstoffbrücken, van der Waals-Bindungen, hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen) bewirken eine charakteristische räumliche Anordnung der Polypeptidkette eines Proteins. Aus: Internet und Knippers - Molekulare Genetik 9
10 Quarternary Structure Struktur, die durch Wechselwirkung und Bindungen mehrerer Polypeptidketten eines Proteinmoleküls zustande kommt. 10
11 Denaturation Renaturation -Denaturation of proteins does not influence primary -Higher structures are influenced. Plan for folding is in the primary structure! Example: Ribonuclease 11
12 3D-Structure of GFP - Paint in a can - Each monomer composed of a central helix surrounded by an eleven stranded cylinder of anti-parallel beta-sheets (shields fluorophore from solvent) - Cylinder has a diameter of about 30A and is about 40A long - Fluorophore is located on the central helix 12
13 The Fluorophore Protein Maturation Tyr 66 Gly 67 Ser 65 Imidazolin-ring - 3AS: Serine65, Tyrosine66, Glycine67-2Step maturation: 1)Cyclization, dehydration: formation of Imidazolin-ring 2)Oxidation: Extension of conjugated pielectron system (reversible with reducing agents) Environment matters: - Oxidizing Environment - Thermostable but temperature sensitive: Lower temperature better protein folding. - Long maturation time (up to 6h) 13
14 Temperature Sensitivity of yegfp: An Example Bacterial colony grown at 37 C Bacterial colony grown at 30 C 14
15 XFP Mutants Single AS substitutions make the difference: -Wavelength shifts for excitation 395nm wtgfp 488nm EGFP -Wavelength shifts for emission: RFP, CFP, YFP better reporter systems -Enhanced expression in mammalian cells -Human codon optimization for expression in mammalian cell-lines -Enhanced fluorescence: GFP-Ser65Thr 4-6 fold EGFP-Phe64Leu up to 35 fold 15
16 RFP - dsred Tyr 67 Gly 68 Gln 66 - Ser 66 Gln 66-2Step maturation: 1)Cyclization, dehydration: formation of Imidazolin-ring 2)First oxidation: Extension of conjugated pi-electron system GFP 3)Second oxidation: RFP shift Interference between monomers 16
17 17
18 XFP Fusion-Protein-Vectors Applications: - Protein localization - General reporter for mammalian cells - Monitoring transfection efficiencies 18
19 MCS Multiple Cloning Site 19
20 Confocal Microscopy - XFP Tagged Proteins - Specific antibodies for XFPs - Excitation filter at 488nm - Emission filter at various wavelenth - FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) - Precise protein localization? - Organic solvents such as: methanol, ethanol, acetone do not preserve XFPs - fixing with paraformaldehyde 20
21 21
22 Thank you for your attention! 22
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