1 Environmental Signal Processing and Adaptation... 1 G. Heldmaier and D. Werner

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1 Contents 1 Environmental Signal Processing and Adaptation G. Heldmaier and D. Werner 1.1 Introduction Acclimation and Adaptation Biological and Physical Signals for Plants Symbiontic Signal Exchange Light Adaptation in Plants Thioredoxins Vibratory Signal Processing in Insects Seasonal Acclimation in Small Mammals Signal Processing References Communication and Efficiency in the Symbiotic Signal Exchange D. Werner and P. Müller 2.1 Introduction Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids as Signal Molecules from Host Plants Nod Factors as Signal Molecules from Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium Communication and Signal Exchange Between Host Plants and Symbionts: a Summary Induction of Early nod Genes in the Plants by Inoculation with Rhizobia/Bradyrhizobia Symbiosis Specific Differentiation of Free-Living Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium Cells to Bacteroids Nodule Compartmentation and Induction of Late Nodulines During Nodule Development Essential Functions of Late Nodulins for Nodule Metabolism 28

7 Vibratory Signal Processing in Insects............ 5 1.8 Seasonal Acclimation in Small Mammals.......... 6 1.9 Signal Processing....................... 7 1.10 References.

2 VI Contents 2.9 Signal Molecules for the Induction of Late Nodulins Signals and the Regulation of Nodule Senescence N 2 -Fixation and Denitrification Under Field Conditions References Rhizosphere Signals and Ecochemistry Donald A. Phillips and Wolfgang R. Streit 3.1 Introduction The Nature of Rhizosphere Signals Plant Signal Molecules Bacterial Signals to Plants Antibiotics New Concepts in Rhizosphere Signals Biotin Respiratory Elicitors Nucleosides Integration of Signals into Rhizosphere Communities Positional Effects Environmental Effects Inactivation of Signals Summary References Endomycorrhizas in the Gentianales: Structures and Evolution of the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Hans Christian Weber 4.1 Introduction Classification of the Gentianales Root System, Roots, and Mycorrhizal Structures in the Gentianales Root Infection by VAM Fungi Colonization of the Root Cortex Paris Type: Structural Incompatibility of the Arum Type VAM Structures as a Characteristic for Systematics The Advanced Paris Type Represents a Progressive Evolutionary Step in VAM Summary References

2 The Nature of Rhizosphere Signals.............. 40 3.2.1 Plant Signal Molecules.................... 40 3.2.2 Bacterial Signals to Plants.................. 41 3.2.3 Antibiotics........................... 42 3.

3 Contents 5 Light Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Green Algae Horst Senger, Klaus Humbeck, and Hilmar Schiller 5.1 Introduction Changes in the Photosynthetic Apparatus During Adaptation to Different Light Intensities and Wavelengths Adaptation Phenomena of Other Green Algae and of Aquatic Higher Plants Carotenoids and Photosynthetic Adaptation Regulation of the cab-gene Expression by Light of Different Intensities and Wavelengths Photoreceptors Photoprotection by Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria to Light Intensity and CO 2 Concentration References VII 6 Light-Harvesting Systems in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria, Red Algae and Cryptophytes W. Wehrmeyer 6.1 Introduction Light Harvesting in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria and Red Algae Structure of Hemidiskoidal and Hemiellipsoidal Phycobilisomes Chromophores and Excitation Energy Transfer Phycobilisomes as Dynamic Structures Light Harvesting in the Chloroplasts of Cryptophytes Origin of Genetic Complexity in Cryptophytes Phycobiliprotein Antennae in Cryptophytes Cooperation of Two Antennae Systems in Cryptophytes References

4 Carotenoids and Photosynthetic Adaptation......... 77 5.5 Regulation of the cab-gene Expression by Light of Different Intensities and Wavelengths........... 78 5.6 Photoreceptors........................ 79 5.

4 VIII Contents 7 Thioredoxins: Adapting Plant Metabolism to Light and Other Environmental Signals H. Follmann and I. Häberlein 7.1 Introduction Complete thioredoxin profiles in plant cells Thioredoxin-Dependent Enzymes The Signaling Mechanism and its Physiological Logic Environmental Disturbance of Thioredoxin Action Experimentation Pitfalls in Vitro Thioredoxin Control of Plant Metabolism: A Unified View References Photoinhibition in Seaweeds D. Hanelt and W. Nultsch 8.1 Introduction Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis and Its Recovery Occurrence of Photoinhibition in the Natural Environment Photoinhibition Affects Zonation of the Algae on the Shore Temperature Dependence of Photoinhibition and Recovery Correlation Between Oxygen Production Rate and Fluorescence Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Photoinhibition and Recovery in Seaweeds The Influence of UV Radiation on Photosynthesis of Arctic Macroalgae Conclusion References The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae, Ensifera, Orthoptera) I Comparison of Morphology, Development and Physiology Klaus Kalmring, Thomas Sickmann, Martin Jatho, Wolfgang Rössler, Elke Hoffmann, Clemens Unrast, Marc Bangert, and Bernd Nebeling 9.1 Introduction The Receptor Organs Location and Morphology Larval and Phylogenetic Development

5 Environmental Disturbance of Thioredoxin Action...... 128 7.6 Experimentation Pitfalls in Vitro............... 130 7.7 Thioredoxin Control of Plant Metabolism: A Unified View. 131 7.8 References.

5 Contents Stimulus Transduction in the Receptor Organs Frequency Tuning of the Receptor Cells Projection of the Receptor Cells at the Ventral Nerve Cord Level The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in the Ventral Nerve Cord References IX 10 The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae, Ensifera, Orthoptera) II. Signal Production and Acoustic Behavior Klaus Kalmring, Martin Jatho, Elke Hoffmann, Oliver Stiedl, Johannes Schul, Holger Schröder, Richard Stephens, and Colin Hartley 10.1 Introduction Signal Production Signal Transmission in the Biotope Broadcasting and Acoustic Behavior Results Combined Resonant and Nonresonant Sound Production in Tettigoniids The Role of Subtegminal Air Volume During Sound Production in Tettigoniids Acoustic Behavior and Species Discrimination in Tettigoniids Chirp Rate Variability Reactions of Tettigonia viridissima Larvae to Sound and Vibration References Mechanisms for Seasonal Control of Reproduction in Small Mammals Stephan Steinlechner and Wolfgang Puchalski 11.1 Why Seasonal Reproduction? Mechanism of Seasonal Control Circannual Rhythms Sequence of Stages as a Basis for Seasonal Reproduction Environmental Signals as Triggers for Seasonal Reproduction

.......................... 204 IX 10 The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae, Ensifera, Orthoptera) II. Signal Production and Acoustic Behavior.

6 X Contents Pros and Cons of Different Strategies Transduction of Daylength Information into an Endogenous Signal Lack of Photoperiodic Response in Photoperiodic Species : Nonresponders References Role of Photoperiod During Seasonal Acclimation in Winter-Active Small Mammals Gerhard Heldmaier and Martin Klingenspor 12.1 Introduction Body Mass and Fur Insulation Burrowing and Nest Building Activity Daily Torpor Seasonal Reduction of Energy Requirements Cold Tolerance Thermogenic Acclimation Seasonal Control of Thermogenesis Neural and Endocrine Processing of Environmental Signals References Subject Index

............. 251 Gerhard Heldmaier and Martin Klingenspor 12.1 Introduction.......................... 251 12.2 Body Mass and Fur Insulation................ 252 12.

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