A dihybrid cross involved two genes that each have more than one allele
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1 Genetics Notes #4
2 Dihybrid Crosses and Polygenic Traits A dihybrid cross involved two genes that each have more than one allele
3 Dihybrid Crosses and Polygenic Traits Mendel performed dihybrid cross experiments to see if his principle of dominance still worked In his pea plants when looking at colour and shape, it did but he could see there was more than one gene involved
4 Independent Assortment Through his research, Mendel ended up with two laws: 1. Law of Dominance (which is what we have been talking about) 2. Law of Independent Assortment
5 Independent Assortment The law of independent assortment states that genes that are located on different chromosomes move independently
6 Dihybrid Cross To create a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross, you need to include one allele for both of the genes in the possible gametes: The F1 generation in an experiment performed by Mendel:
7 Dihybrid Cross Mendel then produced an F2 generation by allowing selffertilization. He recorded all of the phenotypes and calculated the ratio. He ended up with 9/16 yellow, round seeds, 3/16 green, round seeds, 3/16 yellow, wrinkled seeds, and 1/16 green, wrinkled seeds This is known as the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that occurs when you cross 2 heterozygous individuals with two alleles
8
9 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses P = # of ways a given outcome can occur total # possible outcomes Probability values can be used to predict the chances of getting a particular genotype or phenotype in an offspring but in dihybrid crosses, we are looking at the probability that two outcomes will occur at the same time
10 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses Example: Look at human ear lobes and hairlines. Free ear lobes are determined by the dominant allele E Attached ear lobes are determined by the recessive allele e Widow s peak hairline is determined by dominant W Straight hairline is determined by recessive w
11 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses Suppose a man with genotype EeWw and a female with genotype EeWw are expecting a child. What is the probability that the child will have a straight hairline and attached ear lobes? To achieve this phenotype, they will need the genotype eeww (completely recessive in both genes)
12 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses EeWw x EeWw =? Since the genes are on separate chromosomes, they will assort independently. The first step is to determine the probability of each of the outcomes separately by using a separate Punnett Square for each gene
13 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses 1/2 E 1/2 e 1/2 W 1/2 w 1/2 E 1/4 EE 1/4 Ee 1/2 W 1/4 WW 1/4 Ww 1/2 e 1/4 Ee 1/4 ee 1/2 w 1/4 Ww 1/4 ww These squares show that the child has ¼ probability of getting attached ear lobes and a ¼ probability of getting a straight hairline.
14 Probability of Dihybrid Crosses We then take the probabilities from each independent cross and multiply them so that the probability will signify a dihybrid cross ¼ x ¼ = 1/16 The child in this scenario would have a 1/16 chance of this phenotype.
15 Your turn. Practice Work in small groups to complete the following questions: Page 616 #1 a-c
16 Selective Breeding Selective breeding is the process of crossing desired traits from plants or animals to produce offspring with those traits Examples of selective breeding are very common on farms - Corn - most kernels with specific taste - Wheat - more seeds - Cows - stronger, more meat - Pigs - stronger, more meat
17 Selective Breeding Purebred individuals have very closely regulated genotypes. There is a large amount of inbreeding that occurs in these individuals due to the lack of individuals with the desired phenotypes. This inbreeding leads to a very genetically stagnant population with very low variability
18 Selective Breeding New varieties of plants and animals can be produced through a process called hybridization This technique attempts to blend certain characteristics Hybrids tend to be more vigorous than their parents
19 Polygenic Traits These are inherited characteristics that are determined by more than one gene Skin colour, eye colour, and height are all examples Polygenic traits have a lot more variability in populations The genes can show incomplete dominance, codominance, and can be affected by the environment
20 Polygenic Traits These types of traits can make breeding very difficult In some cases, two different genotypes interact to produce a phenotype that they are incapable of creating themselves In other cases, one of the genes will interfere with the expression of the other, masking its effects - this is known as an epistatic gene
21 Questions Page #1-7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26
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