Lecture 7 Air Pressure
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1 Lecture 7 Air Pressure Pressure = Force Area In an air filled container, pressure is due at the molecular level to molecules pushing the sides outward by rebounding off them. Recoil force (pressure) This also applies to parcel of air surrounded by more air; now molecules create pressure by rebounding off air molecules surrounding parcel. At any point, pressure is same in all directions, but...pressure varies from one point to another. Higher density (more molecules pushing) or temperature (faster molecules) produce more pressure.
2 Pressure supports air column weight Higher up, the weight of overlying air molecules is smaller, so pressure is also smaller. High pressure squeezes air most at bottom, so air is densest there. Gravity (due to weight of molecules) pulls down Air pressure pushes up
3 Pressure decreases faster with height in cold air It takes more cold, slow, molecules than hot, fast ones to exert a given pressure Cold air is denser. Consider cold and warm air columns with equal weights, and equal amounts of overlying air. Cold column is shorter Pressure decreases faster with height in cold air. EOM mb Low High 600 mb Pressure 700 mb 800 mb 900 mb 1000 mb 500 mb 600 mb 700 mb 800 mb 900 mb 1000 mb
4 Mercury barometers Weight of mercury in tube balanced by pressure A water barometer at sea level would have to be read from a ladder 30 ft high, since water is only 10% as dense as mercury. EOM 6.4 Gravity Pressure
5 Aneroid Barometers (EOM) Aneroid is partly evacuated and sealed. Pressure increase compresses aneroid. Similar barometers in miniature are used in altimeters and altimeter watches.
6 Altimeters...are aneroid barometers that use a standard formula (1 mb pressure decrease 30 ft height increase) to convert pressure change to height change. Height errors occur if: 1. Initial elevation not correct ft errors 2. Pressure changes with time or location mb (0-300 ft) errors in 12 hours 0-5 mb (0-150 ft) errors in 200 km distance 3. Temperature vs. pressure different from formula 15 C warmer causes pressure to decrease 5% slower with height, so altimeter underestimates height change by 50 ft per 1000 ft of rise.
7 Height (km) Cold Lapse Rate, Compressibility and Stratification Tropopause Warm Stratosphere Troposphere Temperature (C) Lapse Rate = 250 Temperature decrease Height Increase = 65 C / 10 km Pressure (mb) = 6.5 C/km The troposphere is 50 C hotter at the bottom than at the top. We know that in convection, hot air rises and cold air sinks. Question: Why don t we have convection everywhere, moving the warmer air from the surface to the upper troposphere?
8 Temperature changes as air rises and sinks EOM, p. 31 As air rises, pressure of surrounding air drops. The air parcel expands, pushing outward on surrounding air until its pressure drops to ambient. Pushing outward against a force ( work ) consumes energy, which is taken from the random motions of the molecules, reducing temperature Thus dry air cools adiabatically (without addition of heat) at about 10 C/ km -- the dry-adiabatic lapse rate. Thus, as one hikes up the mountainside above, the temperature will be 10 C lower for each 1 km ascended.
9 Height (km) Temperature (C) Stratification Adiabatic Actual Stable stratification The actual lapse rate of the troposphere is typically 6.5 C/km, less than the dry-adiabatic lapse rate of 10 C/km. This is called stable stratification. At any height, warmer air is less dense, buoyant. Temperature of unheated rising air decreases faster than ambient. Rising air loses buoyancy in stable stratification. Convection will occur whenever the lapse rate exceeds 10 C/km (unstable stratification). It exchanges the hot and cold air until the lapse rate is Height (km) Rising air buoyancy colder than colder than warmer than warmer than Ambient air
10 reduced to 10 C/km. 1 Ambient Rising surface air Convection will occur in this layer where rising air is warmer than ambient 0 10 heat 20 Temperature (C) In clouds, latent heating of rising air due to condensation of water vapor into clouds may permit moist convection to occur even in stable stratification (lapse rate less than 10 C/km). Discuss this later.
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