DNA. Module B: Bio. B.1
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1 DNA Module B: Bio. B.1
2 Describe the sculpture
3 Bio. B.1.2: Explain how genetic information is inherited Bio.B Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic material.
4 Before we get started What is genetics? What is the genetic material?
5 What molecule was the genetic material? How did science identify what molecule is responsible for transmittance and conservation of the genetic material? Three key experiments: Griffith Avery Hershey and Chase
6 GRIFFITH Bacterial Transformation
7 GRIFFITH Bacterial Transformation Transformation: process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria. In Griffith s experiment: one harmless form of bacteria was permanently transformed into the disease -causing bacteria.
8 AVERY Molecular causes of transformation Used Griffith s experiment to determine the molecular basis of transformation. He extracted molecules from heat killed bacteria. What types of molecules did he extract? Used enzymes to destroy proteins, lipids carbohydrates Transformation still occurred Used enzymes to destroy DNA NO Transformation What could we conclude from this result?
9 AVERY Molecular causes of transformation AVERY concluded DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next
10 Transfer of DNA during transformation
11 Hershey and Chase The role of bacterial viruses! Bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria
12 Hershey and Chase The role of bacterial viruses!
13 Hershey and Chase The role of bacterial viruses! RESULTS confirmed Avery s results Many scientists were now convinced that DNA is the genetic material found in genes in all living cells.
14 The Role of DNA: What is the role of DNA in heredity? DNA must be capable of: 1. Storing information 2. Copying information 3. Transmitting information
15 DNA stores information
16 DNA copies and transmits information
17 Quick Check 1. Which scientist first proposed that DNA is the genetic material 2. Which scientist used enzymes to confirm that DNA is the genetic material? 3. What is a bacteriophage? 4. What are the three functions of DNA?
18 Section 12.2 Structure of DNA
19 The Structure of DNA: What are the chemical components of DNA? Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA What are nucleotides composed of? 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar (deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)
20 Nucleotides link together
21 STRUCTURE of DNA Chargaff: Chargaff s Rule: percentages of A (adenine) and T(thymine) were equal in many sample of DNA percentages of C (Cytosine) and G (Guanine) were also equal It was concluded that A = T, and C= G This was true for the DNA of many different types of organisms from bacteria to humans.
22 STRUCTURE of DNA Chargaff s Data If a species has 35% adenine in its DNA, what is the percentage of the other three bases? Can you figure it out?
23 STRUCTURE of DNA Rosalind Franklin X-ray picture of DNA DNA had two strands that twisted around each other like a coil
24 STRUCTURE of DNA Watson and Crick James Watson and Francis Crick built a three dimensional model of DNA They determined that the shape of the DNA molecule was that of a double helix. The double helix model explains Chargaff s rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together. Watson TED talk
25 STRUCTURE of DNA Watson and Crick The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. They are antiparallel. This arrangement allows: Nitrogen bases to join in the center of the molecule Nucleotide sequences to be arranged like letters in a four-letter alphabet
26 Antiparallel DNA Strands:
27 Hydrogen bonding and base pairing: The DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between the nitrogen base pairs. Nitrogen bases are paired according to Chargaff s findings; Adenine bonds to Thymine with two hydrogen bonds Cytosine bonds with Guanine with three hydrogen bonds
28 Section 12.3 DNA Replication
29 What happens to the DNA structure during S phase? DNA replicates (duplicates, is copied, etc.) Watson and Crick s 3D model immediately proposed a replication mechanism
30 DNA Replication: Occurs during interphase Ensures that each resulting cell has the same complete set of DNA Base pairing explains how DNA can be copied Each strand has all the information needed to construct the other strand
31 DNA Replication: 1. DNA is unzipped or separated Enzyme = helicase Breaks hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together
32 DNA Replication: 2. New strands are built Enzyme = DNA polymerase Joins individual nucleotides together to produce a new strand of DNA that is complementary to the other Proofreads each new strand
33
34 How is replication different in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes, replication begins at many different locations and proceeds in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied In prokaryotes, replication begins at one point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosome Is copied
35 DNA Replication Prokaryotes Vs eukaryotes
36 Quick Check 1 1. The process by which one strain of bacterium is changed into another strain is called A. Transcription B. Transformation C. Duplication D. replication
37 Quick Check 2. Bacteriophages are A. A form of bacteria B. Enzymes C. Coils of DNA D. viruses
38 Quick Check 3. Which of the following researchers used radioactive markers in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells? Transformation A. Griffith B. Avery C. Hershey and Chase D. Watson and Crick
39 Quick Check 4. Before DNA would definitively be shown to be the genetic material in cells, scientists had to show that it could A. Tolerate high temperatures B. Carry and make copies of information C. Be modified in response to environmental conditions D. Be broken down into smaller subunits
40 Quick Check 5 5. A nucleotide does not contain A. A 5-carbon sugar B. An amino acid C. A nitrogen base D. A phosphate group
41 Quick Check 6. According to Chargaff s rule of base pairing which of the following is true about DNA? A. A=T and C=G B. A=C and T=G C. A=G and T=C D. A=T=G=C
42 Quick Check 7. The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together come from A. The attraction of phosphate groups for each other B. Strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone C. Weak hydrogen bonds between bases D. Carbon-to-carbon bonds in the sugar portion of the nucleotides
43 Quick Check 8. In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Cytoplasm D. histones
44 Quick Check 9. In eukaryotes, nearly all the DNA is found in the A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Cytoplasm D. histones
45 Quick Check 10. The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is A. DNA protease B. Ribose C. Carbohydrate D. DNA polymerase
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