AP Chemistry Syllabus

Transcription

1 Textbook: Chemistry by Raymond Chang, 7th Edition, 2002 (9th Edition, 2007 adopted for 2007 School Year) Overview of the Course AP Chemistry meets during periods 7B and 8 (2:00-3:15 on normal schedule) every day. During each quarter, we will cover several chapters from the book Chemistry by Raymond Chang, 7th Edition. The course is an extensive chemistry course, equivalent to a freshman college course. The course will cover structure of matter, states of matter, chemical and physical reactions and descriptive chemistry. The course emphasizes chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of chemical principles. There are three goals for the class: 1. An amount of chemistry will be covered equivalent to a freshman college course. 2. A laboratory program will be done equivalent to a freshman college course laboratory program. 3. The course will be excellent preparation for the AP Chemistry Test. There will be lecture, and time for problem-solving and individual and group work in class. Reading assignments and homework problems from the textbook will be assigned. Some of these homework problems will be assigned using WebAssign ( During the last quarter, we will begin to do practice problems from previous years' released Advanced Placement Tests. During the last 2-3 weeks before this year's test, the students will be given several practice tests, and and we will review topics that come up during these problem-solving sessions. One double-period will be spent in the lab each week. In the experiments students will collaborate with one or two lab partners and make and record observations. Students will process and manipulate qualitative and quantitative data taken from these observations. Each student will keep a laboratory notebook with original records of all data. Students will then make and evaluate conclusions and communicate these by writing a laboratory report in their notebook. This notebook will be graded and returned to the student before the next experiment. A list of experiments is found at the end of this document. All these experiments are hands-on. In the course of doing these experiments, students will use a wide variety of lab equipment, and will become familiar with such processes as: synthesis of compounds, separation techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, distillation, and chromatography, spectrophotometry, and gravimetric analysis. Topics Timing (approximate) Chapter 1 Scientific Method Week 1-2 Classification of Matter Periodic Table States of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties Metric System and Measurement Significant Figures Factor Label Problem-Solving Technique Chapter 2 - Atoms, Molecules and Ions Atomic Theory Week 2 Structure of Atoms Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotopes Molecular formulas and names, empirical formulas Ions and ionic compounds - formulas and names 1

2 Chapter 3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Atomic Mass Weeks 3-4 Molar Mass, Avogadro's Number Molecular Mass Percent Composition Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations Amounts of Reactants and Products Limiting Reagents Reaction Yield Chapter 4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution Aqueous Solutions - General Properties Weeks 5-6 Precipitation Reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Solution Concentration Gravimetric Analysis Acid-Base Titrations Redox Titrations Chapter 5 - Gases Types of Substances Weeks 7-8 Gas Laws Ideal Gas Equation Stoichiometry involving gases Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases Graham's Law of Diffusion and Effusion Deviation from Ideal Behavior Chapter 6 - Thermochemistry Energy Weeks 9-10 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Enthalpy Calorimetry Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction Heat of Solution and Dilution First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 7 - Quantum Theory and Electronic Structure of Atoms Photoelectric Effect Weeks Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom Dual Nature of the electron Quantum Mechanics Schrødinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom Quantum Numbers Atomic Orbitals Electron Configurations 2

3 Chapter 8 - Periodic Relationships of the Elements Classification and Physical Properties Week 12 Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Chemical Properties Chapters 9 and 10 - Chemical Bonding Lewis Dot Diagrams Weeks Ionic Bonding and Lattice Energy Covalent Bonding Electronegativity Resonance Molecular Geometry Dipole Moments Valence Bond Theory Hybridization Molecular Orbital Theory Chapter 11 - Liquids and Solids Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Weeks Crystal Structure X-Ray Diffractions of Crystals Types of Crystals Ionic Molecular Network Metallic Amorphous Solids Phase Diagrams Chapter 12 - Solutions Types of Solutions Week 17 Concentration Units Effect of Temperature on Solubility Effect of Pressure on Gas Solubilities Colligative Properties Chapter 13 - Kinetics Rates of Reaction Weeks Rate Laws Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence Reaction Mechanisms Catalysis Chapter 14 - Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium Constants Weeks 19 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions Relationship Between Kinetics and Equilibrium Factors That affect Equilibrium Le Chatelier's Principle 3

4 Chapter 15 - Acids and Bases Brønsted Acids and Bases Weeks Acid-Base Properties of Water ph Strength of Acids and Bases Weak Acid and Base Ionization Constants Conjugate Bases Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids Acid-/Base Properties of Salts Acid-/Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides Lewis Acids and Bases Chapter 16 - Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria Common Ion Effect Weeks Buffer Solutions Acid-Base Titration and Indicators Solubility Product ph and Solubility Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility Solubility Product and Qualitative Analysis Chapter 18 - Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium Laws of Thermodynamics Weeks Spontaneous Processes and Entropy Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy and Equilibrium Chapter 19 - Electrochemistry Electrochemical Cells Weeks Standard Reduction Potentials Spontaneity of Redox Reactions Nernst Equation (Effect of Concentration on emf) Batteries Electrolysis Chapter 22 - Transition Metal Chemistry and Coordination Compounds Properties of Transition Metals Week Coordination Compounds General Structure Bonding Applications Chapter 23 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability Weeks Radioactivity Transmutation Fission Fusion Application of Isotopes Biological Effects of Radiation 4

5 Chapter 24 - Organic Chemistry Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Weeks Aromatic Hydrocarbons Functional Groups Chapter 25 - Synthetic and Natural Polymers Synthetic Organic Polymers Week Proteins Nucleic Acids Chapter 17 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere The Earth's Atmosphere Week 31 Ozone Layer Depletion The Greenhouse Effect Acid Rain Photochemical Smog Indoor Pollution Review for the AP Test Review Exercises Weeks 32-4 Previous Years' AP Tests Post AP Chemistry Test Weeks Chapter 17, (whatever was not done earlier) Chapters (selected topics) 5

6 Quarter 1 Week 1 (3 days) August 23-25, 2006 Week 2 (5 days) August 28-September 1 Week 3 (4 days) September 5-8 Week 4 (5 days) September (Late Start on the 13th) Week 5 (5 days) September (Late Start on the 20th, Midpoint on the 21st) Week 6 (5 days) September Week 7 (4 days) October 3-6 (No school on the 2nd)) Week 8 (4 days) October (No school on the 9th) Week 9 (5 days) October (Half Day on the 18th) Week 10 (4 days) October (End of 1st Quarter the 26th) (44 days) Quarter 2 (Week 10end) (1 day) October 27 Week 11 (5 days) October 30- November 3 Week 12 (5 days) November 6-10 Week 13 (5 days) November Week 14 (3 days) November (Half Day on the 22nd, No school on the 23rd and 24th) Week 15 (5 days) November 27-December 2 (Midpoint on the 29th) Week 16 (5 days) December 4-8 (Late Start on the 6th) Week 17 (5 days) December Week 18 (5 days) December (Late Start on the 20th) Week 19 (5 days) January 8-12, 2007 (End of 2nd Quarter on the 12th) Finals January (No school on the 15th and the 19th) ( Final days) - 91 total Quarter 3 Week 20 (5 days) January Week 21 (5 days) January 29-February 2 Week 22 (5 days) February 5-9 (Late Start on the 7th) Week 23 (4 days) February (No School on the 16th) Week 24 (4 days) February (No School on the 19th, Midpoint on the 22nd) Week 25 (5 days) February 26-March 2 Week 26 (4 days) March 6-9 (No School on the 5th) Week 27 (5 days) March (Late Start on the 14th) Week 28 (5 days) March (End of 3rd Quarter on the 23rd) (42 days) total Quarter 4 Week 29 (4 days) April 2-5 (No School on the 6th) Week 30 (5 days) April 9-13 Week 31 (5 days) April (Late Start on the 18th) Week 32 (4 days) April (No School on the 25th, 26th for Seniors) Week 33 (5 days) April 30 - May 4 Week 34 (5 days) May 7-11 (Ap Exams start) Week 35 (5 days) May (AP Chemistry Exam AM May 15)(Half day on the 18th) Week 36 (5 days) May (Late start on the 23rd) Week 37 (4 days) May 29-Jun 1 (No school on the 28th, End of 4th Quarter on the 1st) Finals Jun 4-6 ( Final Days) total 6

7 Laboratory: The laboratory experiments used in the course are found in Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry, by Vonderbrink, 2001or in Advanced Chemistry with Vernier, by Randall, et. al., Labs Quarter 1 1. Determining the formula of a Hydrate Heat samples of hydrated salts to drive off the water and find the formulas. 2. Finding Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction Use the method of continyous variations to determine the mole ration of two reactants. 3. Synthesis of Alum Synthesis of a high-purity sample of alum from aluminum foil, sulfuric acid and KOH. 4. Analysis of Alum Perform melting point, water of hydration, and percent sulfate tests on alum. 5. Molecular Mass of a Volatile Liquid Using the Ideal Gas Law to determine the molecular mass of an unknown liquid Labs Quarter 2 6. An Activity Series Metals and nonmetals and their relative reactivities. 7. Thermochemistry and Hess' Law Determine enthalpy change for reactions, and testing Hess' Law 8. Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water Measure the vapor pressure, and use the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to determine the Enthalpy of vaporization for water. 9. Analysis of Bleach Perform a redox titration to determine the concentration of hypochlorite in bleach. 10. Colligative Properties Freezing Point depression Labs Quarter Study of Kinetics of a Reaction Perform a clock reaction between bromate and iodide, varying concentrations to determine the rate law 12. Standardization of a base Using KHP to standardize a solution of NaOH by acid-base titration 13. Acid-Base Titration Using standardized NaOH solution to determine unknown strong and weak acid concentrations by constructing titration curves. 14. Determining the pka of an Unknown Acid Half-titration technique to determine Ka of weak acids and identifying them 15. Buffers Prepare and test an acid buffer system. 16. Determining the Equilibrium Constant for the Formation of FeSCN 2+ Use colorimetry to determine concentrations, and the Kf of FeSCN Equilibrium and LeChatelier's Principle Subject three equilibria to various stresses and observe and explain their shifts 7

8 Labs Quarter Electrochemical Cells Determine Ecell for various galvanic cells and using Nernst equation 19. Qualitative Analysis Use analytical procedures to identify unkown cations and anions in solution 20. Liquid Chromatography Perform liquid chromatography to separate components of a mixture 21. Preparation of Esters Prepare esters by performing condensation reactions between acids and alcohols 8