COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY

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1 COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY EDITED BY MARCEL FLORKIN Professor of Biochemistry, University of Liege (Belgium) AND ELMER H. STOTZ Professor of Biochemistry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y. (U.S.A.) VOLUME 30 A HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Part I. Proto-Biochemistry Part II. From Proto-Biochemistry to Biochemistry by MARCEL FLORKIN ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM LONDON NEW YORK 1972

2 CONTENTS VOLUME 30 A HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY General Preface Preface to Section VI List of Illustrations vii viii XV General introduction 1 References 17 Foreword to Parts I and II. 19 Part I Proto-Biochemistry Chapter 1. Ancient Greek Proto-Biochemistry 1. Proto-biochemistry of the presocratic thinkers Hippocratic concepts of metabolism The atomists Plato's views on metabolism Metabolism in Aristotle's natural philosophy Galen's humouralism and his views on metabolism Retrospect 47 References 50 Chapter 2. From Alchemy to Iatrochemistry 1. Postgalenic proto-biochemistry Convergences in alchemies Chinese alchemy Greek alchemy Arabic alchemy Mediaeval European alchemy Experimental and non-experimental components of alchemy Chinese iatrochemistry Paracelsus The Paracelsians VanHelmont Iatrochemistry 77 References 79

3 X CONTENTS Chapter 3. Respiratory Theory of "Vital Heat" and Phlogistonic Proto-Biochemistry 1. Respiratory theory of "vital heat" Iatromechanism Friction theory of animal heat Phlogiston and life The concept of "heat capacity" The pneumatic chemists Photosynthesis Phlogistonic metabolic theory 94 References 96 Chapter 4. "Dynamic Permanence" and "Assimilation" Prior to the Chemical Revolution, p. 97 References 104 Part II From Proto-Biochemistry to Biochemistry Chapter 5. Metabolic Theories of Lavoisier and his Followers 1. Lavoisier on combustion and respiration The chemical revolution Ill 3. Proximate principles The concept of animalization Prout's nutritional theories Mulder's theory 123 References 126 Chapter 6. The Nature of Alcoholic Fermentation, the "Theory of the Cells" and the Concept of the Cells as Units of Metabolism 1. Alcoholic fermentation The cell theory The "theory of the cells" Origin of Schwann's concept of intracellular metabolism Yeast denied as an agent of alcoholic fermentation Liebig's theory of fermentation 141 References 144

4 CONTENTS XI Chapter 7. The Rise and Fall of Liebig's Metabolic Theories 1. Agricultural chemistry Animal chemistry Liebig's followers Rupture with Liebig's views 161 References 162 Chapter 8. The Intracellular Location of Metabolic Changes 1. Lagrange and the theory of the location of respiration in the blood Intracellular respiration 169 References Chapter 9. The Reaction Against " Analysm": Antichemicalists and Physiological Chemists of the 19th Century 1. Antichemicalism Opposition from the vitalist camp Opposition from the chemists Opposition from the physiologists The era of physiological chemistry (ca ca. 1880) Journals devoted to physiological chemistry From physiological chemistry to biochemistry 187 References 189 Chapter 10. Dynamic Permanence after Liebig, and the End of the Myth of Direct Assimilation 1. Composition and decomposition at the cellular level Theories of protein metabolism The glycogenic function of the liver Indirect nutrition The concept of the internal environment Bernard's views on metabolism Regulation of the internal environment Bernard's idea of experimental medicine Dynamic state of body constituents 209 References, 212 Chapter 11. From Forces-of-Life to Bioenergetics 1. Vital principles and vital force The opposition towards vital force 220

5 XII CONTENTS 3. The principle of the conversation of energy Theories of energy metabolism Metabolism as the only source of energy in the animal body Organisms considered as heat engines Bioenergetics 245 References 248 Chapter 12. Life Banned from Organic Chemistry 1. Wohler's synthesis of urea The nucleus theory of Laurent The theory of chemical types Structural formulas of organic compounds The chemistry of natural substances 261 References 263 Chapter 13. Biocatalysis and the Enzymatic Theory of Metabolism 1. Catalysis Identification of enzymes Opposition to enzyme theories of metabolism Enzyme-property Enzymes as proteins 273 References 277 Chapter 14. The Dark Age of Biocolloidology, p. 279 References 284 Chapter 15. Recognition of the Proteins as Truly Defined Macromolecules, p. 285 References 294 Chapter 16. Biochemists Find Their Way into the Cell 1. The theory of protoplasm Cell metabolism and cell structure The end of the light microscope era Differential centrifugation introduced by Claude as an analytical, quantitative method Microsomes and the endoplasmic reticulum 305 ' 6. The contribution of electron microscopy to studies of cellular structure Lysosomes Peroxisomes 314

6 CONTENTS XIII 9. Principles of tissue fractionation Synthesis of lipoprotein granules Biochemical structure of cells 316 References 317 Appendices 1. Origins of the International Union of Biochemistry 321 References, On alchemical symbolism 327 References, Alcoholic fermentation and the cell theory 331 Name Index 333 Subject Index 341

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

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