DNA and Genetics. How is genetic information stored and copied?
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1 Why? DNA and Genetics How is genetic information stored and copied? Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. So how does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately? Model 1 The Structure of DNA Nucleotide Ladder Model of DNA Helix Model of DNA Phosphate Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogencontaining base Nitrogen Bases Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine 1. Refer to the diagram in Model 1. a. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide? c. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen? d. Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model DNA is often drawn in a ladder model. Locate this drawing in Model 1. a. Draw a copy of the ladder model onto your paper. b. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA. c. What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs(middle) of the ladder? d. What parts of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the ladder? e. On the ladder model of DNA label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C or G. 1
2 3. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand? 4. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand? 5. Use a complete sentence to write a rule for how the bases are arranged in the ladder model of DNA. Read This! Erwin Chargaff ( ), an Austrian-American biochemist, investigated the ratio of nucleotide bases found in the DNA from a variety of organisms. From his research, as well as research by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick developed the complementary base-pair rule during their race to discover the structure of DNA. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine and thymine form pairs across two strands, and guanine and cytosine form pairs across two strands. 9. Fill in the complementary bases to the strand below according to the base-pair rule. A T C C A G 10. The ladder model of DNA is a simplified representation of the actual structure and shape of a DNA molecule. In reality, the strands of DNA form a double helix. Refer to the double helix diagram in Model 1 and describe its shape using a complete sentence. 11. The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between species. Using the base-pair rules, complete the following table to show the percentage of each type of base in the five different organisms. Organism Percentage of each type of base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Human Cow Salmon Wheat 27 Yeast Model 2 DNA Replication Direction of DNA helicase 2
3 Free Nucleotides DNA helicase 12. Examine Model 2. Put the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. Strands of DNA separate. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA. 13. Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2. a. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase? b. What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA? Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Key Vocabulary: RNA Polymerase, Amino Acid, Ribosome, trna, mrna, Codon, Anticodon, Gene 1. What is Transcription? 2. Which Molecule is made during transcription? 3. Match the following DNA strand with the appropriate transcribed RNA molecule. a. TACCCGGGGAGATCAAAT 4. What is translation? 5. Which molecule is made during translation? 6. In what part of the cell does translation occur? Which organelle? Protein Synthesis: Mutation Key Vocabulary: Point Mutation, Frame shift, Silent, Missense, Nonsense, Addition, Deletion, Inversion Use the genetic coding wheel to answer the next questions. Beginning of Normal Hemoglobin Gene CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CTC Transcription produces: codon 1 codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 mrna 3
4 Translation produces: amino acid 1 amino acid 2 amino acid 3 amino acid 4 amino acid 5 amino acid 6 Protein Beginning of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Gene CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CAC Transcription produces: codon 1 codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 mrna Translation produces: amino acid 1 amino acid 2 amino acid 3 amino acid 4 amino acid 5 amino acid 6 Protein 1. What is different between the protein of the first gene and the protein of the second gene? 2. This type of change in the DNA is a (Point/Frameshift) mutation that results in a (Silent/Missense/ Nonsense) change in the final protein. 3. Give an example of 2 kinds of chromosome level mutations. 4
5 Inheritance Key Vocabulary: Genotype, Phenotype, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Dominant, Recessive In humans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). What are the phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what color eyes will they have? A. BB B. bb C. Bb Use a probability matrix (Punnett Square) to answer the following questions. B= Brown eyes b= blue eyes Mom= Bb Dad= BB 1. What is the probability (% chance) that their children will have brown eyes? 2. Curly hair is recessive, and straight hair is dominant. A woman with curly hair marries a man who is homozygous dominant for straight hair. List the probabilities for all possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. P: Blue Flowers X White Flowers F 1 : All White Flowers F 2: 25% Blue Flowers; 75% White Flowers P = Parental Generation F 1 = Filial Generation; result of breeding the P generation together F 2 = Second Filial Generation; result of breeding the F 1 Generation together 3. a. Which trait is dominant? How do you know? b. Were the F 2 generation Blue Flowers homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know? c. Were the P generation White Flowers homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know? Non-Mendelian Genetics Key Vocabulary: Incomplete Dominance, Co-Dominance, Sex Linked, Karyotype In Andalusian fowls, black individuals and white individuals are both homozygous; heterozygotes are bluish-gray. 1. A homozygous black bird is crossed with a homozygous white bird. The offspring are all bluishgray. Show the cross as well as the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents and offspring. 2. If two bluish-gray individuals were crossed, what would be the ratios for both phenotype and genotype of the offspring? 3. What kind of Non-Mendelian Inheritance do these crosses demonstrate? One sex linked disorder is colorblindness. Give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of the following crosses. 1. Normal male with a carrier female 2. Colorblind male with a normal female 3. Are males or females more likely to demonstrate this trait? 5
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