Year 10 Physics[/39] Energy Resources, Radioactivity
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1 Year 10 Physics[/39] Energy Resources, Radioactivity Name : 1. Electricity is a useful form of energy. (a) Different energy sources can be used to generate electricity. Give one advantage and one disadvantage (other than cost) of using each energy source to generate electricity in the UK. [4 marks] Using coal Advantage Disadvantage Using wind 2. (a) Coal, gas, oil and wood are all examples of fuels. Write the names of these fuels in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable. [2 marks] Renewable fuels Non-renewable fuels
2 (b) The list below shows energy resources which are not fuels. geothermal nuclear solar tides wind Write the names of the energy resources in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable. [2 marks] Renewable energy resources Non-renewable energy resources (c) Why is it better to use more renewable energy resources rather than non-renewable resources? [2 marks] 3. The diagram below shows how electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers. (a) What name is given to the network of cables and transformers that links power stations to consumers? [1 mark] (b) What does a step-up transformer do? [1 mark] (c) Explain why step-up transformers are used in the electricity distribution system. [2 marks]
3 4. The isotopes on the left-hand side of the following two equations are radioactive. Some information about the products of their decay are shown. Complete the two decay equations showing clearly what other particles are emitted and giving all relevant numbers. [6 marks] 130 (a) Te 130 I (b) Pb 206 Hg + 5. The graph shows how the amount of radiation emitted by a sample of the radionuclide uranium-238 (U-238) changes as time passes. (a) What is the half-life of (U-238)? [4 marks] (You should show how you obtained your answer. You may do this on the graph if you wish.) Answer (b) What fraction (or percentage) of the U-238 atoms will have decayed after 9 billion years? [1 mark] (c) U-238 decays through a long series of intermediate radioactive isotopes to stable atoms of the isotope lead 206 (Pb-206). An igneous rock sample contains 3 atoms of U-238 for every atom of Pb-206. Estimate the age of the rock. (You should explain how you obtained your answer.) [3 marks] Answer
4 6.(a) The diagram shows the parts of a smoke detector. The radioactive source emits alpha particles. The alpha particles ionise the air inside the sensor which causes a small electric current. Any smoke getting into the sensor changes the current. The change in current sets the alarm off. (i) The smoke detector would not work if a radioactive source that emitted only gamma rays was used. Why not? [1 mark] (ii) Curium-242 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 160 days. It emits alpha particles. Why is curium-242 not suitable for use inside smoke detectors? [1 mark] (iii) Curium-242 and curium-244 are two of the isotopes of the element curium. How is an atom of curium-242 different from an atom of curium-244? [1 mark] (b) Sections of steel are often joined by welding them together. The diagram shows how a radioactive source can be used to check for tiny cracks in the weld. Cracks in the weld will be shown up on the photographic film below the thick steel plate. (I) Which type of source, alpha, beta or gamma, should be used to check the weld? [1 mark]
5 (ii) Give a reason why the other two types of source cannot be used. [1 mark] 7. Complete the following table: [6 marks] proton neutron electron alpha particle beta particle gamma ray Relative mass Electric charge M1(a) Using wind (advantage) any one from : can be used in remote locations; renewable; clean; accept does not cause pollution to the air / land Using wind (disadvantage) any one from : does not generate much (electrical) energy; many hundreds wind turbines would be needed; accept many hundreds wind turbines would be needed or too much land would be needed for wind farms or wind energy is dilute the wind is unreliable; accept the wind does not blow all of the time or the wind is not always strong enough noise / visual pollution; do not accept just the word pollution Using coal (advantage) any one from : can generate electricity all of the time; accept reliable electrical / energy supply; generates a lot of (electrical) energy Using coal (disadvantage) any one from : pollution by carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas; accept slow start-up time or production of ash or difficult to transport (coal) or there s not much coal left; non renewable; pollution by sulphur dioxide acid rain M2. (a) wood, coal, oil, gas all correct gains 2 marks 3 correct gains 1 mark (b) geothermal, nuclear, tides, wind, solar all correct gains 2 marks 4 correct gains 1 mark (c) non-renewable fuels cause pollution (or reverse) conserve/limit use of coal/gas/oil; so supplies last longer/renewable sources can be replaced any 2 from 4 for 1 mark each M4 (a) indication (in writing or on graph) of finding point where radiation is halved (e.g. to 24 [from an initial 48]) and relating to the time difference between the two points gains 1 mark but * (*i.e. in this range, including extremes) gains 2 marks units billions of years for 1 mark second measurement of half-life obvious for 1 mark (b) ¾ or 75% [allow ecf from (a)]
6 (ii) idea that ¼ has decayed or ¾ remains gains 1 mark but read graph for radiation level of 36 (stated or shown on graph itself) gains 2 marks but * (billion years) (* i.e. in this range, including extremes) gains 3 marks M6. (a) (i) gamma hardly ionises the air; accept does not ionise; accept gamma radiation is not charged do not accept answers in terms of danger of gamma or other properties (ii) half-life (too) short; accept need frequent replacement it refers to curium-242 (iii) (two) fewer neutrons accept different numbers of neutrons if a number is specified it must be correct do not accept more neutrons unless curium-244 is specified (b) (i) gamma; accept correct symbol (ii) both absorbed by the metal / steel / weld; only scores if (b)(i) is correct; accept cannot pass through the metal / steel / weld
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